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    Ternary Expansion

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    hjsndbe hxjdh
    1) Ternary expansions represent real numbers between 0 and 1 as the sum of powers of 3, where the coefficients are 0, 1, or 2. The Cantor set consists of numbers whose ternary expansion contains only 0s and 2s. 2) There is a bijection between the interval [0,1] and the space of ternary sequences, showing that ternary expansions represent every number in [0,1] uniquely except possibly those of the form p/3^n. 3) The Cantor set is uncountable because the map that replaces 1s with 0s in the ternary expansion is a surjection from the Cantor set

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    Ternary Expansion

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    hjsndbe hxjdh
    48 views2 pages
    1) Ternary expansions represent real numbers between 0 and 1 as the sum of powers of 3, where the coefficients are 0, 1, or 2. The Cantor set consists of numbers whose ternary expansion contains only 0s and 2s. 2) There is a bijection between the interval [0,1] and the space of ternary sequences, showing that ternary expansions represent every number in [0,1] uniquely except possibly those of the form p/3^n. 3) The Cantor set is uncountable because the map that replaces 1s with 0s in the ternary expansion is a surjection from the Cantor set

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    1) Ternary expansions represent real numbers between 0 and 1 as the sum of powers of 3, where the coefficients are 0, 1, or 2. The Cantor set consists of numbers whose ternary expansion contains only 0s and 2s. 2) There is a bijection between the interval [0,1] and the space of ternary sequences, showing that ternary expansions represent every number in [0,1] uniquely except possibly those of the form p/3^n. 3) The Cantor set is uncountable because the map that replaces 1s with 0s in the ternary expansion is a surjection from the Cantor set

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views2 pages

    Ternary Expansion

    Uploaded by

    hjsndbe hxjdh
    1) Ternary expansions represent real numbers between 0 and 1 as the sum of powers of 3, where the coefficients are 0, 1, or 2. The Cantor set consists of numbers whose ternary expansion contains only 0s and 2s. 2) There is a bijection between the interval [0,1] and the space of ternary sequences, showing that ternary expansions represent every number in [0,1] uniquely except possibly those of the form p/3^n. 3) The Cantor set is uncountable because the map that replaces 1s with 0s in the ternary expansion is a surjection from the Cantor set

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    Ternary Expansions and the Cantor Set

    Geometric Series: Recall a geometric series, which converges for all |a| < 1:
    X
    ∞
    1
    ak =
    k=0
    1−a

    This is a result of the telescoping formula

    (1 − a)(1 + a + a2 + · · · + aN −1 ) = 1 − aN

    When |a| < 1, taking the limit as N goes to infinity gives the geometric series formula.
    1
    We consider the special case where a = for p a natural number greater than or equal to 2.
    p
    When p = 2 we just have the familiar series:
    1 1 1
    1+ + + +··· = 2
    2 4 8
    This series also has the cool property that every tail of the series sums to exactly the previous
    term before the tail:
    1 1 1
    1 = + + +···
    2 4 8
    1 1 1 1
    = + + +···
    2 4 8 16
    1 1 1 1
    = + + ···
    2N 2N +1 2N +2 2N +3

    This property is not unique, however. Let a = 1p . Prove that

    X∞
    p−1 1
    k
    = N (1)
    k=N +1
    p p

    for any p ∈ N, p ≥ 2.
    X
    ∞
    p−1
    Note that, in particular, = 1, regardless of the choice of p.
    k=1
    pk

    Expansions of real numbers

    Given p ≥ 2, take any series of the form


    X
    ∞
    ak
    , ak ∈ {0, 1, . . . , p − 1}.
    k=1
    pk

    Prove that this series converges to a real number in [0, 1].


    Consider the space of all sequences {ak }∞
    k=1 where ak ∈ {0, 1, . . . , p − 1}. The map

    X
    ∞
    ak
    F : {ak }∞
    k=1 7→ (2)
    k=1
    pk

    is therefore a well-defined map from the space of such sequences to [0, 1]. We observe that F is
    not quite injective. If x ∈ [0, 1] is of the form pqN where q ∈ N, q < P N , show that there are two
    different sequences {ak }∞k=1 that F maps to x.

    Next, we want to prove that F is surjective. Given any x ∈ [0, 1], prove (constructively) that
    there exists a sequence {ak }∞
    k=1 such that ak ∈ {0, 1, . . . , p − 1} for all k and

    X
    ∞
    ak
    = x.
    k=1
    pk

    Hint: observe that since the series consists of positive terms, the partial sums form a strictly
    increasing sequence. Also, use Equation (1) above.
    You can now describe a bijection between the interval [0, 1] and the space of sequences
    {ak }∞
    k=1 , ak ∈ {0, 1, . . . , p − 1}. When p = 10, the sequence is just exactly the decimal expansion
    of the number x, for example,
    1 4 1
    x = 0.141592... = + 2 + 3 +··· ;
    10 10 10
    when p = 2 the sequence is called the binary expansion; when p = 3, it is the ternary expansion.
    The Cantor Set
    One way to view the Cantor ternary set is in terms of ternary expansions. Given x ∈ [0, 1],
    there is a sequence of integers {ak }∞
    k=1 , ak ∈ {0, 1, 2} such that the series

    X
    ∞
    ak
    3k
    k=1

    converges to x. In other words, we can associate x to the ternary sequence


    {a1 , a2 , a3 . . .}, ak ∈ {0, 1, 2}.

    Prove that the Cantor ternary set is equal to the subset of [0, 1] consisting of all x which have
    a ternary expansion for which ak ∈ {0, 2} for all k, i.e. the numbers which have an expansion
    with no 1’s. (Read this carefully in the cases where x has two possible expansions. If x has one
    ternary expansion which contains no 1’s, then it is in the Cantor set.)
    Prove that the map we defined in class:
    X
    ∞
    ak X∞
    bk ak
    k
    7→ bk =
    k=1
    3 k=1
    2k 2

    maps the Cantor ternary set C onto [0, 1], hence proving C is uncountable.
    Prove that if a, b ∈ C, the Cantor ternary set, with a < b, then there exists a real number
    r∈
    / C such that a < r < b. In other words, the Cantor set contains no intervals.

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