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 BRITISH STANDARD BS 6093:1993

Code of practice for

Design of joints and

 jointing in building
   I

construction
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BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical

Committee B/212, Tolerances, drawing practice, modular coordination, joints,
project information to Subcommittee B/212/4. Joints and jointing, upon which
the following bodies were represented:

British Adhesives and Sealants Association

Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency) L 
Royal Institute of British Architects
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.
This British Standard, having
 © 
been prepared under the B 
direction
direction of Technical
Technical  S 
Committee
Committee B/212,
B/212, was
I  
published
published under the authority
of the Standards
Standards Board and
comes into effect
effect on
15 Februa
February
ry 1993
1993

© BSI 03-1999  Amendments issued since publication

First published October 1981
Second edition February 1993  Amd. No. Date Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
Standard:
Committee reference B/212/1
Draft for comment 91/13660 DC

ISBN 0 580 21342 0

 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
2.1 No
Normative references 1
2.2 Informative references 1
3 Definitions 1
3.1 Joint design 1
   I
   S 3.2 Materials for jointing 2
   B
4 Design of joints 2
   ©
 . 4.1 General 2
  y
  p 4.2 The need for joints 3
  o
   C 4.3 Location and frequency of joints 3
   d
  e
   l 4.4 Procedure for the design of a joint 3
   l
  o
  r 4.5 Joint functions 3
   t
  n 4.6 Variation in the sizes of joints 4
  o
  c
  n 4.7 Dimensioning joints on drawings 7
   U
 , 5 Materials for jointing 7
   0
   0
  - 5.1 General 7
  v
  o 5.2 Sealants 7
   N
  - 5.3 Gaskets 13
   0
   2 5.4 Sealing strips 16
 ,
  e 5.5 Joint fillers 16
  n
  o
  n 5.6 Baffles 17
 ,
   i
  r 5.7 Fire resistant materials 17
  e
   i
   l 6 Generation of solutions of joints of external walls and roofs 17
  a
  v 6.1 Basic mechanisms 17
  a
   C 6.2 Basic examples of external walls 17
  o
   i
  g
  r
6.3 Single stage sealing of joints of external walls 17
  o
   i 6.4 Multiple stage sealing of joints or assemblies in external walls 22
   G
  : 7 Accommodation of movement 30
  y
  p 7.1 Structural and major movement joints 30
  o
   C 7.2 Minor movement joints 33
   d
  e 8 Assembly, installation and maintenance 35
  s
  n 8.1 Communication 35
  e
  c
   i 8.2 Control of jointing on site 35
   L
8.3 Preparation for jointing 35
8.4 Application and insertion of jointing products 35
8.5 Safety in application of jointing products 35
8.6 Maintenance 35
 Annex A (informative) Data for the design of movement joints 36
 Annex B (normative) Recommendations for the presentation of
 joint drawings 37
Figure 1 — Examples of type 1 joints 6
Figure 2 — Examples of type 2 joints 6
Figure 3 — Examples of type 3 joints 7
Figure 4 — Examples of type 4 joints 8
Figure 5 — Elevation showing assembly of panels and joint types
in an opening 8

© BSI 03-1999 i
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

Page
Figure 6 — Use of back-up materials and bond breakers
in movement joints 12
Figure 7 — Typical examples of gaskets in joints 14
Figure 8 — Gasket junctions 15
Figure 9 — Diagrams showing component profiles on plan, for
one-stage joints indicating seals and sequence of assembly 23
Figure 10 — Accessibility for preparation, application and
maintenance of joints with seals. Diagrams of profiles on plan 24 L 
Figure 11 — Typical details of curtain walling 25 i  
 c 
 e
Figure 12 — Two-stage vertical joints 26 n
 s 
Figure 13 — Examples of relation between joint profile and
 e
 d 
permissible clearances 26  C 
 o
Fig
Figure 14 — Diagram showing overlap in in two-stag
tage horizon
zontal jo
joint 27  p
 y 
Figure 15 — Diagram showing top of baffle in a two-stage horizontal : 
 G
 joint: section at horizontal/vertical joint intersection 27 i  
 o
Figure 16 — Diagram showing typical intersection between
r 
 g
horizontal and vertical two-stage joints in an external wall 28
i  
 o
 C 
Figure 17 — Diagrams showing elevations of cladding, indicating  a
how a variety of junctions can be reduced 28
v 
 a
l  
Figure 18 — Diagrams showing wall sections of basic forms of
i  
 e
r 
multilayer construction 29  ,i  
n
Figure 19 — Diagrams showing the processes by which rainwater  o
n
leaks through joints 29  e
 ,
Figure 20 — Diagram showing a typical open rain-screen joint 31 2 
 0 
Figure 21 — Diagram showing a typical labyrinth horizontal
-
N 
open rain-screen joints 31
 o
v 
Figure 22 — Diagram showing movement joints in structures
-
 0 
 0 
for differential loadings and ground bearing pressures 32  ,
 U 
Figure 23 — Diagram showing movement joint in roof structure n
 c 
which forms a discontinuity in the membrane 32  o
n
Figure 24 — Diagram showing movement joint in roofs where  t  
r 
 o
traffic prohibits the use of an upstand 33 l  
l  
 e
Figure 25 — Diagram showing intermediate movement joint  d 
in floor tiling 33
 C 
 o
Figure 26 — Diagram showing section through masonry/timber
 p
 y 
frame external wall 34
.
 © 
Figure B.1 — Typical jointing detail through transom 38 B 
 S 
Table 1 — Classification of sealants, sealing strips, gaskets I  
and baffles 9
Table 2 — Fillers for movement joints 10
Table 3 — Illustrations of basic mechanisms 19
Table A.1 — Coefficients of linear thermal expansion of common
building materials 36
Table A.2 — Moisture movement of timber 37
List of references 40

ii © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Foreword

This revision of BS 6093 has been prepared under the direction of Technical
Committee B/212, Tolerances, drawing practice, modular coordination, joints,
project information. BS 6093 gives guidance on the design of joints and jointing
in order to improve performance in building p ractice and to reduce the incidence
of technical failure. Sound building construction depends on proper joints being
formed between building components.
 As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of guidance and
recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and
particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not
   I misleading.
   S
   B The general structure of BS 6093:1981, which is withdrawn, is retained in this
   © updated version but the emphasis on jointing between precast concrete walling
 .
  y components has been reduced. Greater emphasis is now given to lightweight rain
  p
  o screens. The manner in which the basic principles of jointing are described
   C remains unchanged.
   d
  e
   l In recent years, many developments in design, construction and materials have
   l
  o
  r supplanted traditional practices. Many proprietary products now encompass the
   t
  n total element, for example curtain walling, compared with separate walling
  o
  c components such as masonry, windows and sealants. The design of jointing for
  n
   U these components is now an integral part of the design of the whole, and
 ,
   0 performance is dependent on test work and established standards. The basic
   0
  - mechanisms by which these joints perform are however the same as those
  v
  o described in this standard, such as profile and geometry.
   N
  -
   0 Materials for components such as glass and metal are capable of precision
   2 manufacture and the range of dimensional tolerances is not as coarse as that
 ,
  e needed for traditional materials, for example masonry and concrete.
  n
  o The consequences of jointing failures are often such as to render buildings
  n
 ,
   i unserviceable and to necessitate extremely costly remedial repair works.
  r
  e
   i
   l With the ever increasing importance now being attached to the performance of
  a
  v  joints and to the need to specify clearly each type of joint and the standard of
  a
   C workmanship that should be achieved on site, a logical design process is of
  o
   i fundamental importance. This code therefore describes the design processes and
  g
  r mechanisms of a broad range of basic jointing methods in the belief that if the
  o
   i designers are guided along these lines they are better equip ped to solve problems
   G
  : for their specific designs. Great emphasis is placed upon the need to design for
  y
  p each particular situation in which a joint has to function. The principal factors
  o
   C that the designer has to consider are listed in 4.5 and
4.5 and 4.6,
4.6, which are based on
   d ISO 3447. Guidance
Guidance on the
the use of sealants
sealants for joints
joints is given
given in BS 6213.
  e
  s Considerably greater knowledge is needed about the performance of materials,
  n
  e building components and jointing solutions, and it is strongly recommended that
  c
   i
   L designers test the joint designs if they have doubts about the design concepts,
particularly where the consequences of failures would be costly. T esting, or at the
least the interpretation of test results, needs to take particular account of the
effects of accuracy and movements, which it may not be practical to simulate
completely under test conditions.

© BSI 03-1999 iii

BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

In addition to this code, the following standards are relevant to joints and
 jointing: BS 5606, BS 6213, BS 6750, BS 6954 and BS 8000.
 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

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.
 © 
B 
 S 
I  

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 40,
40, an inside back cover and a back cover.
cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
cover.

iv © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

1 Scope 2.2 Informative references

This British Standard gives recommendations for This British Standard refers to other publications
the design of joints and the use of jointing products that provide information or guidance. Editions of
in building construction. Following an analysis of these publications current at the time of issue of this
 joint functions and of the performance of the parts to standard
standard are listed on page 40, but reference
reference should
be joined, joints are classified in this standard on be made to the latest editions.
the basis of the movements and inaccuracies they
have to accommodate. Mechanisms by which joints 3 Definitions
operate are identified and recommendations are For the purposes of this British Standard, the
   I made on the use of sealants and gaskets. Some definitions
definitions given in BS 6100-1.3.6:199
6100-1.3.6:1991,
1,
   S emphasis is placed on weather resistance of joints in
   B BS 6100-1.5.1:198
6100-1.5.1:19844 and BS
BS 6100-1.5.2:198
6100-1.5.2:1987
7 apply,
apply,
   © the external envelope of buildings. together with the following.
 .
  y The code does not present guidance in the form of a 3.1 Joint design
  p
  o catalogue of proven joint designs, because the extent
   C 3.1.1
to which a design is appropriate to a particular use
   d induced deviation
  e
   l
depends on circumstances specific to the building,
   l dimensional deviation caused by work done
  o e.g. its exposure, desired performance, durability
  r
   t
  n and costs. The code therefore draws attention to NOTE The operati
operations
ons of setting
setting out,
out, manufactu
manufacture,
re, assembly
assembly
  o matters that need consideration, in order that and erection give rise to this type of deviation.
  c
  n solutions may be developed that are appropriate. 3.1.2
   U
 , The code does not cover: inherent deviation
   0
   0
  - a) rigidly connected
connected joints (except
(except type 1 joints, dimensional deviation caused by an inherent
  v
  o see 4.6.4.1);
4.6.4.1); material property
   N
  -
b) joints within components normally made in a NOTE Changes
Changes in temperatu
temperature,
re, humidity
humidity,, stress
stress etc. give
give rise
rise
   0
   2 factory, such as those around opening lights in to this type of deviation.
 ,
  e windows; 3.1.3
  n
  o interchangeability
  n c) the load-bearing functions of structural joints;
 ,
   i ability of a component to be used and jointed
  r d) glazing
glazing (see BS 6262);
  e
   i satisfactorily with a variety of other components
   l
  a e) joints in service pipes and ducts and their
  v 3.1.4
  a connections to appliances;
   C  joint (1)1)
  o f) methods of test for joints or for jointing
   i construction formed by the adjacent parts of two or
  g
  r
products.
  o
   i NOTE All figures
figures in this
this standard
standard showing detailed
detailed joint
joint more products, components or assemblies when
   G designs illustrate principles in a recognizable context and are not these are put together, fixed or united with or
  :
  y production drawings of proven and universally applicable joints. without the use of a jointing product
  p
  o 3.1.5
   C 2 References
   d  joint (2)1)
  e 2.1 Normative references
  s position in the construction works where the
  n This British Standard incorporates, by reference,
  e  joint (1) is situated
  c
   i provisions from specific editions of other
   L 3.1.6
publications. These normative references are cited
 joint clearance2)
at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications
publications are listed on page 40. Subsequent
Subsequent distance between the joint faces of adjacent building
amendments to, or revisions of, any of these components, i.e. the joint gap widths considered in
publications
publications apply
apply to BS 6093 only when
when order to achieve fit
incorporated in it by updating or revision. 3.1.7
 joint gap2)
space between adjacent components, with or
without a jointing product

1)
Definition repeated from BS
BS 6100-1.3.6.
2)
Definition differs from that
that given in BS 6100.

© BSI 03-1999 1
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

3.1.8 3.2.5
 joint geometry elastoplastic sealant4)
disposition of all the parts that contribute to the sealant which after application has predominantly
functions of a joint elastic properties but exhibits some plastic
3.1.9 properties when stressed for other than short
 joint profile3) periods

form of that part of the cross section of a joint 3.2.6

derived from each of its components plastoelastic sealant4)

3.1.10 sealant which after application has predominantly L 

plastic properties with some elastic recovery when
i  
 joint reference plane4)
 c 
 e
stressed for short periods n
theoretical reference plane from which the relative
 s 
 e
position of the joint profiles of adjacent building 3.2.7  d 

components and/or associated jointing products may back-up material4) 5)  C 

 o
be determined material inserted in a joint that limits the depth of
 p
 y 
sealant applied and defines the back profile of the
: 
3.1.11  G
movement accommodation factor (MAF) of a sealant i  
 o
r 
sealant NOTE S ee
ee also 3.2.12.
3.2.12.  g
i  
 o
maximum movement which a sealant is capable of 3.2.8  C 
tolerating throughout its working life, expressed as bond breaker4)  a
v 
a percentage of the minimum joint width film or thin strip material applied to the back of a
 a
l  
i  
 e
3.2 Materials for jointing  joint to prevent sealant adhesion r 
 ,i  
3.2.9
n
3.2.1  o
seal4) sealing strip4) n
 e
preformed material that constitutes a seal when
 ,
physical barrier that is notionally impenetrable and
2 
compressed between appropriate joint surfaces, and
 0 
is in contact with the components forming the joint -
N 
that may have adhesive properties
NOTE The termterm does not presuppos
presupposee the use
use of any particular
particular
 o
v 
material or mechanism, but implies effectiveness in sealing 3.2.10 -
 0 
against whatever agent is relevant, such as water, air, fire or
gasket4)
 0 
sound.
 ,
 U 
3.2.2 flexible, generally elastic, preformed material that n
constitutes a seal when compressed
 c 
sealant4) 5)
 o
n
material which, applied in an unformed state to a 3.2.11  t  
r 
baffle4)
 o
 joint, seals it by adhering to appropriate surfaces
l  
l  
 e
 d 
within the joint strip of flexible material inserted into a multi-stage  C 
3.2.3  joint to prevent the passage of rain  o
 p
elastic sealant5) 3.2.12
 y 
.
 joint filler4)
 © 
sealant which after application exhibits B 
predominantly elastic behaviour, i.e. remaining compressible non-adhesive material used to fill  S 
stresses induced in the sealant as a result of joint movement joints during their construction
I  

movement are almost proportional to the strain NOTE It may

may act
act as
as a back-up
back-up material
material.. See also 3.2.7.
3.2.7.
3.2.4
plastic sealant5) 4 Design of joints
sealant which after application retains 4.1 General
predominantly plastic properties, i.e. the remaining Since joints are breaks in the ph ysical continuity of
stresses induced in the sealant as a result of joint construction, they are potential breaks in the
movement are rapidly relieved continuity of performance. It is therefore important
that an entire assembly, including the joints, should
achieve the desired performance.

3)
Definition repeated from BS 6100-1.5.2.
4)
Definition differs from that
that given in BS 6100.
5)
Definition identical to that given in BS EN 26927.

2 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

4.2 The need for joints c) Establish the joint reference plane for each
Decisions should first be made with regard to the  joint and relate it to a building reference plane.
need for and the types of joints to be used. d) Check the joint functions (see 4.5),
4.5), and
From physical attributes inherent in materials and whether provision should be made for
methods of work the need for site joints arises at or dimensional deviations (see 4.6).
4.6).
on account of: e) Modify the design of the joint to meet all the
a) junctions of different elements or components requirements at the positions where it occurs.
and junctions comprising different materials; 4.5 Joint functions
b) change of conditions necessitating separation NOTE The recommen
recommendation
dationss in this
this clause
clause are
are similar
similar to those
   I given in ISO 3447.
   S by a barrier;
   B 4.5.1 Environmental factors
c) limitations imposed by methods of working, for
   ©
 . example the formation of day-work joints in in When the general needs for joints have been
  y
  p situ concrete construction; considered, environmental factors should be
  o
   C d) limitations of size and/or weight of components quantified.
   d imposed by their manufacture, handling, storage, The data for joints are the same as those needed for
  e
   l
   l transport and assembly; the components. Some values emerge from user
  o
  r
   t requirements. Other values derive from the natural
  n e) limitations imposed in service by inherent
  o properties of materials. environment.
  c
  n
   U 4.3 Location and frequency of joints Designers should also consider the immediate
 , environment that could exist during construction.
   0 Once the need for joints is established, their location
   0
  - This may be more severe than the service conditions
  v and frequency are determined from design decisions referred to previously.
  o
   N and are influenced by:
  - Joints may need to obstruct the passage of any or all
   0 a) general planning decisions about storey height,
   2 of the following:
 , relationships between solids and voids
  e a) insects and vermin;
  n (for example walls
walls and windows), room
room sizes,
  o
  n floor spans, etc.; b) plants, leaves, roots, seeds and pollen;
 ,
   i
  r b) values chosen from the range of coordinating c) dust and inorganic particles;
  e
   i
   l sizes; d) heat, light, sound, radiation;
  a
  v
  a c) the location of joints to take account of areas of e) air, gases and odours;
   C high stress of components and elements in
  o
   i
f) water, snow, ice and water vapour.
  g service;
  r Joints may need to avoid the generation of sound
  o
   i d) the avoidance of complex joint intersections;
and odours.
   G e) the facilitating of fit, for example:
  : 4.5.2 Capacity to withstand stress
  y
  p 1) by increasing the number of joints;
  o Joints may need to withstand stress (either during
   C 2) by avoiding components having to be fitted
   d or after assembly) in one or more directions due to
  e within preformed openings; compression, tension, bending, shear, torsion,
  s
  n 3) by preforming internal and external corners; vibrations or any other type of stress that may
  e
  c
   i f) the minimizing of the extent of jointing for induce fatigue, impact, abrasion, shrinkage, creep,
   L
reasons of, for example, hygiene, cost or and expansion or contraction due to temperature
performance; variations.
g) the obtaining of a particular appearance of 4.5.3 Safety (see also 8.5)
8.5)
scale, proportion, pattern, symmetry or other The functions of joints in the context of safety are:
attributes such as false joints.
a) to obstruct the passage of fire, smoke, gases,
4.4 Procedure for the design of a joint radiation and radioactive materials;
(see
(see also
also Anne
Annex
x B)
B)
b) to resist sudden positive or negative pressures
The procedure for the design of a joint should be as due to explosion or atmospheric factors;
follows. c) to avoid the generation of toxic gases a nd fumes
a) Examine the types and positions of all the in case of fire;
 joints in the building. d) to avoid harbouring or proliferation of
b) Examine each joint at a large scale: fu ll size or dangerous micro-organisms.
half full size.

© BSI 03-1999 3
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

4.5.4 Fixing of components 4.6 Variation in the sizes of joints

The functions of joints in the context of the fixing of 4.6.1 General
components are to support joined components in one The accommodation of movement after assembly
or more directions, to resist differential deformation (inherent deviations) and the variability in size and
of joined components, and to permit operation of position of jointed parts (induced deviations) have to
movable components. be finally resolved at joints.
4.5.5 Appearance
4.5.5 Appearance Data about inherent and induced deviations in
Joints should have an acceptable appearance. components and spaces are needed to determine the
The effects of weathering of the appearance (colour) effects of these deviations on joint dimensions and to L 
aid selection of appropriate joint mechanism and
i  
of the jointing material itself should be borne in
 c 
 e
mind during its selection. materials. n
 s 
The data needed are as follows:
 e
Joints should also avoid:  d 
a) the predicted variability in the size and
 C 
a) promotion of mould and plant growth;  o
position of elements and spaces normally  p
b) discoloration due to UV radiation and achievable in construction given in BS 5606:1990
 y 
: 
biological, physical or chemical action; (or, when not given therein, the normally
 G
i  
c) all or part of the internal structure showing;
 o
achievable deviations estimated by the building r 
 g
d) dust collection. designer); i  
 o
b) the predicted changes in sizes of components
 C 
4.5.6 Durability
4.5.6 Durability  a
and spaces in services due to thermal, moisture, v 
If a joint is likely to be less durable than the
 a
creep and load deformation; l  
i  
components joined, then the consequences and ease
 e
c) the number of joints in the assembly
r 
of repair should be considered. In considering
 ,i  
involved/required to accommodate the deviations
n
durability and the minimum life of a joint, designers  o
predicted in a) and b).
n
should aim to reduce its exposure, minimiz e damage  e
 ,
to the fabric and, should the joint fail, provide access NOTE Guidance
Guidance on calculation
calculationss to predict
predict target
target size,
size, 2 
clearances
clearances and fit
fit are given in BS
BS 5606 and
and BS 6954-3.
6954-3.  0 
for repair or replacement, and establish the -
When building components are located in relation to
N 
expected frequency of replacement (see also 8.6).8.6).  o
a continuous reference system such as a modular
v 
Joints may be required to resist abrasive action and
-
grid so that the structure is subjected to overall
 0 
damage or unauthorized dismantling. They may
 0 
dimensional control, deviations of size, shape and
 ,
also be required to resist the action of animals and
 U 
position have to be absorbed within the jointing n
insects, plants and micro-organisms, water and  c 
system.  o
water vapour and aqueous solutions or suspensions, n
The consideration of tolerances for the manufacture
 t  
polluted air, light and radiation, freezing of water,
r 
 o
extremes of temperatures, airborne or structure of components and for the construction of buildings l  
l  
 e
is therefore inseparable from the design of joints to
 d 
borne vibrations, shock waves and high intensity  C 
sound, and acids, alkalis, oils, fats and solvents. provide the required dimensional flexibility  o
(see ISO 2445:1972).
2445:1972). This
This does
does not mean
mean that
that all
 p
4.5.7 Maintenance (see also 8.6)
4.5.7 Maintenance 8.6)
 y 
 joints should necessarily have this capability, but it
.
 © 
The design of joints should allow for inspection, is necessary for deviations to be accommodated at B 
partial or complete dismantling and reassembly, some point; this may be achieved at the joints  S 
and the replacement of decayed jointing products, between individual components, or by the provision
I  

during maintenance. of special joints at intervals.

4.5.8 Ambient
4.5.8 Ambient conditions
conditions 4.6.2 Inherent deviations
Joints should be able to perform the required 4.6.2.1 Reversible inherent deviations
functions over a specified range of temperature,
Reversible inherent deviations are due to cyclic
atmospheric humidity, air or liquid pressure
environmental factors such as thermal and
differential joint clearance variation, and driving
moisture variations and vibration. These factors can
rain volume.
induce the movement described in 7.2.2.
7.2.2.
4.5.9 Functions that apply to a specific position
 A joint in a specific position may have particular
requirements that need to be identified and
specified accordingly.

4 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

The greatest range of temperature is usually In such environments as are found in swimming
experienced on the external face of buildings and pools and certain industrial processes where high
especially on south facing elevations, but resulting humidity occurs, the behaviour of
dimensional changes may tend to be balanced by moisture-sensitive materials should be given special
opposite movements due to changes in moisture consideration.
content. Internally, both thermal and moisture 4.6.2.2 Irreversible inherent deviations
movements may be less significant depending on the
environment within the building. Irreversible inherent deviations are due to
non-cyclic factors. They occur over predictable short
Whereas the annual air temperature range in the
or long term periods depending on the nature of the
   I
Unit
United
ed Kin
Kingd
gdom
om is
is abou
aboutt 35 K (– 5 °C to
to 30 °C),
°C), the
the
material.
   S actual temperature range to which materials are
   B subjected due to radiant heat is greater and depends In addition to reversible movement, concrete is
   © on the orientation of, and the incidence of radiation subject to irreversible drying shrinkage and
 .
  y on, the surface, as well as on the colour and degree thermal contraction.
  p
  o of protection (insulation or shading). Surface Plastic shrinkage may occur during the first few
   C
   d temperatures can in extreme circumstances be as hours after placing through the loss of water from
  e
   l high
high as 80 °C and
and as
as low
low as – 20
20 °C.
°C. the plastic concrete by evaporation or, sometimes,
   l
  o
  r by absorption into adjacent materials. Plastic
   t Thermal movement per unit length may be
  n shrinkage is common in hot weather and in drying
  o influenced by:
  c winds and can result in cracking. It can largely be
  n a) temperature range;
   U avoided by slowing down the drying of the concrete.
 , b) degree of exposure;
   0 Early thermal contraction can be significant in
   0
  -
  v
c) response of materials to thermal change; concrete
concrete over
over about 0.5 m thickness.
thickness. It is due to the
  o d) colour of surfaces; natural cooling that takes place when the heat of
   N
  -
   0 e) restraint of movement. hydration passes its peak. The temperature rise can
   2 typica
typically
lly be abou
aboutt 20 K, 2 days after
after placi
placing.
ng. The
The
 , NOTE Information
Information concerning
concerning the
the calculat
calculation
ion of thermal
thermal
  e designer should be aware of the effect of early
  n movement per unit length is given in BRE Digests
Digests 227, 228
  o and 229 [1].
[1]. thermal contraction and, where appropriate, should
  n
 ,
   i The capability of joints to accommodate movement provide joints or planes of weakness to confine
  r
  e
   i determines the maximum interval between them, cracking to predetermined positions.
   l
  a taking account of the way in which fixings may Drying shrinkage is a long term process and may
  v
  a permit or distribute movement. continue over many months. Any movement is
   C
  o While it may be sufficient for a designer to make influenced by the size of section, the concrete mix,
   i
  g
  r allowance for movement for in-service conditions on the amount of reinforcement and the environment.
  o
   i the basis of thermal movement
movement only (see Annex A  Allowance should be made for the effects of drying
   G shrinkage when detailing concrete blockwork.
  : for list of coefficients), the validity of this
  y
  p assumption should always be confirmed. Examples Calcium silicate bricks need to be protected against
  o of exceptions are sandstone and timber
   C excessive moisture up to and during construction.
   d (across
(across grain),
grain), where movement
movement due to moisture Provision should be made for the free circulation of
  e may exceed that due to thermal change
  s air within the stack so that the bricks may dry out
  n (see Annex A). Movement
Movement due to moisture
moisture along the before they are built in.
  e
  c
   i grain of timber is not significant.
   L Fired clay units exhibit reversible movements due
Some materials respond to changes in moisture to changes in moisture content. These are usually
content following changes in weather conditions, small but there is a permanent moisture expansion,
and appropriate allowance has to be made taking the rate of which decreases with time and is
into account the environment at the time of dependent upon the type of clay and firing process.
construction. Examples of such materials are For various masonry materials, information on
concrete blockwork and timber. moisture movement and thermal properties is given
Care should be taken about the moisture content of in BS 5628-3 together
together with guidance
guidance on the
absorbent materials in storage and during the determination of spacing and design width of
course of construction, in order to minimize movement joints.
subsequent movement.

© BSI 03-1999 5
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

The effect of creep may need to be taken into account Examples of joints for which each assumption is
in joint sizes. Continuous loading of concrete usually made are given in in Figure 1 to Figure
Figure 4.
structural frames will cause beams and slabs to Having made a provisional assumption about the
continue to deflect beyond their initial elastic design of the joint, the designer should then
deflection and columns and concrete walls to consider:
shorten over a long period of time. After the first 1) the significance and values of dimensional
year, movements due to creep are very small but deviations to be accommodated;
recognition should be given and allowance made in
2) the consequences of this assumption for joints
the joints between the frame and components fitted
elsewhere in that assembly.
to it. L 
i  
 c 
4.6.3 Induced deviations  e
n
 An individual component normally deviates both
 s 
 e
from its intended size and from its intended position
 d 
 C 
in the building. Both kinds of deviation occur  o
three-dimensionally. When two components are
 p
 y 
placed with a joint clearance between them, these : 
 G
deviations affect the size and shape of the joint i  
 o
three-dimensionally. Designers have to design for r 
 g
the generality of such deviations, but a particular
i  
 o
assembly when constructed contains deviations
 C 
 a
with particular values. If systematic account is v 
 a
taken of deviations, the majority of joints can be l  
i  
 e
expected to lie within the desired joint clearance r 
 ,i  
limits. n
 o
If the size of a joint is likely to exceed the specified
n
 e
limits, consideration should first be given to the
 ,
2 
possibility of adjusting the position of the  0 
-
components in the assembly so as to distribute
N 
 o
excess deviation among the joints in the assembly v 
-
and optimize the joint clearances. Particular types
 0 
 0 
of deviation in joint size may still need special Figure 1 — Examples of type 1 joints  ,
 U 
action, for example, the tapering of joint clearances, (no allo
allowa
wanc
nce
e made
made for
for any
any devi
deviati
ation
ons)
s) n
 c 
bow and twist of components and inaccuracy in  o
n
component alignment.  t  
r 
 o
When it is not practical to rectify joints that have l  
l  
 e
sizes outside the specified limits, an alternative  d 
 joint design should be adopted.
 C 
 o
4.6.4 Provision
4.6.4 Provision for dimensional
dimensional deviations
deviations
 p
 y 
.
4.6.4.1 General
 © 
B 
The initial generation of solutions may be based  S 
upon four assumptions that can be made about the
I  

distribution of induced and inherent deviations

(see
(see clause
clause 3). These are as follows.
a) Type 1 joint. No
joint.  No allowance made for any
deviations.
b) Type 2 joint. Allowance
joint. Allowance made for inherent and
induceddeviations.
c) Type 3 joint. Allowance
joint.  Allowance made for inherent
deviations only.
d) Type 4 joint. Allowance
joint.  Allowance made for induced
deviations only.
Figure 2 — Examples of type 2 joints
(allo
(allowa
wanc
nce
e made
made for
for inher
inheren
entt and induc
induced
ed
deviations)

6 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Joint clearances should be considered to be “critical

dimensions” and treated as required by clause 20 of
20 of
BS 1192-1:1984,
1192-1:1984, thus they should
should be shown
shown on
drawings as a target size with permitted deviations.
This is illustrated
illustrated in Figure B.1
B.1 as “8  ± 2 mm”.
mm”. If
If
this is felt to be unduly laborious the permitted
deviations can be shown in the drawing notes.
Indicating joint clearances in this way makes
readily available the criteria for checking
   I
compliance on site and confirming that the joint can
   S be expected to be able to accommodate future
   B dimensional deviations in the way intended by the
   © designer.
 .
  y
  p
  o 5 Materials for jointing
   C
   d 5.1 General
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r  A classification of sealants, sealing strips, gaskets
   t
  n and baffles
baffles is given in Table 1. Table
Table 2 gives a list
  o
  c and properties of various joint fillers.
  n
   U Guidance on the selection, applications and use of
 ,
   0 sealants
sealants is given in BS 6213. More information
information is
   0
  -
  v
available on sealants than on gaskets which are
Figure 3 — Examples of type 3 joints
  o normally purpose-made (for which only general
   N (all
(allow
owan
ance
ce made
made for
for inhe
inhere
rent
nt devia
deviatio
tions
ns only
only))
  - guidance can be given). In all cases, the details of
   0
   2 4.6.4.2 Interaction of the four joint types the properties and performance of seals should be
 ,
  e  An assembly usually contains more than one of the obtained from the manufacturers.
  n
  o four joint types. The designer should assess the There are at least two critical features of seal
  n
 ,
   i distribution of induced and inherent deviations performance that have to be considered, firstly the
  r
  e
   i throughout the assembly in order to choose the interfaces between the seal and the components to
   l
  a appropriate combination of joint types. be joined and secondly the nature of the sealing
  v
  a material itself.
   C Figure 5 illustrates the interrelationship and effects
  o
   i of an assembly of two panels of walling erected in an 5.2 Sealants
  g
  r existing opening.
  o 5.2.1 General
   i
   G Fixings may modify the distribution of inherent Sealants are classified as elastic, elastoplastic,
  : deviations in the assembly and this needs separate
  y plastoelastic or plastic according to their response to
  p consideration, for example, central fixings cause
  o movement (Table 1).
   C inherent deviations to be shared between the end
   d  joints: fixings at one end concentrate all inherent 5.2.2 Movement accommodation factor (MAF)
5.2.2 Movement accommodation
  e
  s deviations at the other end. The MAF indicates the full range of movement
  n
  e between maximum compression and maximum
  c
   i 4.7 Dimensioning joints on drawings
   L extension that the sealant can accommodate. It is
It is not unusual for joint clearances to be shown on expressed as a percentage of the minimum design
drawings as finite dimensions. This is a matter of  joint gap width in this code.
convenience which enables component sizes and
NOTE 1 MAF is sometimes
sometimes expressed
expressed as a percenta
percentage
ge about
about the
 joint clearances to be added up to give a correct mean joint gap width: this mode of expression is deprecated.
overall size. However, joint clearances shown in this
Low, medium and high movement accommodation
way can lead to the expectation that they are of fixed
factors correspond approximately to values
size when, in reality, they are of variable size and
of 5 %, 15 % and 25 %.
have to be so in order to fulfil their function of
NOTE
NOTE 2 The
The MAF
MAF of som
some
e seal
sealan
ants
ts rea
reach
ches
es 50 %.
accommodating dimensional deviations.

© BSI 03-1999 7
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
Figure 4 — Examples of type 4 joints  y 
: 
(allowance made for induced deviation only)  G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
 a
l  
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
 o
v 
-
 0 
 0 
 ,
 U 
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
r 
 o
l  
l  
 e
NOTE 1 Joint at base:base: assumed 4. Panels are supported at the base. Induced deviations are taken into account to ensure
assumed type 4. Panels  d 
verticality of jamb joints and to distribute the total vertical clearance between head and base joints. Inherent deviations are assumed  C 
not to occur. (A supporting
supporting joint without adjustability would be type 1.)
 o
 p
NOTE 2 Joint at head: assumed
assumed type 2. Allowance for induced deviation is shared with the joi nt at the base. Allowance is made for
type 2. Allowance
 y 
.
inherent deviation due to change in panel size (thermal and moisture movement) and change in size of the opening (thermal  © 
movement, deflection and creep). B 
NOTE 3 Joint at jambs:
jambs: assumed type 2. Inherent and induced deviations are shared by these joints but not with the centre joint
type 2. Inherent
 S 
(type
(type 1).
I  

NOTE 4 Joint at centre:

centre: assumed 1. This joint is butted and fixed on assembly and is subject to neither inherent nor induced
assumed type 1. This
deviations.
Figure 5 — Elevation showing assembly of panels and joint types in an opening

8 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Table 1 — Classification of sealants, sealing strips, gaskets and baffles

Seal type Chemical types Physical type Movement Life expectancy
accommodation (years) see note
(See 5.2.2)
5.2.2)

Hot poured sealants Bitumen Plastic Low Up to 10

Bitumen/rubber Plastoelastic Medium Up to 10
Pitch/polymer Elastoplastic Medium Up to 10
Cold poured, Polysulfide Elastoplastic Medium-high Up to 20
chemically-curing Polyurethane Elastic Medium-high Up to 20
   I sealants Epoxy Elastoplastic Low-Medium Up to 20
   S
   B Gun-applied, Oil Plastic Low Up to 10
   © non-curing sealants Butyl Plastic Low Up to 10 (not
 .
  y exposed)
  p
  o  Acrylic Plastoelastic Low-medium Up to 15
   C
   d Gun-applied, one-part, Polysulfide Elastoplastic Medium-high Up to 25
  e
   l
   l chemically-curing Polyurethane Elastic Medium-high Up to 20
  o
  r
   t sealants Silicone Elastic Medium-high Up to 25
  n
  o Gun-applied, two-part, Polysulfide Elastoplastic Medium-high Up to 25
  c
  n chemically-curing Polyurethane Elastic Medium-high Up to 20
   U
 , sealants Silicone Elastic Low-high Up to 25
   0
   0
  - Hot-applied, non-sag Bitumen Plastic Low Up to 10
  v
  o sealants Bitumen/rubber Plastoelastic Medium Up to 10
   N
  -
   0 Sealing st
strip (m
(mastic) Oil Plastic  Up to 15
   2 Butyl Plastic  Up to 15
 ,  Low
  e Bitumen/rubber Elastoplastic Up to 15
  n 
  o Polyisobutylene/butyl Elastoplastic  Up to 15
  n
 ,
   i
  r Seal
Sealin
ing
g str
strip
ip (cel
(cellu
lula
lar)
r) PVC
PVC
  e
   i
   l Polyethylene Range in properties
  a
  v Polyurethane from plastic to Low to high Up to 20
  a
   C Butyl elastic
  o
   i Neoprene
  g
  r EVA 
  o
   i
   G Gaskets Neoprene
  :
  y Natural rubber
  p
  o EPDM
   C Butyl rubber
   d
  e Polyurethane Elastic Low to high Up to 20
  s
  n Silicone
  e EVA 
  c
   i
   L Cork
Baffles Neoprene
PVC Profiles loosely Low to high Up to 40
Polyethylene fitted with
 Aluminium adjoining
Stainless steel components
Zinc
Copper
NOTE The actual
actual service life of a sealant
sealant is dependent not only
only on composition
composition but also on environment
environmental
al conditions
conditions and quality
quality
of application.

© BSI 03-1999 9
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

Table 2 — Fillers for movement joints

Joint filler type Property
Typical uses Form Density Pressure for Resilience Tolerance to
range 50 % (recovery after water
compression compression) immersion
kg/m3 N/mm2 %

Wood General Sheet, strip 200 to 400 0.7 to 5.2 70 to 85 Suitable if

fibre/bitumen purpose infrequent
expansion L 
 joints i  
 c 
 e
Bitumen/cork General Sheet 500 to 600 0.7 to 5.2 70 to 80 Suitable n
purpose
 s 
 e
expansion joints
 d 
 C 
Cork/resin Expansion Sheet, strip 200 to 300 0.5 to 3.4 85 to 95 Suitable  o
 p
 joints in  y 
: 
water-retaining  G
structures
i  
 o
r 
where bitumen
 g
i  
 o
is not  C 
acceptable  a
v 
Cellular plastics Low load Sheet, strip 40 to 60 0.07 to 0.34 85 to 95 Suitable if
 a
l  
i  
and rubbers transfer joints infrequent
 e
r 
 ,i  
Mineral or Fire-resistant Loose fibre Dependent Dependent Slight Not suitable n
 o
ceramic fibres, or  joints: low or braided upon upon degree n
intumescent movement and strip degree of of
 e
 ,
strips compaction compaction
2 
 0 
-
N 
The method of calculation of minimum design joint Where maximum support to the seal against  o
gap width for a particular sealant using its MAF is external forces is needed, e.g. in floors or retaining
v 
-
 0 
given in 5.2.5.
5.2.5. Irrespective of movement walls subject to subsoil water pressure, a thin  0 
 ,
accommodation
accommodation,, a joint
joint gap width of
of 5 mm is the
the self-adhesive bond breaking tape may be required if  U 
minimum that is practical for the application of the sealant would otherwise adhere to the joint filler
n
 c 
sealants. [see Figure 6 e)]. In constru
construction
ction joints
joints the bond
 o
n
breaking tape should be applied to the base of the
 t  
5.2.3 Back-up
5.2.3 Back-up material and bond breaker 
breaker 
r 
 o
sealin
sealingg slot
slot [see
[see Figure
Figure 6 c) and
and Figure
Figure 6 e)].
e)]. Care
Care is l  
l  
 A sealant should be applied against a firm backing
 e
needed in this operation to ensure th at the tape only
 d 
so that it is forced against the sides of the joint, covers the joint filler or base of the sealant slot and
 C 
during application and tooling, to ensure good
 o
that it does not encroach upon the sides of the joint  p
adhesion. The correct installation of the back-up
 y 
and thus reduce the bond area of the sealant. Soft .
material enables the required shape and
 © 
compressible foams should not be used where
proportions of the sealant to be achieved (see 5.2.8).
5.2.8).
B 
sealant support is required.  S 
Sealants in movement joints should not adhere to
I  
The sealant manufacturer should be consulted to
the backing material because restraint and the ensure that the sealant and back-up materials, bond
resultant stresses induced could lead to failure. breakers and joint fillers are compatible and
The backing to the sealant m ay be a closed cell foam appropriate for the proposed end use.
 joint filler alone [see Figure 6 a)] or a joint filler
board in combination with closed cell foam back-up
material which also acts as a bond breaker
[see Figure
Figure 6 b)], or with a thin
thin self-adhesiv
self-adhesivee bond
breaker
breaker tape [see
[see Figure 6 c)]. In open
open joints,
joints, the use
use
of an oversize circular section closed cell foam
should be installed to give the specified sealant
depth
depth [see
[see Figure
Figure 6 d)].

10 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

5.2.4 Conditions of temperature and moisture The calculation is concerned with the ability of the
content of components sealant to accommodate the range of tensile strain
5.2.4.1 At
5.2.4.1 At time of erection of components that will be imposed upon it. For the purpose of
calculation, the total relevant movement (TRM)
Between the time of erecting components and excludes those irreversible (inherent) movements
sealing the joints, gap widths may have changed (see 4.6.2.2)
4.6.2.2) which “close-up” the joint. Allowances
(inherent deviations) because of changed conditions for these are made separately as are the effects of
of temperature and moisture. If components are induced deviations.
erected with minimum specified joint gap widths,
Joint gap widths between the time of erection of
the jointing materials will not be overstressed if the
   I
components and the time of sealing these joints may
principles of 5.2.5
of 5.2.5 are
 are followed. If these principles
   S have changed because of the changes in conditions
   B are adhered to, the joints should perform
giving rise to movement. It is important to ensure
   © satisfactorily through a correctly designed and
 . that a minimum sealant width will be achieved
  y specified range of movement.
  p irrespective of conditions at the time when th e joint
  o 5.2.4.2 At
5.2.4.2 At time of application of sealant gap width was formed. The following formula should
   C
   d Both temperature and moisture can affect the joint be used to calculate the minimum sealant width
  e
   l (Wsmin) in millimetres.
   l gap width of the joint. The best time for application
  o
  r
   t of sealants to movement joints is when the joint gap 100
  n width is at the mean tending to the maximum. With Ws = ( TRM  × -------------- + TRM )
  o min MAF
  c elastic sealants, this reduces the tensile strain.
  n
   U For example, if a sealant has to accommodate a total
 , Temperature extremes are detrimental to the
   0 relevant
relevant movement
movement (TRM)
(TRM) of 3 mm and it
it has an
an
   0 satisfactory application and performance of
  - operat
operating
ing MAF of 25 % then
then
  v sealants. High temperatures will reduce sealant
  o 100
   N viscosity and may result in slump or flow especially Ws = ( 3  × ---------- + 3 ) = 15 mm
  - min
   0 in wide joints. The working life may also be 25
   2
 , unacceptably reduced. If after assessment of all other deviations, Ws min
  e
  n Low temperatures conversely can increase viscosity, determines the minimum joint gap width to be
  o
  n giving rise to mixing (in the case of two part specified, this width erected at the specified
 ,
   i
  r sealants) and application difficulties and reduction minimum
minimum of 15 mm (followin
(following
g the example
example)) say in
in
  e
   i
   l in wetting of component interfaces. Sealant cure cold conditio
conditions
ns can subseque
subsequently
ntly close
close to 12 mm
  a
  v will be reduced or even arrested at low temperature. and still
still lie within
within the sealant MAF limit
limit of 25 %.
  a
   C  A high moisture content of components is 5.2.6 Types of movement
  o
   i detrimental to adhesion of sealants. Sealing should
  g
  r 5.2.6.1 General
not be undertaken if free moisture is present on the
  o
   i
 joint faces. The performance of any sealed joint is affected not
   G
  : only by the magnitude of the movement but also by
  y 5.2.5 Minimum
5.2.5 Minimum joint gap
gap widths for sealants
sealants
  p the mode, frequency and rate of movement.
  o The specification of joint gap widths should be
   C 5.2.6.2 Mode
   d derived from all deviations to which the joint is
  e subjected. However, minimum joint gap widths are The principal modes of movement are:
  s
  n needed for the satisfactory performance of elastic
  e a) tension/
tension/compression, typified
compression, typified by the common
  c
   i and elastoplastic sealants in butt joints and these
   L plain butt joint, where movement is at right
can be calculated if the following data are known: angles to the line of the joint;
a) the movement accommodation factor (MAF) of b) shear, typified
shear, typified by the lap joint, where the
the sealant as a percentage of the minimum joint movement is parallel to the adhesion faces of t he
gap width taken from the material specification  joint. Shear also occurs in butt joints where the
or manufacturer’s literature;  joint, for example, is designed to accommodate
b) the total relevant movement (TRM) of settlement or other types of differential
components at the joint estimated using movement.
BRE
BRE Dige
Digest
stss 227,
227, 228
228 and 229.
229.

© BSI 03-1999 11
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
 a
l  
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
 o
v 
-
 0 
 0 
 ,
 U 
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
r 
 o
l  
l  
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
.
 © 
B 
 S 
I  

Figure 6 — Use of back-up materials and bond breakers in movement joints

12 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

5.2.6.3 Movement frequency The joint seal shape is of less importance with
This may range from a steady movement in one plastic sealants at low rates of movement, but it is
direction that occurs only once in the life of the particularly important for elastic, and to a lesser
structure, to more or less regular cyclical movement extent elastoplastic, sealants where these are used
corresponding to diurnal and seasonal temperature in joints subject to significant movement. Elastic
and moisture changes. An example of the former is and elastoplastic sealants have a degree of tensile
the irreversible shrinkage of concrete and an strength when fully cured, so extension of the
example of the latter is the daily thermal m ovement sealant induces stress in the material that is
of lightweight cladding. approximately proportional to the amount of
movement.
   I It should be noted, however, that because of friction
   S and other constructional factors cyclic movement If the seal is considered as a piece of elastic material
   B bonded at its ends to rigid components capable of
   © can operate on a slip/stick basis. The effect of this
 . may be more severe than a steady extension and moving away from and towards each other, it is
  y apparent that the force necessary to extend or
  p compression, depending on the rate of joint
  o compress the elastic material is directly related to
   C movement and the characteristics of the sealant
   d with respect to physical movement accommodation. its thickness. It has been established t hat for elastic
  e
   l sealants optimum performance is obtained at ratios
   l
  o
  r 5.2.6.4 The rate of movement of about 2 : 1 width to depth and that the ratio
   t
  n Large movements occurring at high rates in joints should generally not be less than 1 : 1, subject to a
  o
  c may place severe strains on the seal. High rates of mini
minimumumm depth
depth of 5 mm.
  n
   U movement tend to be associated with lightweight The other major factor in seal shape is the
 ,
   0 forms of construction with efficient insulation relationship of width to total movement already
   0
  -
  v
immediately behind the external skin of the discussed in 5.2.5.
5.2.5. The aim of good sealed joint
  o component. Such components often have a design is to produce a joint seal cross section with as
   N
  - relatively high coefficient of expansion and low low internal stresses as is consistent with a
   0
   2 thermal inertia. Thus temperature changes are satisfactory area of adhesion and with sufficient
 ,
  e immediately reflected in dimensional changes in the depth to fulfil other joint functions such as
  n
  o components and, consequently, movement is rapid resistance to pressure or abrasion.
  n and under certain weather conditions continually
 ,
   i
  r 5.2.9 Types and causes of failure of sealants
  e alternating. The use of dark surfaces on such
   i
   l
  a components exacerbates the situation because of the The different ways in which sealants can fail and
  v higher temperatures attained and the rapid heat the causes of these failures are described in
  a
   C gain or loss that occurs. BS 6213
6213..
  o
   i
  g 5.2.7 Relationship
5.2.7 Relationship of sealant choice to types of 5.3 Gaskets
  r
  o
   i movement 5.3.1 General
   G
  : The relationship between the choice of sealant and The primary purpose of a gasket is to act as a barrier
  y
  p the different types of movement is not one that to wind and rain, and to function properly it is
  o
   C permits simple recommendations, because there are essential that it remains under compression at all
   d usually many factors to consider. In general, times.
  e
  s however, joints subject to frequent and rapid
  n movement need an elastic sealant while joints in 5.3.2 Materials
5.3.2 Materials
  e
  c
   i massive components with high thermal inertia Building gasket materials are predominantly based
   L
resulting in much slower movement, may be on rubber or plastics
plastics as given
given in Table 1 and
satisfactorily sealed with an elastoplastic, BS 4255-
4255-1.
1.
plastoelastic or a plastic sealant. For guidance on Natural rubber compounds have to be protected
types of sealants
sealants see
see BS 6213. from the weather by a synthetic rubber skin. If
5.2.8 Relationship
5.2.8 Relationship of stress in sealants
sealants to seal special properties, such as resistance to oils, are
shape desired, synthetic rubber and plastics materials
have to be specifically formulated for the intended
The stresses induced in a sealant in a joint subject
use. A range of types is given
given in Table A.1. Gaskets
Gaskets
to movement are more critical (for the same amount
can be solid or hollow sections of various profiles
of movement) in a plain butt joint than in a lap joint.
formed from cellular or non-cellular material or
The latter may accept up to twice as much
combinations of these materials or sections.
movement as a butt joint using the same compound
and joint dimensions.

© BSI 03-1999 13
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
 a
l  
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
 o
v 
-
 0 
 0 
 ,
 U 
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
r 
 o
l  
l  
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
.
 © 
B 
 S 
I  

NOTE These examples

examples show
show two-point
two-point contact
contact primary
primary and secondary
secondary seals
seals with a gap between
between (see 5.3.3.2).
5.3.3.2).
Figure 7 — Typical examples of gaskets in joints

14 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

 Variations in mechanical properties of non-cellular

sections can be obtained by compounding. The
mechanical properties of cellular gaskets are
dependent on density, material hardness, cell size
and whether or not cells are interconnecting.
In general, cellular gaskets have a s horter service
life than non-cellular materials due to UV
degradation unless they are protected by an outer
skin of non-cellular material (other than the thin
   I
skin usually resulting from the process of moulding
   S or extrusion).
   B
   ©
Sheets of cellular material with or without a dhesive
 . and backing paper are available and can be cut to
  y
  p provide simple relatively inexpensive gaskets.
  o
   C Some open cell materials are available impregnated
   d with waxes or bituminous compounds, and may also
  e
   l
   l
  o be coated with adhesive (see 5.4).
5.4).
  r
   t
  n 5.3.3 Design
5.3.3 Design with gaskets
gaskets
  o
  c
  n 5.3.3.1 Except perhaps for the simplest gaskets it is
   U advisable to consult manufacturers at an early stage
 ,
   0 in joint design as the choice of components and their
   0
  -
  v edge profiles, the method and sequence of erection
  o and the gasket design interact. In designing joints to
   N
  -
   0 be sealed with gaskets the recommendations
   2 of 5.3.3.2
of 5.3.3.2 to
 to 5.3.3.9 should
5.3.3.9 should be considered.
 ,
  e
  n 5.3.3.2 Gasket joints should, if possible, be designed
  o with primary and secondary seals having an air
  n
 ,
   i space between
between them (see Figure 7).7).
  r
  e
   i
   l 5.3.3.3 For gaskets to provide satisfactory joints it is
  a
  v essential that components be manufactured and
  a
   C assembled within acceptable dimensional limits.
  o
   i Gasket joints should not be used as the only barrier
  g
  r against wind and rain, especially where the
  o
   i accuracy desired of materials, construction and
   G
  : workmanship is unlikely to be achieved.
  y
  p 5.3.3.4 For gaskets to be effective, continuity should
  o
   C be provided over horizontal and vertical junctions.
   d Complex junctions are best produced as frames wit h
  e Figure 8 — Gasket junctions
  s factory-made joints, so that site joint ing is limited to
  n
  e simple junctions
junctions (see
(see Figure 8).
8). 5.3.3.5 Butt contact joints between gaskets are a
  c
   i
   L source of weakness and simple lengths of gasket
section are best used only where good protection or
effective overlaps can be provided at junctions.
Where continuity cannot be achieved, especially at
 junctions in vertical joints, it is essential that joint
detailing allow for effective drainage, weather
protection and gasket overlaps.
5.3.3.6 On assembly, the force needed to compress a
length of gasket in a joint can be considerable and
may not be achievable in practice when inst alled in
the sequence component/gasket/component.
Gaskets in position exert force and designers should
consider this, particularly with lightweight
construction.

© BSI 03-1999 15
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

5.3.3.7 For movement joints, gaskets should be 5.4.3 Impregnated or coated cellular strips
stressed sufficiently to maintain compression over Impregnated or coated cellular strips may be
the movement range, yet not be so highly stressed as supplied in a precompressed form to facilitate
to incur significant compression set. For examp le, a installation, with or without one face adhesive
cellular neoprene gasket should not be compressed coated. They can be installed within the joint gaps
in service
service by more than
than 50 % of its uncompr
uncompressed
essed and should be of a suitable size to be maintained
thickness. under a degree of compression specified by the
5.3.3.8 The durability of gasket materials has to be manufacturer, throughout the range of joint
considered at the design stage. In movement joints movements. The degree of compression may be
gasket life may possibly not attain building life. varied according to the level of sealing performan ce L 
i  
Lives of
of over 50 years for neoprene
neoprene are
are quoted
quoted but
 c 
required.  e
the circumstances of use, qualities of materials, etc.
n
It is important that the joint faces are parallel to  s 
determine the actual life obtained and it is realistic
 e
ensure uniformity of compression and seal stability.  d 
to assume that these seals may need major Seal stability is also dependent upon the depth to
 C 
attention or replacement at least once in the life of
 o
width ratio of the installed seal. An initial ratio  p
the building.
 y 
of 2 : 1 should be achieved at installation and should : 
 G
5.3.3.9 In movement joints, gaskets seals can be not exceed 1 : 1 in service. To accommodate these i  
 o
fully effective from the moment of completion of depth to width ratios, care should be taken to ensure r 
 g
installation. that sufficient joint depth is provided to accept the
i  
 o
seal.
 C 
5.3.4 Installation of gaskets  a
Sealing strips for external applications should have
v 
To avoid deformation or damage, care is needed in  a
adequate exposure resistance, and should be
l  
handling gaskets. Preparation of surfaces is less
i  
 e
appropriate for the proposed service exposure
r 
critical than for sealants, but general cleanliness  ,i  
conditions.
n
and firm surfaces free from gross imperfections are  o
n
essential. Where gaskets are inserted into a joint, 5.5 Joint fillers  e
 ,
lubricants recommended by the manufacturer may 5.5.1 General
2 
be used on the gasket to ease fitting. Gaskets should
 0 
-
Fillers for movement joints should have certain
N 
not be stretched during installation but if this is  o
unavoidable, they should be given sufficient t ime to properties in order to fulfil their intended f unctions. v 
-
The sealant manufacturer should be consulted to
 0 
recover before trimming.  0 
ensure that the sealant and filler are compatible.  ,
5.4 Sealing strips
 U 
The various
various types of filler are given
given in Table 2.
n
5.4.1 General
 c 
 o
5.5.2 Functions n
Sealing strips are preformed to a range of sizes and
 t  
r 
The functions of joint fillers are as follows:
 o
sections and are of two basic types as follows: l  
l  
 e
a) mastic strips; a) assist in the formation of a joint;  d 
 C 
b) impregnated or coated cellular strips. b) provide a barrier to dirt or debris during  o
construction, which could subsequently prevent
 p
 y 
5.4.2 Mastic
5.4.2 Mastic strips  joint closure;
.
 © 
Mastic strips are normally installed during the c) also assist in the control of the depth of the B 
assembly of components and require an initial sealant in the joint;
 S 
I  
compressive force to ensure proper adhesion to the
d) provide support to the sealant.
components forming the joint. A degree of
compression should be maintained in service and 5.5.3 Properties
5.5.3 Properties
mastic strips are therefore unsuitable for joints The properties of joint fillers are as follows:
which open beyond their assembled size. a) should be compressible;
b) should not be extruded from the joint;
c) should have resilience;
d) should be non-staining;
e) should have resistance to damage in handling.

16 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Many materials used as joint fillers may be  A range of proven, intumescent joint sealing
considered to present a fire hazard. In practice, materials is available, both in the form of gun-grade
however, the filler is usually enclosed in a confined sealants, mastic strips and impregnated foam
space within the joint, so access to fire and oxygen is strips. These materials have been evaluated under
limited. Improved fire resistance, if needed, can be test conditions and shown to be capable of
obtained by the use of mineral or some synthetic maintaining
maintaining a 4 h fire resista
resistance
nce of a separating
separating
fibre materials. element both in the vertical and horizontal planes.
Synthetic polymer foams may be used as joint fillers However, extra care should be exercised where such
in special situations where their low compressive materials are used in damp and humid conditions.

   I
loading does not cause undesirable load transfer
   S across a movement joint. 6 Generation of solutions for joints of
   B external walls and roofs
   ©
It should be emphasised that expanded polystyrene
 . is not a suitable material for a joint filler. It has a 6.1 Basic mechanisms
  y
  p very limited compatibility with sealants and
  o The basic mechanisms for fulfilling certain
   C primers, poor solvent resistance, inadequate service functions of joints are illustrated. For simplicity, the
   d temperature range and very little resilience.
  e
   l functions dealt with are limited to water and air
   l
  o One such application is in the provision of penetration for external walls and roofs. The basic
  r
   t
  n movement joints in fired clay brickwork, where mechanisms that fulfil these functions either
  o moisture induced expansion occurs reducing the separately or in combination are described by the
  c
  n width of the joint in service. Such a width reduction terms geometry, profile and seal.
   U
 , could, with the incorrect choice of filler, lead to Notional applications of some of these basic
   0
   0 unacceptable compressive loads being developed
  - mechanisms
mechanisms are shown
shown in Table 3.
  v across the joint in the brickwork. See 7.1.
7.1.
  o Only those joint profiles specifically designed to
   N
  - 5.6 Baffles
   0 serve a function, e.g. to stop the flow of water, are
   2 Materials
Materials for baffles are
are listed in Table 1. considered.
 ,
  e
  n Baffles are fitted loosely in multi-stage joints of 6.2 Basic examples of external walls
  o cladding panels (see 6.4.2.1)
6.4.2.1) to divide the drainage
  n Examples of joints and sub-assemblies of external
 ,
   i zone into parts. To remain effective, they have to be
  r walls are used to illustrate the basic mechanisms
  e
   i adequately secured in position. Metal baffles may
   l and limited functions described in 6.1.
6.1.
  a rattle in a wind. Copper is not recommended in
  v
  a situations where staining would be detrimental. For the purpose of discussion and illustration in this
   C context, two basic forms are considered in 6.3
  o
   i 5.7 Fire resistant materials
  g and 6.4:
6.4:
  r
  o
   i
Little information is available on the fire a) single stage sealing of joints of external walls;
   G performance in situ of jointing materials. The
  : b) multiple stage sealing of joints or assemblies in
  y overall performance of a joint will be governed by
  p external walls.
  o the design of the joint and fire performance of the
   C  jointing material and the parts being joined. When Single stage sealing implies the sole or primary use
   d a jointing material is enclosed within the confined of one mechanism only as the barrier to air and
  e
  s space of a joint, access for fire and oxygen is limited. water penetration. Multiple stage sealing implies
  n
  e In a fire, jointing materials can generate toxic gases, that this barrier is built up from more than one
  c
   i
   L but in practice the volume of such materials is small mechanism.
and comparatively insignificant when considered in 6.3 Single stage sealing of joints of external
relation to the whole building. walls
Most jointing materials are organic based and 6.3.1 General principles
susceptible to degradation in fire, thus the integrity
Sealing for both air and water penetration of joints
of the joint should be provided by other means.
is effected simultaneously, usually by a sealant,
Improved fire resistance may be obtained by using
gasket or membrane.
 joint fillers (see Table 2) made from ceramic-fibre,
material or mineral-fibre, made from crushed rock These jointing products form the sole barrier. The
or blast furnace slag, packed tightly into joints  joint profile and the joint geometry however may be
either on their own or as back-up to normal sealan t. designed to provide some secondary support to the
function
function of the seal, as given
given in Figure 9.

© BSI 03-1999 17
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

Jointing products have to maintain contact with Broadly, for sealants with predominantly elastic
 joint faces and to remain cohesive or elastic in use. properties, stress on the sealant due to component
Satisfactory performance depends upon the movement is reduced as the depth to width ratio
durability of the jointing products and upon decreases and is further reduced with increase in
workmanship during installation. Jointing products volume of sealant.
may often need to be replaced during the life of the  A greater
greater movement range cancan be accommodated by
building. Consideration should be given to the adjustment
adjustment of the profile
profile from a) to b) of Figure 9.
protection of the joint, to access for periodic
The performance of the seal in a lap joint is
inspections, to the expected frequency of repair and
improved because of the lower stresses to which it is
to the consequences of periodic failure.
subjected for a given amount of joint movement and
L 
i  
 c 
6.3.2 The needs of seals because it is less exposed to weather than in a butt  e
n
In addition to cohesion or elasticity of the seal itself,  joint. However, in many lap joints seals are  s 
 e
the effectiveness of the seal is dependent on inaccessible for maintenance and replacement.  d 
 C 
adhesion in the case of sealants, and on compression Gasket seals may need a profile to locate their  o
in the case of gaskets. Some gaskets may combine position
position in the joint,
joint, as in Figure 9 f). The need
need for
 p
 y 
adhesive properties on one or more faces to location may be to aid correct positioning in
: 
 G
overcome surface imperfections or as an aid in assembly or to secure the seal in position on one i  
 o
assembly. component (as for seals to opening components).
r 
 g
i  
Joint profiles and gaps determine the sizes of seals
 o
Unlike sealants, gaskets depend for effectiveness on  C 
and it is an essential factor in that ranges of the pressure they exert and this may depend in turn  a
movement, i.e. changes in size of joints, have to lie
v 
on the variability of joint gap widths according to  a
within the capabilities of products. Some general
l  
how they are used. Size, shape and cross section
i  
 e
comparative
comparative data are
are given in Annex A.
r 
need to be considered carefully. Gaskets may impose  ,i  
greater demands on dimensional accuracy than do
n
 o
sealants. (See 5.3.)
5.3.)
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
Key to Table 3 N 
 o
The diagrams do not represent specific materials
v 
-
 0 
 Abbreviations Terms Notes
 0 
 ,
 U 
EV External walls: vertical joint Column 1 of Table 3 gives
gives a code for each joint
joint and n
EH External walls: horizontal joint column 5 gives a code for those joints at right angles
 c 
 o
that can be used with it.
n
 t  
r 
 o
R Roofs Column 1 reference code. l  
l  
 e
G Geometry The notations
notations in column 2 of Table 3 are in the
 d 
 C 
P Profile sequence in which penetration is resisted.  o
S Seal
 p
 y 
.
Symbols Terms Notes  © 

Column 3 of Table 3 illustrates

illustrates the jointing
B 
Single seal  S 
mechanism. I  

Linked seal

Continuous seal

Bonding

Designed final depth of penetration

of the agencies being resisted

Flashing

18 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Table 3 — Illustrations of basic mechanisms

a) Applied to vertical joints in external walls (functions considered: control of water and air penetration)
diagrammatic plans
Reference code Abbreviations Mechanisms Comments Use with

EV1 S Sealant to provide single line of EH1

defence with greatest exposure.
If movement is also to be
accommodated, the demands on
product performance are
   I particularly great
   S
   B
EV2 PS As EV1 but with gasket joint EH2
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C EV3 SG Sealed rain-screen e.g. masonry
   d cavity wall construction
  e
   l
   l external leaf 
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o EV4 GS Open rain-screen with sealed EH3
  c
  n inner leaf 
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  - EV5 PGS Open rain-screen. As EV4 but EH3
  v with additional protection to
  o
   N
  - reduce side flow of water from
   0 face to cavity
   2
 ,
  e EV6 PGS Two-stage open drained joint in EH2
  n
  o cladding. Seals primarily
  n
 ,
   i against air penetration with a
  r baffle against water
  e
   i
   l
  a penetration
  v
  a EV7 PGS Rebated joint. Seal well EH2
   C
  o protected and advantageously
   i
  g
  r stressed in shear when subject
  o
   i to movement
   G
  : EV8 P Profiled sheets. Labyrinthine  — 
  y
  p  joint adequate for some
  o
   C situations. Can also be sealed
   d
  e EV9 SGS Double-sealed as in H-clip EH4
  s
  n  joints, patent glazing or EH5
  e structural gaskets. Potentially
  c
   i
   L highly effective joint. Needs
cladding over-laps at horizontal
 joints or total continuity of
seals

© BSI 03-1999 19
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

Table 3 — Illustrations of basic mechanism

b) Applied to horizontal joints in external walls (functions considered: control of water and air
penetration) diagrammatic sections
Reference  Abbreviations Mechanisms Comments Use with
code

EH1 S Sealant to provide single line of EV1

defence with greatest exposure. If
movement is also to be
accommodated, demands on product L 
performance are particularly great
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
EH2 PS Combined flashing and gasket seal EV2  d 
EV6  C 
 o
EV7  p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
EH3 PGS Open rain-screen with drainage of EV4
 a
v 
cavity at horizontal joints to limit the EV5
 a
l  
i  
volume retained in it
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
EH4 PS Glazing joints water and air sealed. EV9  o
v 
May be compared with EH2 -
 0 
 0 
 ,
 U 
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
r 
 o
l  
l  
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
EH5 SPS Double sealed joints. Seals EV9  p
 y 
continuous at junctions. Void .
 © 
between sales may be used as a B 
second line of defence against water  S 
penetration but drainage is necessary
I  

20 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Table 3 — Illustrations of basic mechanisms

c) Applied to roofs (function considered: control of water penetration) diagrammatic sections
Reference  Abbreviations Mechanisms Comments
code

R1 S Minor movement joints, for example, at

screed bay joints in a felted roof, that
interrupt bonding by a slip strip, avoid
concentration of strain in the membrane

   I R2 S Accommodates larger movements than if R1

   S specialized components are used. This
   B
principle is used where R3 cannot be adopt ed.
   ©
 . Unlike R1 it relies on a separate seal at the
  y
  p  joint. The amount of movement
movement permissible is
  o
   C determined by the design of the seal
   d R3 PG Accommodates large movement, as R2 where
  e
   l
   l
  o it is possible to raise the joint above the
  r
   t
  n general roof level. Can also be sealed
  o
  c
  n R4 GS Pitched roofs with a seal provided by
   U
 , boarding or felt
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 , R5 G Pitched roofs, e.g. rigid sheeting. As angle of
  e
  n pitch diminishes, then sealing may be
  o
  n necessary
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
  a
  v
  a 6.3.3 Accessibility
6.3.3 Accessibility for application,
application, inspection 6.3.5 Assembly
6.3.5 Assembly
   C
  o
and repair  The assembly sequence for sealants is usually
   i
  g
  r Profiling to optimize appearance, application and component/component/seal, and for gaskets
  o
   i durability
durability is illustrated
illustrated in Figure 10. component/seal/component. Where
   G
  : 6.3.4 The consequences of variation in joint gaskets
gaskets are inserted
inserted into
into formed
formed joints
  y
  p widths (component/component/seal), particular regard
  o should be given to the sizes of gasket section in
   C  Variability in component sizing and positioning
   d relation to the actual variation in joint widths.
  e coupled with variations in joint width due to Depending on how the gasket is incorporated in the
  s
  n movement are crucial factors in the performance of assembly, the effect of creep from over-stressing
  e
  c
   i seals. Variations in joint width have to relate to the necessary for insertion may need to be taken into
   L performance limitations of jointing products and account in determining the length of gasket section.
can be limited by accurate assembly.
When sealants are applied in the sequence
 Variations in joint width become even more critical component/seal/component, the size of the installed
at junctions. Stresses may become more seal depends upon the skill of the installer in p lacing
concentrated in sealant joints and gaskets may lose the sealant and in the correct positioning of the
their effectiveness. Along joint lengths, second component. After components have been
manufacturing variability of squareness and of brought together and the sealant subjected to
twist of components affects joint profile which in compression, the opportunity for adjustment is very
turn affects joint gap sizes. limited.

© BSI 03-1999 21
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

6.3.6 Interchangeability
Interchangeability of components Many systems comprise wall and window panels
The use of one-stage joint sealant places little which are supported by an extruded aluminium
demand on profiling and provides scope for framework of mullions and transoms and to which
interchangeability of components. However, they are gasket sealed with pressure plates. Fixed
restrictions on dimensional adjustment may arise panels are commonly glass units or sandwich
from considerations of joint width limitations due to insulated metal panels. Some types of systems may
slump or sag of the sealant and from limitations of incorporate panels of a variety of composite sheets
movement accommodation. Sealants are often the or thin slabs with sealed or open joints, serving a
only materials that can be used for sealing complex rain-screen function, and with separate back up
 junctions. walls (see 6.4.3).
6.4.3). L 
i  
The support system is sometimes erected as a
 c 
6.4 Multiple stage sealing of joints or
 e
framework of site jointed mullions and transoms
n
assemblies in external walls
 s 
which are then infilled or alternatively wall sections
 e
 d 
6.4.1 General principles may be assembled into panels in the factory.  C 
 o
Sealing for both air and water penetration is 6.4.2.3 Curtain walls: joint profiles  p
effected separately by a combination of mechanisms
 y 
: 
Joint profiles of curtain walls are generally complex,
of profile, geometry and seal. This can be achieved
 G
exploiting the capability of metal and plastics to be i  
within a single skin component of an external wall
 o
r 
formed into intricate shapes by moulding, extruding  g
assembly (a two stage jointing system), or with a i  
or pressing. Greater accuracy in manufacture is
 o
void or voids between skins.  C 
possible than with assemblies of traditional  a
Two stage sealing of joints in single skins has been materials. Figure 11 shows a typical example of
v 
 a
commonly used for cast concrete panels.  jointing of panels of fixed glass units; other types of
l  
i  
 e
Two stage sealing of joints occurs in walls that panels of different thicknesses can be incorporated
r 
 ,i  
consist of outer and inner component skins with a with simple modifications of the sections forming
n
 o
cavity in between. the joint profile.
n
 e
 ,
6.4.2 Multiple-stage
6.4.2 Multiple-stage sealing: single
single skins Considerable variety of profiles is used to create 2 
different effects, e.g. projecting, flush, recessed
 0 
6.4.2.1 General principles
-
N 
 joints and variety of colour. Common features are  o
Two stage jointing of single skin components was the provision for drainage within the joint gap and
v 
-
developed initially for use with precast concrete
 0 
the use of structural plastics inserts incorporated in  0 
panel components as a non-proprietary method. The
 ,
metal sections to provide thermal breaks.  U 
 jointing method can be matched to the pan el n
material, which should have sufficient thickness to 6.4.2.4 Curtain walls: junctions  c 
 o
Junction designs can be extremely varied and
n
accommodate the depth of joint and the ability to  t  
r 
accommodate dimensional deviations. complex. Many systems make transitions between
 o
l  
l  
vertical and sloping surfaces, incorporating the
 e
Curtain wall systems tend to be proprietary with  d 
 jointing systems, an integral part of the system. ability to form junctions at angles between planes,  C 
i.e. providing complete geometric envelopes of walls
 o
Materials and components lend themselves to a
 p
and roofs.
 y 
high degree of manufacturing accuracy.
.
 © 
Evidence of satisfactory performance by test is
By comparison with a one stage joint, the main B 
necessary.
necessary. BS
BS 5368 and BS 6375 contain
contain methods
methods of  S 
advantage of a two stage joint is that it has the
test and performance requirements for air and
I  
potential of being more trouble free and durable,
water penetration and strength under pressure for
owing to the protection provided to the jointing
windows and these are used for curtain walling.
products.
These methods of test alone may be inadequate to
To exploit this advantage, water should be excluded determine the performance of a curtain wall system
by designing a joint profile that prevents it from under the combined effects of wind-blown rain,
reaching the air seal at the inner edge of the joint. temperature and building movements.
The effectiveness of the air seal is the most 6.4.2.5 Curtain walls: accessibility for application,
important factor in preventing rain penetration inspection and repair
through the joint.
Many systems are maintained in cleaning and
6.4.2.2 Curtain walls: materials and forms repair in a similar manner to that required for
Curtain walls are essentially non-loadbearing windows and glazing. Long term durability of
external enclosures. There are many varieties of  jointing is an integral part of the durability of
skins which are comparatively thin and materials building fabric as a whole.
tend to be non-absorbent.

22 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

   I
   S
   B
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o
  c
  n
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 ,
  e
  n
  o
  n
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
  a
  v
  a
   C
  o
   i
  g
  r
  o
   i
   G
  :
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
  s
  n
  e
  c
   i
   L

Figure 9 — Diagrams showing component profiles on plan, for one-stage

 joints indicating seals and sequence of assembly

© BSI 03-1999 23
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
 a
l  
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
 o
v 
-
 0 
 0 
 ,
 U 
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
r 
 o
l  
l  
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
.
 © 
B 
 S 
I  

NOTE A wider face

face joint can disguise
disguise the
the appearance
appearance of variation
variations
s in joint width
width in a facade.
facade.
Figure 10 — Accessibility for preparation, application and maintenance
of joints with seals. Diagrams of profiles on plan

24 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

   I
   S
   B
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o
  c
  n
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 ,
  e
  n
  o
  n
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
  a
  v
  a
   C
  o
   i
  g
  r
  o
   i
   G
  :
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
  s
  n Figure 11 — Typical details of curtain walling
  e
  c
   i
   L

© BSI 03-1999 25
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

6.4.2.6 Precast
6.4.2.6 Precast concrete panels: vertical
vertical joints
Figure 12 shows two types of two-stage vertical
 joints. The air seal provided on the internal side of
the joint prevents air flow through the joint and , by
causing air pressure to rise at the back of the joint,
minimizes the passage of water past the baffle. In
order to provide acceptable limits for the sizes of the
 joint clearance, the width of the baffle has to be
related to the depth of the groove and the maximum
and minimum permissible joint clearances, and can
be calculated from the following equation: L 
W  =
 = Lm + X 
 + X  +
 + Y  i  
 c 
 e
where
n
 s 
 e
Lm is the minimum baffle overlap, in  d 
millimetres;
 C 
 o
W  is the baffle width, in millimetres;
 p
 y 
: 
 X  is the depth of the groove for the baffle in  G
each panel, in millimetres;
i  
 o
r 
Y  is the maximum joint clearance, in
 g
i  
 o
millimetres.  C 
 a
This value of W  should
 should then be checked to ensure
v 
 a
that it gives an appropriate baffle clearance when
l  
i  
 e
the joint is at its minimum clearance, from the Figure 13 — Examples of relation between
r 
 ,i  
following equation:  joint profile and permissible clearances
n
 o
n
Baffle clearance = 2 X  +
 + Z  –
 – W  The minimum depth of joint from the external face
 e
 ,
where of the walling to the face of the air seal should be
2 
 0 
Z  is
 is the minimum joint clearance, in millimetres. approximately
approximately 100 mm. The positioning
positioning of the
-
N 
This is illustrat
illustrated
ed in Figure 13.
13. baffle may vary depending on the materials forming
 o
v 
the joint faces and the practicability of profiling.
-
 0 
There should be a space between the air seal and the
 0 
 ,
baffle. Recessing of the baffle from the external face
 U 
n
helps to reduce vulnerability to vandalism and  c 
 o
exposure. n
 t  
r 
Surfaces on the weather side of the baffle can be
 o
l  
l  
profiled to reduce the surface flow of water which
 e
 d 
might otherwise be driven into the joint. Such  C 
treatments as rough exterior wall surfaces and
 o
 p
grooving the joint faces can be used, but they are not
 y 
.
essential to the functioning of a well constructed  © 
 joint.
B 
 S 
6.4.2.7 Precast
6.4.2.7 Precast concrete panels: horizontal joints
I  

Figure 14 shows a section through a horizontal joint.

The resistance to water penetration is provided by
the upstand profile and the air seal at the inner
edge. The choice of the upstand height, Y , depends
on the assumed effectiveness of the air seal and the
degree of its exposure.
For general construction, the recommended height
of the overlap, Y , (Fig
(Figur
ure
e 14)
14) is 50 mm or
or 100
100 mm
for sheltered or exposed situations respectively.
 At the vertical joint intersection the overlap is
provided by the baffle. It is important that the baffle
extends beyond the groove and be not inadvertently
Figure 12 — Two-stage vertical joints left short through bad fitting or through shortening
(see
(see also
also 6.4.2.9)
6.4.2.9) due to creep.

26 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Depending on fixing design, horizontal joints may 6.4.2.9 Precast

6.4.2.9 Precast concrete panels:
panels: accessibility for
also incorporate devices or packings to t ransfer application, inspection and repair
loads. Profiles of horizontal joints may also Insertion of jointing products in two-stage joints is
incorporate handling fixings. Such fixings or devices simple and straightforward. Loose baffles are
need to be designed so that the functional needs for normally lowered from above as assembly proceeds
sealing are not affected by them. and air seals caulked into or fixed to the internal
Figure 15 shows methods for securing the face depending on type. An advantage of two-stage
suspended loose baffle at the joint intersections.  joints is that it is possible to carry out assembly
Should it prove to be necessary, the baff le shown can without external scaffold access.
   I
be removed and replaced.  Air seals can be inserted either in the sequence
   S component/seal/component or in the sequence
   B
   © component/component/seal. The choice depends on
 . the materials and nature of construction. It is best
  y
  p to group individual types of operation, e.g. panel
  o
   C fixing, seal fixing.
   d
  e
   l Jointing products may be capable of serving their
   l
  o
  r
functions without maintenance, but consideration
   t should be given to accessibility for replacement
  n
  o which may be needed because of natural
  c
  n degradation
degradation or vandalism
vandalism (see Figure
Figure 15). The air
   U
 , seal and flashing should be designed so that
   0
   0
  - maintenance or replacement will not be needed.
  v Thought should also be given to the durability of
  o
   N
  -  joint faces. In part these will be exposed, not very
   0 accessible, and may not be easy to maintain. Such
   2 Figure 14 — Diagram showing overlap in
 , faces need to be adequately durable.
  e two-stage horizontal joint
  n 6.4.2.10 Precast
6.4.2.10 Precast concrete panels:
panels: interchangeability
  o
  n 6.4.2.8 Precast
6.4.2.8 Precast concrete panels:
panels: junctions
 , and compatibility
   i
  r
  e
Figure 16 shows a general arrangement at a
   i
   l
The two-stage joint constitutes, with some
  a four-way intersection of like components. Junctions,
  v
restrictions, a basis for interchangeability. The
  a particularly with unlike components, are critical to
principal restrictions arise from the need for
   C performance, and their important aspects are:
compatible joint profiling and geometry, for
  o
   i
  g a) the continuity of air seals; example, the alignment of baffle grooves and the
  r
  o
   i b) the provision of a cover flashing over the lower need for suitably durable component materials.
   G  joint. The restrictions may be reduced by avoiding
  :
  y  At junctions the geometry and profiles need to be interdependen
interdependences
ces as shown in Figure 17.
  p
  o checked
checked in three dimensions
dimensions (see also 7.1).
7.1).
   C
   d
  e
  s
  n
  e
  c
   i
   L

Figure 15 — Diagram showing top of baffle in a two-stage horizontal joint: section at

horizontal/vertical joint intersection

© BSI 03-1999 27
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
 a
l  
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
Figure 16 — Diagram showing typical
2 
 0 
intersection between horizontal and
-
N 
vertical
vertical two-stage
two-stage joints in an external wall
wall
 o
v 
-
Figure 17 — Diagram showing elevations  0 
6.4.3 Multiple-stage
6.4.3 Multiple-stage sealing: multiple
multiple skins  0 
of cladding,
cladding, indicating
indicating how a variety
variety of  ,
(with emphasis on open rain-screens)  U 
 junctions can be reduced n
6.4.3.1 General principles  c 
 o
n
In multiple skin construction, the materials and  t  
r 
geometry of the whole construction act together.
 o
l  
l  
Outer and inner skins are separated by a gap across
 e
 d 
which negligible amounts of water are expected to  C 
pass. In practice there are three basic forms
 o
 p
(see Figure
Figure 18) as follows:
follows:
 y 
.
 © 
a) solid outer leaf, e.g. brick work; B 
b) lapped outer courses, e.g. tiles;  S 
I  
c) open jointed outer layer, e.g. rain-screen
construction.
Some water may reach the rear face of the outer
skin. Open rain-screens may additionally allow a
limited amount of driving rain to be blown across
the cavity opposite the joints.
 All forms need horizontal flashings or cavity trays to
drain water away from the inner skin at floors,
window openings, etc.

28 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Rain-screen assembly design may exhibit

differences in design approach for limiting or
minimizing the entry of water into the cavity. The
inner skin should act as a barrier to air penetration.
Usually this barrier is faced or backed with the
thermal insulating layer and the whole of the wall
construction is sufficiently permeable to disperse
moisture. The design objective is to ensure that any
water that gets into the cavity does no damage to
materials or affects performance.
   I
   S
   B
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o
  c
  n
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 ,
  e
  n
  o
  n
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
  a
  v
  a Figure 18 — Diagrams showing wall
   C sections of basic forms of multilayer
  o
   i
  g construction
  r
  o
   i 6.4.3.2 Open joints in rain-screens
   G
  : Rain-screens are conveniently used for cladding of
  y
  p new buildings or overcladding of existing buildings.
  o
   C Most rainwater striking a non-absorbent
   d rain-screen will be deflected, or drain off its face
  e
  s naturally. There is no separate jointing product Figure 19 — Diagrams showing the
  n
  e needed specifically for sealing against water processes
processes by which rainwater
rainwater leaks
leaks
  c
   i
   L penetration. Rain-screens are sometimes described throug
through
h joints
joints
as curtain walls or are described as part of a curtain
With plain surfaced non-absorbent rain-screens,
wall system.
wind driven water flow will tend to concentrate at
The design intent should be to limit or minimize the the joints. If the rain-screen cladding material lends
penetration of water into the cavity behind the itself to such a treatment, profiling of the outer
rain-screen. surface to restrict the flow at the joint would be
The driving forces that tend to carry rainwater beneficial.
through joints are varied and include wind induced Generally, cavities tend to be divided by the
pressure, the effect of kinetic energy, surface rain-screen vertical support members as shown
tension, gravity and capillarity. All of these should in Figure 20, and by intermediate
intermediate flashing,
flashing,
be considered in joint design by consideration of horizontally
horizontally as shown in Figure 21. Consideratio
Consideration
n
 joint width, profiles and compartmentation of t he should be given to the provision of cavity fire
cavity to enable pressure equalization to take place barriers.
effectively
effectively (see
(see Figure 19).
19).

© BSI 03-1999 29
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

For plain profiled joints without a labyrinth, tests Consideration should be given to all the factors
indicate the relatively small open joints of up affecting movement, how they may be absorbed as
to 6 mm in width
width reduce
reduce driving
driving rain
rain across
across the additional stresses, how the structure may deform
cavity to negligible quantities (with a minimum and how to subdivide it into units with major joints.
cavity
cavity width
width of 25 mm). Where the structure is protected by insulation or
Only general guidance can be given about design for cladding, the thermal movement of the structure is
pressure equalization. Because of different less than when it is exposed. Differential
pressures due to wind acting at the same time in movements between claddings and structure need
different areas of a facade the cavity should be consideration.
compartmented to isolate areas of different When it is considered that the effects of temp erature L 
i  
pressure. Obvious pressure differences occur at and moisture are too large to be absorbed as strain,
 c 
 e
edges and corners
corners of facades; BS 8200 gives distinct provision for movement in the structure
n
 s 
guidance about frequency of divisions. Even with an should be made by the provision of joints. Though
 e
 d 
“engineered” system, complete exclusion of water often called expansion joints, these have in practice  C 
from the cavity cannot be guaranteed. to accommodate both expansion and contraction.
 o
 p
Their actual locations are determined according to
 y 
Intermediate open horizontal joints should ideally : 
particular circumstances but for the general
 G
be profiled with a labyrinth which provides lippings, i  
separation of framed structures into sections the
 o
throatings and upstands. These joints provide the r 
freque
frequency
ncy of joint
jointss is usually
usually about
about 30 m to 40 m.
 g
main source of inlet and outlet ventilation to the i  
 o
cavity providing protection against direct ingress of The external claddings applied to structural  C 
 a
water and providing the openings required for members may require movement joints at more v 
 a
pressure
pressure equalization,
equalization, as shown in Figure 21. frequent intervals depending on the materials l  
i  
 e
For engineered pressure equalization, wider joints because of the exposure to a more rigorous thermal r 
 ,i  
are nece
necessa
ssary
ry (10
(10 mm to 20 mm), and
and these
these joints
joints and moisture regime than that of the structure they n
protect.
 o
often need a catchment tray to deal with high n
 e
kinetic energy droplets, passing through the joint For advice
advice on movemen
movementt in masonry
masonry see Appendix A  ,
2 
gap without touching the joint profiles. of BS 5628-3:1985.
5628-3:1985. The main recommendati
recommendationsons are  0 
-
to space vertical movement joints for horizontal N 
7 Accommodation of movement move
mo veme
ment
nt at abou
aboutt 12 m, 7.5
7.5 m to
to 9 m and
and 6 m, for
for
 o
v 
fired clay, calcium silicate and concrete masonry
-
 0 
7.1 Structural and major movement joints  0 
respectively. Because expansion is a predominant  ,
In addition to the accommodation of thermal and
 U 
feature of fired clay compared with contraction of n
moisture changes, movement joints in the st ructure concrete/cement masonry, joint fillers for use with
 c 
 o
have also to accommodate dimensional changes due fired clay in particular need to be sufficiently
n
 t  
to other factors.
r 
compressible. Rigid board type fillers should not be  o
l  
used, for example, fibreboard and cork.
l  
Distortions from expansion/contraction can be due
 e
 d 
to the thermal movement of structures. Jointing products usually have to be incorporated to  C 
 o
Other movement can be caused by: form the joint initially in order either to transfer  p
load (sliding joint) or to p revent dirt collecting in the
 y 
a) differential settlement, e.g. a structure
.
space needed for movement, and allowance for
 © 
exerting different pressures on underlying strata
movement then has to be made in the design of all
B 
[see Figure 22 a)];
a)];  S 
associated parts of the structure (the cladding, I  
b) variation in soil properties under a building
finishes, etc.) so that other functions, e.g. weather
[see Figure 22 b)];
b)];
exclusion, can be met.
c) phased construction of abutting buildings;
Examples of typical major movement joints for
d) subsidence due to mining; structure and finishes are shown
e) variations in loading, e.g. wind; in Figure
Figure 23, Figure
Figure 24 and
and Figure
Figure 25.
f) earthquakes.
In special cases, major structural movement may be
dealt with by structures stiff enough to resist wind
forces but flexible enough to follow ground
subsidence by allowing for movement in all main
 joints.

30 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

   I
   S
   B
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C Figure 20 — Diagram showing a typical open rain-screen joint
   d
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o
  c
  n
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 ,
  e
  n
  o
  n
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
  a
  v
  a
   C
  o
   i
  g
  r
  o
   i
   G
  :
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
  s
  n
  e
  c
   i
   L Figure 21 — Diagram showing a typical labyrinth horizontal open rain-screen joints

© BSI 03-1999 31
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
Figure 22 — Diagram showing movement joints in structures  a
l  
for differential loadings and ground bearing pressures
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
 o
v 
-
 0 
 0 
 ,
 U 
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
r 
 o
l  
l  
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
.
 © 
B 
 S 
I  

Figure 23 — Diagram showing movement joint in roof structure which forms

a discontinuity in the membrane

32 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

   I
   S
   B
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C Figure 24 — Diagram showing movement joint in roofs where traffic
   d prohibits the use of an upstand
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o
  c
  n
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 ,
  e
  n
  o
  n
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
  a
  v
  a
   C
  o
   i
  g
  r
  o
   i
   G Figure 25 — Diagram showing intermediate movement joint in floor tiling
  :
  y
  p 7.2 Minor movement joints 7.2.2.2 Construction joints
  o
   C 7.2.1 General Construction joints may be introduced at selected
   d positions to allow temporary breaks in the
  e Materials and products have inherent characteristic
  s construction process. These joints may be used to
  n patterns of movement, e.g. shrinkage of cement
  e position controlled crack lines, or they may need to
  c
   i based products and timber based products and
   L be treated or sealed to eliminate the weakness they
expansion of fired clay products.
create.
 At the time of manufacture and at construction,
movement of materials and products begin to Construction joints occur commonly in in situ
normalize to the surrounding conditions. The period concrete work and may be needed, for example:
of time over which this occurs may be long or short a) at joints between elements, e.g. junctions of
and the surrounding conditions will be subject to walls and floors;
change to a greater or lesser extent. b) for day joints;
 A variety of examples are given in 7.2.2 and
7.2.2 and 7.2.3.
7.2.3. c) where the depth or extent of concrete pour
7.2.2 Construction and contraction joints needs to be limited, e.g. in mass concrete to limit
heat generation.
7.2.2.1 General
Construction and contraction joints should be
provided with cement based materials to
accommodate drying shrinkage.

© BSI 03-1999 33
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
 a
l  
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
 o
v 
-
 0 
 0 
 ,
 U 
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
Figure 26 — Diagram showing section through masonry/timber frame external wall
r 
 o
l  
l  
 e
7.2.2.3 Contraction joints Non-loadbearing wall/floor junctions will result in  d 

Contraction joints may be introduced to locate the effects of vertical movement being concentrated  C 
 o
potential cracks in in situ concrete or concrete at that location. Allowance for movement should be  p
made for this in the horizontal joints (soft jointing).
 y 
masonry in controlled positions.
.
 © 
The frequency of contraction joints may depend on Soft joints may be needed for external walls and B 
circumstances. With in situ toppings and screed internal walls. There will be different ranges of  S 
movement externally and internally because of the
I  
they need to correspond at least with any joints in
the substrata.
substrata. For masonry, BS 5628-3 provides
provides differing thermal and moisture environments.
recommendations of frequency and design. Creep and deflection of the structural members may
be common to both circumstances.
7.2.3 In service movement: primarily
Soft jointing introduces the need to consider
structural, thermal and moisture
anchorages to support and stabilize
Major vertical joints to accommodate horizontal non-loadbearing walls against wind forces or impact
movement are considered in 7.1.
7.1. The opportunity forces. These will need to provide lateral restraint
for the positioning of horizontal joints to and allow
allow vertical
vertical movement.
movement. See
See BS 5628-3 for
for
accommodate vertical movement tends to occur guidance on external masonry walls.
naturally at junctions of wall and floor elements.
 At these junctions the wall may be either
loadbearing, non-loadbearing or a mixture of both.

34 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Loadbearing wall/floor joints should not in 8.4 Application and insertion of jointing
themselves cause problems but designers should be products
aware of their relation with associated construction, It is essential that manufacturer’s
for example loadbearing wall leaves of timber will recommendations on the application of their
shrink more than an associated non-loadbearing products should be followed. The sequence of
external cladding of brickwork. Movement between building operations should be such that ready
leaves
leaves needs to be accommodated
accommodated (see Figure 26). access by the operator to the joints is ensured and
NOTE
NOTE Furthe
Furtherr informa
informatio
tionn may be
be found
found in that interaction with other trades is avoided.
NHBC
NHBC Standa
Standards
rds:: Chapte
Chapterr 6.2:
6.2: External timber framed walls
panels [3].
and wall panels [3]. 8.5 Safety in application of jointing products
There are few hazards from jointing products in
8 Assembly, installation and application, but some sealants and primers contain
maintenance flammable solvents or toxic constituents, and may
   I 8.1 Communication cause dermatitis and nausea in certain individuals.
   S
   B Reference should be made to manufacturer’s
Experience suggests that poor communication is at
   © literature for guidance on the use of their products
 . the root of many failures. Clear communication is
  y and the precautions that need to be taken. In
  p important when traditional building skills cannot
  o particular, care is needed in the safe disposal of
be applied and when jointing details are un familiar.
   C hazardous waste and containers in accordance with
   d Inadequate communication of design intentions at
  e statutory requirements.
   l
   l repetitive joints may produce correspondingly
  o
  r repetitive failures. Simple cross sections alone The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
   t
  n rarely provide sufficient information, especially for Regulations,
Regulations, 1988 [4] requires
requires employer
employerss to assess
assess
  o
  c construction at joint intersections, and the risks which may arise from hazardous
  n
   U three-dimensional representations should be substances at work and then to determine the
 , measures needed to prevent or adequately control
   0 provided wherever necessary (indeed, they are
   0
  - usually essential at the design stage if the jointing exposure to them. It may be possible to eliminate
  v the hazardous substance by changing the process or
  o solution is to be considered fully).
   N
  - substituting with a safe or safer substance. Where
   0 It is recommended that drawings of jointing details
   2 this is not reasonably practicable, exposure should
 , should be in accordance with the recommendations
  e be controlled by, for example, enclosure, the use of
  n
of Anne
Annex x B.
ventilation equipment, general ventilation, safe
  o
  n 8.2 Control of jointing on site systems of work and handling procedures. Personal
 ,
   i
  r Control on site is essential and should take account protective equipment should only be used where
  e
   i
   l of critical factors, particularly where specifically other measures cannot adequately control exposure.
  a
  v identified. Examples are that:
  a 8.6 Maintenance
   C a) joint clearances are maintained within
  o It is recommended that joints be inspected at
   i specified
specified limits;
limits; (see also 4.7)
4.7)
  g
  r
intervals equivalent to one-fifth of their life
  o
   i b) continuity of seals is maintained; expectation
expectation (see Table 1) and additionally
additionally that,
   G after their first year in service, all joints subject to
  : c) operations which are difficult (such as forming
  y movement be inspected for signs of premature
  p and sealing of cloaks and cavity trays) are
  o correctly executed; failure.
   C
   d d) the correct assembly sequence is followed; Building maintenance manuals should provide:
  e
  s e) work to be hidden by subsequent work is a) an inspection schedule;
  n
  e inspected before being covered; b) an expected replacement schedule for jointing
  c
   i
   L f) features difficult and costly to rectify are products;
checked. c) an identification of joints where lack of
8.3 Preparation for jointing maintenance would lead to significant
consequential damage;
Inadequate preparation of component surfaces to
d) guidance on how to maintain joints (including
receive jointing materials is the major cause of the
any special precautions needed to avoid
failure of a joint system (see 5.2.9).
5.2.9). Joint faces are
inappropriate repairs);
most commonly contaminated by dust, loose
particles, moisture, oils and greases, and corrosion e) means to identify products or types of jointing
products. Contaminants should be cleaned from the products used.
 joint faces before application of primers and NOTE
NOTE See also
also BS 8210
8210 for furth
further
er guidan
guidance
ce to build
building
ing
sealants. Rough surfaces may need to be ground flat maintenance management.
before installation of gaskets. Some components
may be delivered to site with a temporary protective
coating which has to be removed before the
application of the sealant or gasket.

© BSI 03-1999 35
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

 Annex A (informative)
(informative) Table A.1 — Coefficients of linear thermal
Data for the design of movement joints expansion of common building materials
Material Coefficient of linear
Coefficients of linear thermal expansion of common thermal expansion
building
building materials
materials are given in Table A.1.
10 –6K 
 –1
Table A.1 — Coefficients of linear thermal
expansion of common building materials g) Plas
Plasti
tics
cs
acrylic-cast sheet 50 to 90
Material Coefficient of linear
polycarbonate 60 to 70
thermal expansion
polyester 30 % glass fibre 18 to 25
10 –6K 
 –1 L 
(GRP) i  
 c 
a) Ston
Stone
e rigid PVC 42 to 72
 e
n
granite 8 to 10 phenolic 30 to 45  s 
 e
limestone 3 to 4 expanded polystyrene 15 to 45  d 
marble 4 to 6 foamed rigid polyurethane 20 to 70
 C 
 o
sandstones 7 to 12 foamed phenolic 20 to 40  p
 y 
b) Conc
Concre
rete
te expanded PVC 35 to 50 : 
 G
dense gravel aggregate 10 to 14 h) Glass
i  
 o
r 
limestone aggregate 7 to 8 sheet or float 8 to 9  g
i  
lightweight aggregate 8 to 12
 o
a
In practice a temperature change is accompanied by a  C 
glass-reinforced cement 7 to 12 compensating change in moisture content which becomes the
 a
v 
c) Plas
Plaste
terr controlling factor.
 a
l  
i  
dense plaster 18 to 21
 e
The normal range of moisture content attained
r 
 ,i  
lightweight plaster 16 to 18
by timbe
timberr in
in buil
buildi
ding
ng is 10 % to 18 % (see
(see PRL
PRL
n
 o
d) Maso
Masonr
nryy Technic
Technical
al Note 46 [5], The moisture content of
n
 e
bricks (clay) 5 to 8 October 1970)6), although a
use: BRE,, October
timber in use: BRE  ,
2 
bricks (calcium silicate) 8 to 14 higher moisture content can be present at  0 
concrete blocks 6 to 12
-
installation. Poor storage on site may also lead to
N 
 o
e) Meta
Metalsls higher moisture contents. v 
-
 0 
aluminium and alloys 24 Tests have been made with many species for  0 
brass 18
 ,
moveme
movement nt due to moistu
moisture
re betwe
between
en 60 % r.h.
r.h.  U 
bronze 20 and
and 90 % r.h.
r.h. at 25 °C.
°C. Tab
Table
le A.2
A.2 giv
gives
es a few
few
n
 c 
copper 17 examples of selected from PRL Technical
 o
n
cast iron 10 to 11 Note
No te 38 [6],
[6], The movement of timbers. BRE,
timbers. BRE,  t  
r 
6)
 o
lead 29  August 1976. l  
l  
 e
stainless steel (austenitic) 18  d 
stainless steel (ferritic) 10
 C 
 o
mild steel 12  p
 y 
zinc (parallel to rolling) 33 .
 © 
zinc (perpendicular to 23 B 
rolling)  S 
I  
f) Wooda
across grain 30 to 70
with grain 4 to 6

6)
 Available from the Library at the Building Research
Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2 7JR.
7JR.

36 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

Table A.2 — Moisture movement of timber

Species Equilibrium Equilibrium Corresponding Corresponding
moisture content in moisture content tangential radial movementa
90 % r.h. in 60 % r.h. movementa
% % % %

Hemlock, Western 21 13 0.9 1.9

Pine, Scots (Redwood) 20 12 2.1 0.9
Oak, English 20 12 2.5 1.5
Teak 15 10 1.2 0.7
   I “Parana Pine” 21 13 2.5 1.7
   S Spruce, European (Whitewood) 20 12 2.1 1.0
   B
a
   © Movement
Movement caused by the change
change in equilibrium
equilibrium moisture
moisture content
content accompanying
accompanying a change
change from 90 % r.h. to 60 % r.h.
 .
  y
  p
  o  Annex B (normative)
(normative)
   C
   d Recommendations for the
  e
   l presentation of joint drawings
   l
  o
  r
   t It is recommended that each joint drawing is laid
  n
  o out as follows:
  c
  n
   U a) on an A4 sheet area, either a single sheet or
 , part of a larger sheet (A1, A2, A3);
   0
   0
  - b) drawn to a scale either twice full size, full size
  v
  o or half full size.
   N
  -
   0 The information contained in the sheet title and on
   2 the drawing itself
itself (see Figure B.1.)
B.1.) should be as
 ,
  e follows:
  n
  o 1) reference planes;
  n
 ,
   i
  r 2) material of the building components;
  e
   i
   l 3) material and location of the jointing products;
  a
  v
  a 4) size of clearance;
   C
  o 5) tolerance on the clearance;
   i
  g
  r 6) sequence of assembly;
  o
   i
   G 7) outside of walls, at right or at the base of sheet.
  :
  y NOTE
NOTE For furt
further
her guid
guidanc
ance
e see also
also BS
BS 1192-1
1192-1 and
and BS 1192-2
1192-2,,
  p BS 5606
5606 and
and BS 6750.
6750.
  o
   C
   d
  e
  s
  n
  e
  c
   i
   L

© BSI 03-1999 37
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

L 
i  
 c 
 e
n
 s 
 e
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
: 
 G
i  
 o
r 
 g
i  
 o
 C 
 a
v 
 a
l  
i  
 e
r 
 ,i  
n
 o
n
 e
 ,
2 
 0 
-
N 
Diagram showing typical section (not to scale)  o
Suggested sequence of erection
v 
-
 0 
1 Building component, e.g. timber window frame  0 
 ,
2 Jointing product, section, e.g. metal weather bar  U 
3 Jointing product, material, e.g. PVC gasket n
 c 
4 Building component, e.g. timber window frame  o
n
5 Jointing product, section, e.g. timber cover strip  t  
r 
 o
6 Jointing product, component, e.g. lost-head aluminium nail l  
l  
 e
Figure B.1 — Typical jointing detail through transom
 d 
 C 
 o
 p
 y 
.
 © 
B 
 S 
I  

38 © BSI 03-1999
   I
   S
   B
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o
  c
  n
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 ,
  e
  n
  o
  n
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
  a
  v
  a
   C
  o
   i
  g
  r
  o
   i
   G
  :
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
  s
  n
  e
  c
   i
   L

blank 39
BS 6093
6093:19
:1993
93

List of references (see clause 2)

Normative references

BSI standards publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 1192, Construction drawing practice.

BS 1192-1:1984, Recommendations for general principles.
BS 5368, Methods of testing windows.
BS 5368-1:1976, Air
5368-1:1976, Air permeability test. L 
BS 5368-2:1980, Watertightness test under static pressure.
i  
 c 
 e
BS 5368-3:1978, Wind resistance tests.
n
 s 
 e
BS 5368-4:1978, Form of test report.  d 
 C 
BS 5628, Code of practice for use of masonry.  o
 p
BS 5628-3:1985, Materials and components, design and workmanship.  y 
: 
BS 6100, Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.
 G
i  
 o
BS 6100-1, General and miscellaneous. r 
 g
BS 6100-1.3.6:1991, Jointing products, builders’ hardware and accessories.
i  
 o
 C 
BS 6100-1.5.1:1984, Coordination of dimensions; tolerances and accuracy.  a
v 
BS 6100-1.5.6:1988, Jointing.  a
l  
i  
 e
BS 6375, Performance
6375, Performance of windows. r 
 ,i  
BS 6375-1:1989, Classification for weathertightness (including guidance on selection and specification). n
 o
BS 6375-2:1987, Specification for operation and strength characteristics.
n
 e
 ,
2 
ISO standards publications  0 
-
N 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION,
STANDARDIZATION, Geneva. (All publications are available from BSI Sales.)  o
v 
-
 0 
ISO 2445:1972, Joints in building — Fundamental principles for design.  0 
 ,
 U 
Informative references
n
 c 
 o
n
 t  
BSI standards publications
r 
 o
l  
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
l  
 e
 d 
 C 
BS 1192, Construction drawing practice.  o
 p
BS 1192-2:1987, Recommendations for architectural and engineering drawings.  y 
.
BS 4255, Rubber used in preformed gaskets for weather exclusion from build ings.
 © 
B 
BS 4255-1:1986, Specification for non-cellular gaskets.  S 
I  
BS 5606:1990, Guide to accuracy in building.
BS 6213:1982, Guide to selection of constructional sealants.
BS 6262:1982, Code of practice for glazing for buildings.
BS 6750:1986, Specification for modular coordination in building.
BS 6954, Tolerances for building.
BS 6954-3:1988, Recommendations for selecting target size and predicting fit.
BS 8000, Workmanship on building sites7).
BS 8200:1985, Code of practice for design of non-loadbearing external vertical enclosures of buildings.
BS 8210:1986, Guide to building maintenance management.
BS EN 26927:1991, Building
26927:1991, Building construction. Jointing products. Sealants. Vocabulary.

7)
Referred to in the foreword only.

40 © BSI 03-1999
 BS 6093:1
6093:199
993
3

ISO standards publications

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION
STANDARDIZATION (ISO), Geneva. (All publications are available from BSI Sales.)

ISO 3447:1975, Joints in building — General check-list of joint functions.

Other references
[1] BRE Digests 227, 228 and 229. Estimation of thermal and moisture movements and stresses :
Part 1:1979, Part 2:1979, Part 3:1979:BRE 8).
[2] Rainscreen cladding, Anderson
cladding, Anderson and Gill, Butterworth; 1988.
[3] NHBC Standards: Chapter 6.2: External timber framed walls and wall panels  (formerly Practice
Note No. 5:1983): National
National House Building Council.
Council.
[4] GREAT BRITAIN. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, 1988. London: HMSO.
[5] PRL Technical Note 46, The moisture content of timber in use : 1970: BRE9).
   I
   S timbers: 1970: BRE9).
[6] PRL Technical Note 38, The movement of timbers:
   B
   ©
 .
  y
  p
  o
   C
   d
  e
   l
   l
  o
  r
   t
  n
  o
  c
  n
   U
 ,
   0
   0
  -
  v
  o
   N
  -
   0
   2
 ,
  e
  n
  o
  n
 ,
   i
  r
  e
   i
   l
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8)
 Available from the Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts WD2
WD2 7JR.
9)
 Available from the Library, Building Research Establishment, Garston,
Garston, Watford, Herts, WD2 7JR.

© BSI 03-1999
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