ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A project of such comprehensive coverage cannot be prepared without the help from
numerous and people who are in this field. We are especially indebted to Dr.Wakchaure
M.R. Head of Civil Engineering department, for inspiring take this project. I also expressed
my sincere to him for this valuable guidance successful completion of this project. He always
helps to me solves the queries and motivated me through the project work to do in the

possible manner. We present our sincere thanks to Er.Chandane P. for giving helping
and guiding in the project report and process inspiring of busy schedule guiding me
throughout the seminar . Finally, we are thankful to staff of Amrutvahini Collage of
Engineering and Civil Engineering Department and all my friends who always encourage
and during completion of seminar report.

Kotkar Shubham Somnath

Page | 1
 ABSTRACT

The use of Steel Fibre Reinforced composites in infrastructure applications is

becoming more popular with the introduction of new high-performance materials. Steel
Fibre Reinforced composites are introduced to enhance the overall performance of
structures, such as composite bridge decks, beams, bearing walls, etc. This review from
the past experiences presents the results of experimental and analytical studies done on
composite material made of Fibre reinforced concrete overlaid on Conventional
Reinforcement with Concrete. Results show that the composite structures possess good
compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, cracking strength and ultimate
capacity.

Page | 2
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 GENERAL
Compared to other building materials such as metals and polymers,
concrete is significantly more brittle and exhibits a poor tensile strength. Based
on fracture toughness values, steel is at least 100 times more resistant to crack
growth than concrete. Concrete in service thus cracks easily and this cracking
creates easy access routes for deleterious agents resulting in early saturation,
freeze-thaw damage, scaling, discoloration and steel corrosion.
The concerns with the inferior fracture toughness of concrete are alleviated
to a reinforcing it with fibers of various materials. The resulting material
with a random distribution of short, discontinuous fibers is termed fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC) and is slowly becoming a well accepted mainstream
construction material. Significant progress has been made in the last thirty years
towards understanding the short and long-term performances of fiber reinforced
cementitious materials, and this has resulted in a number of novel and
innovative applications.
Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials. It can be cast to fit any
structural shape from a cylindrical water storage tank to a rectangular beam or
column in a high rise building. The advantages of using concrete include high
compressive strength, good fire resistance, high water resistance, low
maintenance, and long service life.
The disadvantages of using concrete include poor tensile strength, low strain
of fracture and formwork requirement. The major disadvantage is that
concrete develops micro cracks during curing. It is the rapid propagation of
these micro cracks under applied stress that is responsible for the lowtensile
strength of the material. Hence fibres are added to concrete to overcome these
disadvantages.
The addition of fibres in the matrix has manyimportant effects. Most
notable among theimproved mechanical characteristics of Fibre Reinforced
Concrete (FRC) are its superiorfracture strength, toughness, impact resistance,
flexural strength resistance to fatigue, improving fatigue performance is one of
the primary reasons for the extensive use of Steel Fibre Reinforced
Concrete(SFRC) in pavements, bridge decks, offshore structures and machine
Foundation where the composite is subjected to cyclically varying load during
its lifetime.
Steel fibre’s tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, stiffnessmodulus and
mechanical deformations provide an excellent means of internalmechanical
interlock. This provides a user friendly product withincreased ductility that can
be used in applications of high impact andfatigue loading without the fear of
brittle concrete failure.Thus, SFRC exhibits better performance not only under
static and quasi-statically applied loads but also under fatigue, impact, and
impulsive loading.

Page | 3
1.1HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
A French gardener by name Joseph Monier first invented the reinforced
concrete in the year 1849. If not for this reinforced concrete most of the modern
buildings would not have been standing today. Reinforced concrete can be used
to produce frames, columns, foundation, beams etc. Reinforcement material
used should have excellent bonding characteristic, high tensile strength and
good thermal compatibility. Reinforcement requires that there shall be smooth
transmission of load from the concrete to the interface between concrete and
reinforcement material and then on to reinforcement material. Thus the concrete
and the material reinforced shall have the same strain.

1.2MIXTURE COMPOSITIONS AND PLACING

Mixing of FRC can be accomplished by many methods [2]. The mix
should have a uniform dispersion of the fibers in order to prevent segregation or
balling of the fibers during mixing. Most balling occurs during the fiber addition
process. Increase of aspect ratio, volume percentage of fiber, and size and
quantity of coarse aggregate will intensify the balling tendencies and decrease
the workability. To coat the large surface area of the fibers with paste,
experience indicated that a water cement ratio between 0.4 and 0.6, and
minimum cement content of 400 kg/m[3] are required.
Compressive Strength
The presence of fibers may alter the failure mode of cylinders, but the fiber
effect will be minor on the improvement of compressive strength values (0 to 15
percent).
Modulus of Elasticity- Modulus of elasticity of FRC increases slightly with an
increase in the fibers content. It was found that for each 1 percent increase in
fiber content by volume there is an increase of 3 percent in the modulus of
elasticity.
 Flexure- The flexural strength was reported to be increased by 2.5 times using
percent fibers.
 Fatigue Strength- The addition off fibers increases fatigue strength of about 90
percent and 70 percent of the static strength at 2 x 106 cycles for non reverse and
full reversal of loading, respectively.
 Impact Resistance- The impact strength for fibrous concrete is generally 5 to
10 times that of plain concrete depending on the volume of fiber.

 Structural Behavior of FRC- Fibers combined with reinforcing bars in structural

members will be widely used in the future. The following are some of the structural
behavious
 Flexure- The use of fibers in reinforced concrete flexure members increases ductility,ten-
sil strength moment capacity, and stiffness. The fibers improve crack control and preserv e
post cracking structural integrity of members

Page | 4
  Torsion- The use of fibers eliminate the sudden failure characteristi of plain
concrete beams. It increases stiffness, torsional strength, ductility, rotational
capacity, and the number of cracks with less crack width.

 High Strength Concrete : Fibers increases the ductility of high strength concrete.
The use of higstrength concrete and steel produces slender members. addition will
help in controlling cracks and deflections.
 Cracking and Deflection : Tests have shown that fiber reinforcement effectively
controls cracking and deflection, in addition to strength improvement. In
conventionally reinforced concrete beams, fiber addition increases stiffness, and
reduces deflection.
 Necessity : The use of concrete as a structural material is limited to certain extent by
deficiencies like brittleness, poor tensile strength and poor resistance to impact
strengt fatigue, low ductility and low durability. It is also very much limited to
receive dynami stresses caused due to explosions. The brittleness is compensated in
structural member by the introduction of reinforcement (or) pre-stressing steel in the
tensile zone. Howev it does not improve the basic property of concrete. It is merely
a method of using two materials for the required performance
The main problem of low tensile strength and the requirements of high strength still
remain and it is to be improved by different types of reinforcing materials. Further
concrete is also deficient in ductility, resistance to fatigue and impact. The
importance of rendering requisite quantities in concrete is increasing with its varied
and challenging applications in pre-cast and pre-fabricated building elements. The
development in the requisite characteristics of concrete will solve the testing
problems of structural engineers by the addition of fibers and admixtures. The role of
fibers are essentially to arrest any advancing cracks by applying punching forces at
the rack tips, thus delaying their propagation across the matrix. The ultimate
cracking strain of the composite is thus increased to many times greater than that of
unreinforced matrix. Admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, granulated blast furnace
slag and metakaolin can be used for such purposes.
1.3 STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
Steel fiber-reinforced concrete is basically a cheaper and easier to use form of
rebar reinforced concrete. Rebar reinforced concrete uses steel bars that are laid
within the liquid cement, which requires a great deal of prep work but make for a
much stronger concrete. Steel fiber-reinforced concrete uses thin steel wires mixed
in with the cement. This imparts the concrete with greaterstructural strength, reduces
cracking and helps protect against extreme cold. Steel fiber is often used in conjunction
with rebar or one of the other fiber types.

Page | 5
 FIG 1.1STEEL FIBERS

1.3.1 GLASS REINFORCED CONCRETE

 Glassfiber-reinforced concrete uses fiberglass, much like you would find in fiberglass
insulation, to reinforce the concrete. The glass fiber helps insulate the concrete in
addition to making it stronger. Glass fiber also helps prevent the concrete from
cracking over time due to mechanical or thermal stress. In addition, the glass fiber
does not interfere with radio signals like the steel fiber reinforcement does.

FIG 1.2 GLASS FIBRES

 Very high tensile strength 1020 to 4080 N/mm2.

 Shows comparable improvement indurability to conventional E-glas s fiber
1.3.2 SYNTHETIC REINFORCED CONCRETE
Synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete uses plastic and nylon fibers to improve
the concrete's strength. In addition, the synthetic fibers have a number of benefits over
the other fibers. While they are not as strong as steel, they do help improve the cement
pumpability by keeping it from sticking in the pipes. The synthetic fibers do not
expand in heat or contract

FIG1.3 SYNTHETIC FIBRES

in the cold which helps prevent cracking. Finally synthetic fibers help keep the concrete
from spalling during impacts or fires.

Page | 6
 1.3.3 NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
Historically, fiber-reinforced concrete have used natural fibers, sucas hay
or hair. While these fibers help the concrete's strength they can also make it weaker if
too much is used. In addition if the natural fibers are rotting when they are mixed in
then the rot can continue while in the concrete. This eventually leads to the concrete
crumbling from the inside, which is why natural fibers are no longer used in
construction.
1.3.4 ASBESTOS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
 Mineral fiber, most successful of all as it can be mixed with portland cement.

 Tensile strength of asbestos varies between 560 to 980 N/mm2.

 Asbestos cement paste has considerably higher flexur strengththaPortla cement

paste. For unimportant concrete work, organic

FIG 1.4 ASBESTOS FIBRES

 fibers like coir, jute and canesplits are also use

1.3.5 CARBON FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

 Posses very high tensile strength 2110 to 2815 N/mm2 and Young’s modulus.
 Cement composite consisting of carbon fibers show very high modulus of
elasticity and flexuralstrength

Page | 7
 FIG 1.5 CARBON FIBRES

CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
The materials used and their specifications are as follows
2.1.1 CEMENT: Ordinary Portland cement was used and its specific gravity is
3.15.The brand used was “UltraTech” with P53 grade.The cemeconfirming t269-
1976
2.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE: River sand was used and tests were conducted as
per IS 2386 (PART I).Specific gravity offine aggregate is 2.65.Water absorption
0.99%Dry loose bulk density 1502 Kg/m3
2.1.3 COARSE AGGREGATE: Crushed granite stone aggregates of
maximum size of 20 mm was usedtests were conducted as per IS 2386 (part III)
sof 1963.Specific gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.73.Water absorption 0.25%. Dry
loose bulk density 1500 Kg/m3
2.1.4 WATER : As per IS 456-2000 recommendations, potable water was used
for mixingof concrete.
2.1.5 STEEL FIBRES :
2.1.5.1 HOOKED END STEEL FIBRES : Hooked end steel fibres commercially
called as Dramix steel fibresmanufactured by Bekaert Corporation were used which had a
length of 30 mm and a diameter of 0.55 mm resulting in an aspect ratio of about55and
conforms to American standard ASTM A820 and Belgium standard 1857. The strength of
fibre is in the range of 1100 N/mm2

2.1.5.1 CORRUGATED STEEL FIBRES : Corrugated steel fibres from Stewols &
Co were used which had a lengthof 25 mm and a diameter of 0.45 mm resulting in an
aspect ratio of about55 and conforms to American standard ASTM A820. The tensile
strength of fibre is in the range of 1200 N/mm2

Fig. 1.6 Steel fibres used in the experiment

Page | 8
 2.2 CASTING OF SPECIMENS
The materials were weighed accurately using a digital the mixture machine and
mixed thor oughly for thre eminutes. Steel fibres were mechanically sprinkled
inside the mixturemachine after thoroughmixing of the ingredients of concrete.For
preparing the specimen for compressive, tensile, and flexure stre ngthpermanent
steel moulds were used.

.
Fig. 1.7 Casting of cubes
Wooden moulds were fabricated to cast the test specimens for paneltesting.
Six wooden moulds were fabricated to facilitate simultaneouscasting of test
panels. Two different thicknesses were adopted for thepanels; the panel sizes
adopted were 500x500 ×50mm and500×500×100mm.
Before mixing the concrete the moulds were kept ready. The sides andthe bottom of
the all the mould were properly oiled for easy demoulding.The panel was kept at an
angle of 45° and then the concrete was splashedover the panel from a distance of
one meter. Then the top surface wasgiven a smooth finish

Page | 9
 Fig. 1.8 Casting by wooden pane

SFRC using hooked fibre

Fig. 1.9 SFRC using corrugated fibre

2.2 CURING OF SPECIMENS

The test specimens were stored in place free from vibration and kept at
atemperature of 27˚±2˚C for 24 hours ± ½ hour from the time of additionof water
to the dry ingredients. After this period, the specimen weremarked and removed
from the moulds and immediately submerged inclean fresh water and kept there
until taken out prior to test. Thespecimens were allowed to become dry before
testing. The panels werecured by dry curing method, i.e. moist gunny bags were
covered over thepanels.

Fig. 1.10 Use of Admixture

2.3 CUBE COMPRESSION TEST
M25 cube made ofsteelfiber reinforced concrete is used in compression test.

Page | 10
 Fig. 1.11Cube before test . 1.12 Cube after test

AVERAGE COMPRESSION STRENGTH IN KN/

SqMM
Specimen type 3 days 7days 28 days

PCC 25.27 39.59 59.89

HSFRC 0.5% 24.50 37.29 58.24

CSFRC 0.5% 27.38 39.76 58.43

HSFRC 1% 26.32 38.48 59.01

CSFRC 1% 40.35 32.17 60

TABLE 1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Fig. 1.13 shows compressive strength for fibre reinforced concrete. It

can be clearly seen that strength at 28 days for CSFRC 1% is better than
other cases hence recommended.

Page | 11
 Fig. 1.13 Graphical represntation of Compressive Strength of fibre
reinforced concrete

Fig 1.14 Graphical represntation of Tensile Strength of fibre reinforced concrete

Fig. 1.14 shows tensile strength for fibre reinforced concrete. It can be clearly seen that
strength at 28 days for HSFRC 1% is better than other cases hence recommended.
HSFRC seen to given better strength at 3rd day and 7th day as well.

Page | 12
BAR CHART FOR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

70

60

50
PCC
40
HSFRC 0.5%
30 CSFRC 0.5%

HSFRC 1%
20
CSFRC 1%

10

0
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS

CHART 1
BAR CHART FOR SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

5 PCC

HSFRC 0.5%
4
CSFRC 0.5%
3
HSFRC 0.5%2
2
CSFRC 1%
1

0
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS

CHART 2

Page | 13
 CHAPTER 3
RESULTS
The reinforcement supplied by way of fibres can work at each a micro and macro
level. The potential of the fibre to control micro cracking growth relies upon in particular at
the range of fibres, deformability and bond to the matrix. A better wide variety of fibres
within the matrix leads to a higher chance of a micro-crack being intercepted through a
fibre.This research includes results of two different types of cubes
1. Cubes without Steel fibres.

2. Cubes with steel fibres.

Fig1.15 Comparative graph for 28 days strength of cubes in compression test

Page | 14
 CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES, DISADWANTAGES & APPLICATION
4.1.Advantages:
 Fiber-reinforced concrete used in bridges. It helps to prevent catastrophic failures.
 While using Fiber-reinforced concrete in civil structures, maximum corrosiocan be
avoided.
 Fiber-reinforced concreyte is a better suite to minimize the cavitation damage in
structures such as navigational locks,bridges piers, sluice-ways, where highvelo
 the main advantage of fiber is the reduction of cracking and shrinkage. Fiber
rein reinforcement concrete can also increase tensile strength, can provide I
resistance, and helps to reduce voids in the concrete.
4.2Disadvantages:
 Fabrication is the main disadvantage associated with fiber reinforcementconcreat.
 It is difficult to pose and handle problems at the time of placement as the fibres in
concrete make concrete very harsh.
 Sometimes Fibres may get concentrated at many places which are not ideal and th
results in poor quality concrete.
 Concrete gets harsh due to fibres so it may require a higher water/cement ratio.
 The process of mixing and incorporating fibers into the cement matrix is costlier
and labor-intensive than the production of plain cement concrete.
4.3Applications :
 Runway, Pavement, and Aircraft parking: Nowadays fiber reinforcement
concrete is widely used in the construction site of runways and aircraft parking.
pavements of fiber reinforcement concrete are now in service in mild and severe
environments.
 Hydraulic structures and dams: Fiber-reinforced concrete is being used for
repairing dams and construction and some other hydraulic structures for
providing
 Other applications: : There is also some other application of fiber-reinforced
concrete that includes oil tanks, concrete repairing, water tanks, machine tool
frames, lightning poles, etc.

Page | 15
 CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE

Future Scope :-

 The workability of the concrete with fibres was found to be very less. Hence, it can
be improved to have a better slump value. Thus, certain admixtures such as air
entraining agents and super plasticizers can be used so as to improve the flow
characteristics of concrete
 Hand mixing becomes very tedious and leads to formation of a non homogeneous
mix. Certain chemicals can be added so as to replace hand mixing by machine
mixing.
 Admixtures can also be used to reduce the number of voids which are formed to the
present of fibres in the concrete. It may help improve the strength characteristics of
concrete.
 It was found that the results did not improve by addition of fibres beyond 5% of the
weight of cement in the mix. Hence, the optimum increase in the strength of concrete
by addition of fibres lies between addition of fibres between 0% and 3% of the
weight of cement in the mix.

Page | 16
 CHAPTER 6
CONCULISION
A brief state-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced concrete is presented.Our
understanding of fiber-matrix interaction, reinforcement mechanisms and
performance characteristics is fairly advanced. Fiber reinforced concrete is a
promising material to be used in the Middle-East for sustainable and long-lasting
concrete structures. Its performance has already been proven in other hot and arid
climates and in other chemically deleterious environments.
 The major parameters of concrete structures like compressive & Tensile strength
can be improved.
 However, innovative structures in different parts of the world have clearly
indicated the unique, unmatched properties of this material and therefore the vast
potential waiting to be explored.
 The load carrying capacity is observed to be improved when added small amount
like 0.3% by weight of concrete.
 Overall it is advantageous to use 0.3% of Steel fibers which gives adequate results
in all conducted tests for concrete Grade M20 without making lumps / bunches of
fibres.
 Decrease in bleeding is observed by addition of steel Fibres in the SFRC.
 Reduction in bleeding improves the surface integrity of concrete, improves its
homogeneity and reduces the probability of cracks.
 The percentage increase of compressive strength of cubes of M20 grade of Steel
fibre concrete mixes compared with Conventional concrete compressive strength is
observed 25 to 30 %.
 Tensile strength for fibre reinforced concrete is increased. Strength at 28 days for
HSFRC is better than other cases when compared. HSFRC seen to given
 The percentage increase of tensile strength of beams of M20 grade of Steel fibre
concrete mixes compared with Conventional concrete compressive strength is
observed 18 to 20 %.
 The percentage increase of compressive strength of beams of M20 grade of Steel
fibre concrete mixes compared with Conventional concrete compressive strength is
observed 3 to 5 %.

Page | 17
 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

References:- Proceedings Papers:

[1]ACI Committee 544, “Design Considerations for Steel Fiber ReinforcedConcrete,”
ACI Structural Journal, V. 85, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1988, pp. 563 580.
Journal papers:
[2] Belletti, B.; Cerioni, R.; and Plizzari, G. A., “Fracture in SFRC Slabs on Grade,
BEFIB 2004, M. di Prisco, R. Felicetti, and G. A. Plizzari, eds., Proceedings of the
6th RILEM Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Concretes (FRC), RILEM PRO 39,
Varenna, Italy, Sept. 20-22, 2004, pp. 723-732.
[3] Concrete Technology A.M Naveli & Shetty.
[4]Surendra P. Shah , James I. Daniel, Darmawan Ludirdja, “Toughness of Glass
Fiberre iforced concre panels subjected to accelerad aging”, PCI Journal, September-
October 1987, (pp 83-88).
[5] Amit rana “ some studies on steel fibre reinforced concrete” , Vol 3,2013.
[6] Falkner, H.; Huang, Z.; and Teutsch, M., “Comparative Study of Plain and Steel
Fiber- Reinforced Concrete Ground Slabs,” Concrete International, V. 17, No. 1, Jan.
1995, pp. 45-51.

Page | 18