Batch Reactor: Department of Chemical Engineering

‫الجامعة التكنولوجيا‬
‫قسم الهندسة الكيماوية‬

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
BATCH REACTOR
REFINERY BRANCH /MORNING
2019_2020
THIS REPORT IS DONE BY UNDER SUPERVISION
MUSTAFA JABBAR DR.ALI AL _SHATHR

contents
Introduction 2
definition 7
Application 9
Advantages 9
Disadvantages 10
Conclusion 10
Reference 11
1
introduction
Batch reactors process one batch of material at a time in a closed
system. Typical types are shown in Figure 1.1. They have the
advantage of flexibility in that they can be used to produce a
variety of chemicals, i.e. they are not dedicated to a single
product. They are used for fine chemical, pharmaceutical and
polymer production on a relatively small scale. An additional
advantage of batch reactor is that of relatively small capital
investment. Nevertheless, their design and operation are being
improved to meet the needs of clean technology operations, and
the Buss reactor (shown later in Figure 1.5) is one example where
improvements in batch reactor technology have led to
significantly enhanced performance. The important operational
parameters in the case of batch reactors are good mixing and heat
transfer. The need for this is well illustrated by considering the
case of a gas-liquid- solid catalysed exothermic reaction. Good
mixing is particularly important to give a homogeneous dispersion
of all species and to ensure good mass and heat transfer between
the phases. Provision of good external heat exchange may also be
necessary. Various batch reactor designs can be seen in Figure
l.l(a)-(d).The most appropriate design for the stirrers in these
reactors depends on the nature of the fluid phases requiring
mixing. Figures 1.2 and 1.3 show typical turbine-type and wide-
radius agitators, while Figure 1.4 illus- trates several ‘Archimedes’
screw’ and marine propeller-type agitators.
Figure 1.4 also shows the types of circulation obtained from these
and other stirring systems, and in a number of situations it is
2
necessary to use baffles to control vortex formation. Turbine-type
agitators can be used in liquids with viscosity up to about
10Pas[l]. Wide-radius or spiral agitators are required for the very
viscous liquids with viscosities greater than this.
Figure 1.1 Some typical types of batch reactor: (a) batch reactor
with double jacket; (b) batch reactor with double jacket and
3
internal coil; (c) batch reactor with external heat exchanger on
circulation loop; (d) batch reactor with cooling by vapour phase
condensation and recycle. (From Trambouze et al. (1988), p. 98;
reprinted by permission of Gulf Publishing Co., Editions Technip,
27 Rue Ginoux, Paris.) Another method of inducing good mixing
and heat transfer involves the use of closed loop circulation.
Figure 1.1(c) shows a simple closed loop circulation reactor while
Figure 1.5(a) and 1.5(b) show highly efficient three-phase
reactors, the former being the Buss reactor [2] and the latter the
Figure 1.2 Turbine type agitators: (a) turbine with six flat blades;
(b) turbine with eight curved blades; (c) turbine with six flat
blades mounted on disc; (d) turbine with six curved blades
mounted on disc. (From Trambouze el al. (1988), p. 540; reprinted
by permission of Gulf Publishing Co., Editions Technip, 27 Rue
Ginoux, Paris.)
Figure 1.3 Wide-radius agitators: (a) simple anchor; (b) large

inclined paddles (three mounted at 90°); (c) reinforced anchor; (d)
4
frame with large inclined paddles mounted perpendicular to the
frame. (From Trambouze et al. (1988), p. 542; reprinted by
permission of Gulf Publishing Co., Editions Technip, 27 Rue
Ginoux, Paris.)
Figure 1.4 Types of circulation obtained in batch reactors using

various agitation systems: (a) marine propeller (axial flow); (b)
turbine (radial flow); (c) anchor (peripheral flow); (d)
Archimedes’ screw (axial flow); (e) Archimedes’ screw with guide
cylinder (axial flow with peripheral recirculation). (From
Trambouze et al. (1988), p. 543; reprinted by permission of Gulf
Publishing Co., Editions Technip, 27 Rue Ginoux, Paris.)
5
Figure 1.5 Three-phase reactors: (a) the Buss reactor; (b) the
Cocurrent Downflow Contactor Reactor (CDCR). Cocurrent
Downflow Contactor Reactor (CDCR) [3]. These reactors are
similar in many ways, the Buss reactor using a venturi device to
mix gas with liquid and solid, while the CDCR employs a simple
small orifice. Reference will be made to some of the
configurations illustrated above in later chapters. Some of the
design features of batch reactors are equally applicable to other
well-mixed reactors, including the continuous stirred tank reactor
(CSTR). Typical reactions carried out in batch reactors are
nitrations, sulphona- tions, hydrogenations, alkylations and
polymerizations. They represent relatively small-scale operations
typically suited to the fine chemical pharmaceutical and polymer
industries.
6
definition
is the term which is used for a vessel type. There are two holes on
the tank which are used to charge the Reactors. We can not put or
taken out anything on it while the reactions.
This equipment comprises of a tank along with an agitator and
integral heating/cooling system. These vessels are available in
different sizes, including from 1 litre to more than 15000 litres. Its
structure comprises of steel, stainless steel, glass-lined steel, glass
or exotic alloy.
Vapors and gases are charged through the connection on the top.
Liquids are discharged through the bottom. A number of
operations can be completed through a single operation without
breaking the containment. Batch reactors are useful for its
versatility. These reactors are used in process industry.
These reactors are widely used in process industry and also useful
in laboratory applications like small scale production and inducing
fermentation. These devices are generally referred to as
Batch reactors are used for most of the reactions carried out in a
laboratory. The reactants are placed in a test-tube, flask or beaker.
They are mixed together, often heated for the reaction to take place
and are then cooled. The products are poured out and, if necessary,
purified.
This procedure is also carried out in industry, the key difference
being one of size of reactor and the quantities of reactants.
7
8
Application
 Typically for liquid phase reactions that require long reaction

times
 Used only when small amount of product is required
 Favored when a process is in developmental stage or to
produce expensive products
 Used to make a variety of products at different times
Advantages
 They are preferred for establishing or verifying kinetics

because they are
 Simple in construction
 Require little or no auxiliary equipments
 Data can be collected easily if Isothermal reactions are
carried out under constant volume condition
 High conversions
9
Disadvantages
 Intensity of process is localized and not the global one

 Preferred for homogenous reactions only
 high labor costs per batch
 difficulty of large-scale production
 Long idle time (Charging & Discharging times) leads to
periods of no production
 No instrumentation - Poor product quality
CONCLUSION
Several fundamental concepts have been reviewed in the chapter,

and some of the important characteristics of the different types of
reactors have been discussed. Most of the treatment in this chapter
has been qualitative in nature so as to convey basic ideas. The next
two chapters delve into the dynamics and control of CSTR systems
in a much more detailed and quantitative way. The effects on
controllability of a variety of parameter values (specific reaction
rates, throughput, heats of reaction, and heat transfer coefficients),
heat removal schemes, and design conversion levels are studied.
10
Reference
 Reactor Design for Chemical Engineers Edited by J.M.

WINTERBOTTOM M.B. KING
 University of Birmingham
 Birmingham, UK
 CHEMICAL REACTOR DESIGN AND CONTROL
WILLIAM L. LUYBEN Lehigh University
 Rase H. Chemical reactor design for process plants: volume
one, principles and techniques.
 New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1977 [Chapter 12].
 Schmidt L. The engineering of chemical reactions. New
York, NY: Oxford University Press;
 1998. p. 100 102.
 Coker A. Modeling of chemical kinetics and reactor design.
Boston, MA: Gulf Professional
 Publishing; 2001. p. 221 222.
11

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‫الجامعة التكنولوجيا‬

‫قسم الهندسة الكيماوية‬

THIS REPORT IS DONE BY UNDER SUPERVISION

MUSTAFA JABBAR DR.ALI AL _SHATHR

Figure 1.3 Wide-radius agitators: (a) simple anchor; (b) large

Figure 1.4 Types of circulation obtained in batch reactors using

 Typically for liquid phase reactions that require long reaction

 They are preferred for establishing or verifying kinetics

 Intensity of process is localized and not the global one

Several fundamental concepts have been reviewed in the chapter,

 Reactor Design for Chemical Engineers Edited by J.M.

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