Unit-Ii Mobile Computing

Unit-II Mobile Computing 2021
Wireless Networking:
 Computer networks that are not connected by cables are called wireless networks.
 They generally use radio waves for communication between the network nodes.
 They allow devices to be connected to the network while roaming around within the
network coverage.
Types of Wireless Networks:
1. Wireless LANs − Connects two or more network devices using wireless distribution
techniques.
2. Wireless MANs − Connects two or more wireless LANs spreading over a metropolitan
area.
3. Wireless WANs − Connects large areas comprising LANs, MANs and personal
networks.
By: SKY Computer Science & Engineering Department, I.E.T. Lucknow [U.P.] Page 1
Advantages of Wireless Networks:
i. It provides clutter-free desks due to the absence of wires and cables.

ii. It increases the mobility of network devices connected to the system since the devices
need not be connected to each other.
iii. Accessing network devices from any location within the network coverage or Wi-Fi
hotspot becomes convenient since laying out cables is not needed.
iv. Installation and setup of wireless networks are easier.
v. New devices can be easily connected to the existing setup since they needn’t be wired to
the present equipment.
vi. Wireless networks require very limited or no wires. Thus, it reduces the equipment and
setup costs.
Examples of wireless networks:
o Mobile phone networks

o Wireless sensor networks
o Satellite communication networks
o Terrestrial microwave networks
Mobile Computing Vs. Wireless Networking:
1. Mobile computing is based on wireless networking and helps one to invoke computing
services on remote servers while on the move.
2. Wireless networking is an important ingredient of mobile computing, but forms only one
of the necessary ingredients of mobile computing.
3. Wireless networks appear in various forms such as WLANs (Wireless LANs), mobile
cellular networks, personal area networks (PANs), and ad hoc networks, etc.
Introduction to Wireless LAN:
 Wireless LAN stands for Wireless Local Area Network.

 It is also called LAWN (Local Area Wireless Network). WLAN is one in which a
mobile user can connect to a Local Area Network (LAN) through a wireless connection.
 The IEEE 802.11 group of standards defines the technologies for wireless LANs. For
path sharing, 802.11 standard uses the Ethernet protocol and CSMA/CA (carrier sense
multiple access with collision avoidance). It also uses an encryption method i.e. wired
equivalent privacy algorithm.
 Wireless LANs provide high speed data communication in small areas such as building
or an office. WLANs allow users to move around in a confined area while they are still
connected to the network.
 In some instance wireless LAN technology is used to save costs and avoid laying cable,
while in other cases, it is the only option for providing high-speed internet access to the
public. Whatever the reason, wireless solutions are popping up everywhere.
Examples of WLANs that are available today are NCR's waveLAN and Motorola's ALTAIR.
Advantages of WLANs:
1. Flexibility: Within radio coverage, nodes can communicate without further restriction.
Radio waves can penetrate walls, senders and receivers can be placed anywhere (also
non-visible, e.g., within devices, in walls etc.).
2. Planning: Only wireless ad-hoc networks allow for communication without previous
planning, any wired network needs wiring plans.
3. Design: Wireless networks allow for the design of independent, small devices which can
for example be put into a pocket. Cables not only restrict users but also designers of
small notepads, PDAs, etc.
4. Robustness: Wireless networks can handle disasters, e.g., earthquakes, flood etc.
whereas, networks requiring a wired infrastructure will usually break down completely
in disasters.
5. Cost: The cost of installing and maintaining a wireless LAN is on average lower than
the cost of installing and maintaining a traditional wired LAN, for two reasons. First,
after providing wireless access to the wireless network via an access point for the first
user, adding additional users to a network will not increase the cost. And second,
wireless LAN eliminates the direct costs of cabling and the labor associated with
installing and repairing it.
6. Ease of Use: Wireless LAN is easy to use and the users need very little new information
to take advantage of WLANs.
Disadvantages of WLANs
1. Quality of Services: Quality of wireless LAN is typically lower than wired networks. The
main reason for this is the lower bandwidth due to limitations is radio transmission, higher
error rates due to interference and higher delay/delay variation due to extensive error
correction and detection mechanisms.
2. Proprietary Solutions: Due to slow standardization procedures, many companies have
come up with proprietary solutions offering standardization functionality plus many
enhanced features. Most components today adhere to the basic standards IEEE 802.11a or
802.11b.
3. Restrictions: Several govt. and non-govt. institutions world-wide regulate the operation
and restrict frequencies to minimize interference.
4. Global operation: Wireless LAN products are sold in all countries so, national and
international frequency regulations have to be considered.
5. Low Power: Devices communicating via a wireless LAN are typically power consuming,
also wireless devices running on battery power. Whereas the LAN design should take this
into account and implement special power saving modes and power management
functions.
6. License free operation: LAN operators don't want to apply for a special license to be able
to use the product. The equipment must operate in a license free band, such as the 2.4
GHz ISM band.
7. Robust transmission technology: If wireless LAN uses radio transmission, many other
electrical devices can interfere with them (such as vacuum cleaner, train engines, hair
dryers, etc.). Wireless LAN transceivers cannot be adjusted for perfect transmission is a
standard office or production environment.
WIRELESS MAC ISSUES:
 MAC also called Medium Access Control.

 The three important issues are:
1. Half Duplex operation
2. Time varying channel
3. Burst channel errors
1. Half Duplex operation:
In wireless, it’s difficult to receive data when the transmitter is sending the data, because
(either send or receive but not both at a given time) when node is transmitting a large
fraction of signal energy leaks into the receiver path. the transmitter and receiver power
levels can differ by order of magnitude.
2. Time varying Channel:
Three mechanisms for radio signal propagation
Reflection:
Occurs when a propagating wave impinges upon an object that has very large dimensions
than the wavelength of the radio wave.
e.g. reflection occurs from the surface of the earth and from buildings and walls.
Diffraction:
Occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and the receiver is obstructed by surface
with sharp edges.
Scattering:
Occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists of object
3. Burst Channel errors:

As a consequence of time varying channel and varying signals strength errors are introduced
in the transmission for wire line network the bit error rate (BER) is the probability of packet
error is small.
References
1. J. Schiller, Mobile Communications, Addison Wesley.

2. A. Mehrotra, GSM System Engineering.
3. M. V. D. Heijden, M. Taylor, Understanding WAP, Artech House.
4. Charles Perkins, Mobile IP, Addison Wesley.
5. Charles Perkins, Ad hoc Networks, Addison Wesley.
6. https://www.javatpoint.com/wireless-lan-introduction
7. https://www.brainkart.com/article/Wireless-MAC-Issues_9878/
8. https://webtechnology5.blogspot.com/2020/04/medium-access-control-mac-issues-in.html

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Unit-II Mobile Computing 2021

Types of Wireless Networks:

i. It provides clutter-free desks due to the absence of wires and cables.

o Mobile phone networks

Mobile Computing Vs. Wireless Networking:

Introduction to Wireless LAN:

 Wireless LAN stands for Wireless Local Area Network.

WIRELESS MAC ISSUES:

 MAC also called Medium Access Control.

3. Burst Channel errors:

1. J. Schiller, Mobile Communications, Addison Wesley.

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