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Astm e 1417pdf
Astm e 1417pdf
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Sco
Scope*
pe* 2. Referenc
Referenced
ed Documents
1.1 This practice establishes
establishes the minimum requirements
requirements for 2.1 The following
following documents
documents form a part of this practice to
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal, the extent specified herein:
2.2 ASTM Standards: 2
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and nonme
nonmetal
tal compo
components.
nents.
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D95 Test
Test Meth
Method
od for Wateaterr in Petr
Petrole
oleum
um Pro
Produc
ducts
ts and
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,
Bituminous
Bitumin ous Materia
Materials
ls by Distilla
Distillation
tion `
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the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corro- D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
sion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or leum Products, Lubricating
Lubricating Oils, and Additives
Additives by Coulo
Coulo--
connected to the surface of the component under examination. metric Karl Fischer Titration
1.3
1. 3 Ca
Caut
utio
ion
n mu
mustst be ex exer
ercis
cised
ed in th thee us
usag
agee of ele
eleva
vated
ted E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for for General
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas- Industry
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers E543 Specification
Specification for Agencies PerfoPerforming
rming Nond
Nondestruc
estruc--
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as tive Testing
plastics
plas tics.. Pri
Prior
or to exa
examin
minatio
ation,
n, test
testss sho
should
uld be conconduc
ducted
ted to E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are rescent Penetrants
harmful to the components to be examined. E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.4 Units—T—Thehe vavalu
lues
es st
state
atedd in eiteithe
herr SI un units
its or in
inch
ch-- E2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources
pound
pou nd uni
unitsts are to be reg regard
arded
ed sep
separa
arately
tely as stastanda
ndard.
rd. The and Meters used in the Liq Liquid
uid Penetrant
Penetrant and MagMagnet
netic
ic
values
valu es stat
stated
ed in each system
system may not be exa exactct equ
equiva
ivalent
lents;
s; Particlee Method
Particl Methodss
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Standards:3
2.3 ASNT Standards:
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
conformance with the standard. fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.5 All are areas
as of thi
thiss pra
practic
cticee may be ope open n to agreemen
agreementt SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup- cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
plier,
plie r, or spe
specifi
cificc dir
direct
ection
ion fro
fromm the cog cogniz
nizant
ant eng
engine
ineeri
ering
ng Standards:4 5
2.4 Military Standards: ,
the drawing.
3.2.4 final examination—the final examination performed 5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh.
5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:
for the acceptance of the item. Any change to the item’s surface
5.2.1 Form a—Dry powder.
such as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or
etching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may render 5.2.2 Form b—Water-soluble.
the previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination of 5.2.3 Form c—Water-suspendable.
5.2.4 Form d —Nonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-
all affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.
3.2.5 in-process—that which occurs during manufacturing etrant.
5.2.5 Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye.
before a component is in final form.
3.2.6 in-service—refers to components that are in use or 5.2.6 Form f— —Specific application.
storage for their intended function. 5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:
5.3.1 Class 1—Halogenated.
3.2.7 linear indication—penetrant indications with at least a
5.3.2 Class 2—Nonhalogenated.
three to one length to width ratio.
3.2.8 reprocess—repeat, after cleaning, the application and 5.3.3 Class 3—Specific application.
appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required),
and developer (as required). 6. General Practices
3.2.9 rounded indication—penetrant indication whose 6.1 Responsibility for Examination—Unless otherwise
length to width ratio is less than three-to-one. specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant
engineering organization is responsible for the performance of
all examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni-
6
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
zant engineering organization may specify more stringent
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
7
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when
PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and
light background to the lowest possible level during examina- judged acceptable.
tion and black light intensity shall meet the above require- 6.7.5 Identification of the components or areas within a
ments. component to be examined in accordance with the procedure.
Form f developer that has been qualified with a particular Type
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thoroughly dried and reprocessed. After rinsing, drain water removed by first wiping the excess penetrant with a clean,
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with clean absorbent materials, or filtered shop air at less than surface penetrant is then removed with a solvent-dampened
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lint-free cloth or towel. The surface of the component shall not -
pockets. (Warning—Over-removal of the surface penetrant be flushed with solvent and the cloth or towel shall not be
shall require that the component be cleaned and reprocessed. A saturated with solvent. The component and cloth or toweling
good indicator of over-wash or over-removal of the surface shall be observed under appropriate illumination to ensure
penetrant is evidenced by the total lack of residue that may adequate removal of the surface penetrant. Over-removal of the
occur on all or a specific area of the part, see Test Method surface penetrant shall require the component to be cleaned and
E165.) reprocessed. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a
spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles uniform thin coating over the entire surface to be inspected.
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provided the concentration is tested and meets the requirments For Type II penetrants, the developer shall be applied over the
of 7.8.2.6. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for entire surface to form a uniform, white coating to provide
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise suitable color contrast for the penetrant indications. The
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not uniformity and thickness of the developer coating is important
exceed two minutes per surface area. for both types of penetrant systems. If the developer coating
7.3.4.3 Postrinse—After the application and dwell of the thickness is too heavy for Type I systems such that the metallic
hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be surface is completely masked, the component shall be cleaned
rinsed with water. The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1, and reprocessed. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum and
7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 shall apply. Evidence of over-removal shall maximum development times for nonaqueous developers are
require the part to be cleaned and reprocessed. Excessive 10 min and 1 h respectively. For nonaqueous suspendable
background may be removed by additional (touchup) applica- developer, the developer container shall be frequently agitated
tion of the hydrophilic emulsifier provided its maximum between applications.
allowable dwell time is not exceeded. Additional rinsing of the 7.5.3 Aqueous Developer —Aqueous soluble developers
touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of shall not be used with Type II penetrants or Type I, Method A
the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of penetrants. Aqueous suspendable developers can be used with
the hydrophilic emulsifier does not produce an acceptable both Type I and Type II penetrants. Aqueous developers may
background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual be applied to the component after rinsing. Developers shall be
systems shall require the use of appropriate black light illumi- applied by spray, flowing, or immersion. The applied developer
nation to ensure adequate penetrant removal. shall not be allowed to puddle and shall completely cover all
7.4 Drying—The components shall be dried prior to the surfaces to be inspected. Components shall be air dried or oven
application of dry developer, nonaqueous developer, or exami- dried to the requirements of 7.4.1. Minimum and maximum
nation without developer. The components should be drained development times, after the component is dry, are 10 min and
of excess water but not dried before the application of aqueous 2 h. Aqueous suspendable developers must be either constantly
soluble or suspendable developers. The components shall be agitated to keep the particles from settling out of suspension or
dried after the application of aqueous developers. they must be thoroughly agitated prior to use to ensure that
7.4.1 Drying Parameters—Components shall be air dried at particles are in suspension.
room temperature or in a drying oven. Oven temperatures shall 7.6 Examination—The interpretation area shall meet the
not exceed that specified in 6.6.2. Drying time shall only be appropriate requirements of 7.8.4.5. Components shall be
tested using a AMS 2644-specified test panel or any other (1) Black lights that use an UV-A LED source shall
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commercially available grit blasted panel. The test shall be produce a peak wavelength at 365 to 370 nanometers as -
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performed using a sample of unused penetrant serving as a measured with a spectroradiometer. When requested, the ,
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reference. Place a streak of the unused reference sample on one manufacturer shall provide a certification thereof.
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portion of a panel and a separate streak of the in-use penetrant NOTE—Some UV-A sources other than mercury vapor, for
on a separate area of the panel. Allow the panel to drain for five example, micro-discharge, LED, etc., have been shown to have
minutes and then wash the panel using the temperature, emission characteristics such as excessive visible light, and UV
pressure and wash times in use on the examination line. Dry intensity that may result in fluorescent fade, veiling glare, etc.,
the panel, coat with developer, and examine under UV light. If all of which can significantly degrade examination reliability.
the background of the in-use sample is visibly greater than that (2) Since visible light contamination may interfere with
of the reference, then the in-use penetrant shall be discarded or UV-A inspection, it is recommended that a visible light
otherwise corrected, as appropriate. contamination be taken at the viewing surface, when the UV-A
7.8.3.3 Emulsifier Removability—When required in accor- lamp is on and is held at the angle and distance used for
dance with 7.8.3, the removability of the in-use emulsifier shall interpretation. The white light reading shall not exceed 2 fc
be tested using an unused sample of the same brand of (21.5 lx).
emulsifier serving as a reference. The test shall be conducted 7.8.4.2 Special UV Lighting—As specified in Table 1 or
using two test panels and processing parameters specified in prior to use, the light intensity of UV pencil lamps, UV light
AMS 2644 or any other commercially available grit blasted guides, borescopes or remote UV examination equipment shall
panel. The in-use emulsifier shall be used with the unused be measured at the expected working distance and shall
penetrant on one panel and compared to the reference system provide at least 1000 µW/cm2 (10 W/m2) at the intended
of unused emulsifier with unused penetrant on a second panel. examination surface. When using borescopes or remote video
Allow both panels to drain for five minutes and then wash examination equipment, the image or interpretation area being
using the temperature, pressure and wash times used on the viewed shall have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate
examination line. Dry both panels, coat with developer, and the area of examination.
examine under UV light. If the background is visibly greater Battery powered black lights used to inspect parts shall
than that of the reference system the emulsifier shall be have their intensity measured prior to use. The minimum UV
discarded or otherwise corrected, as appropriate. light intensity shall be 1000 µW/cm 2 at 15 in. (38.1 cm).
7.8.3.4 Comparative Penetrant Sensitivity—When required NOTE—It is recommended that the initial UV light intensity be
in accordance with 7.8.3, the comparative sensitivity of in-use a minimum of 1500 µW/cm 2 at 15 in. (38.1 cm) to ensure that
penetrant shall be checked using the procedures in 7.8.3 except the strength of the battery will last through the examination to
that the check shall be performed by comparing the in-use maintain a minimum of 1000 µW/cm 2 at 15 in. (38.1 cm).
penetrant to the reference (hold-out) unused penetrant by 7.8.4.3 Visible Lights—For Type II visible dye examina-
processing both with unused emulsifier, if applicable, and tions, the lighting systems shall be checked at intervals
unused developer. If the comparative sensitivity of the in-use specified in Table 1 to ensure a minimum of 100 fc (1076 lx)
penetrant is noticeably less than the reference penetrant, the when measured at the examination surface.
in-use penetrant is unsatisfactory for use. 7.8.4.4 Light Meters—Ultraviolet and visible light meters
shall be calibrated at intervals specified in Table 1 in accor-
NOTE 3—This test is not for determining the absolute sensitivity of the
dance with MIL-STD-45662, ANSI/NCSL Z540-1, or
penetrant or for determining the sensitivity level of the penetrant neither
of which can be performed using a starburst-type panel. ISO 10012-1.
NOTE 4—More information on UV-A.visible lights and meters can be
7.8.4 Equipment Checks—The following equipment checks
found in ASTM E2297.
shall be conducted at the intervals specified in Table 1 and
recorded, as required. Records shall be maintained and avail- 7.8.4.5 Examination Area—The interpretation area for sta-
able for audit by the customer, cognizant engineering organi- tionary systems for Type I penetrants shall be checked as
zation or regulatory agencies. The calibration of equipment specified in Table 1 and shall be clean and free from excessive
shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and fluorescent contamination and excessive visible light back-
Technology (NIST) or other recognized national standards, ground. The ambient visible light background shall be checked
where applicable. at intervals specified in Table 1 or when any changes, or
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ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1.1 Scope and Application— This modified Karl Fischer A1.4.2 Pipet 10 mL of methanol into clean dry Erlenmeyer
volumetric procedure is a practical alternative to Test Method flask.
D95 for undiluted hydrophilic emulsifiers and water contami- A1.4.3 Pipet 10 mL of Hydranal buffer into the same flask
nation of in-use lipophilic emulsifiers and Method A pen- and gently swirl to mix.
etrants. The amount of sample used is adjusted to meet the A1.4.4 Place white paper below buret. Place the flask under
water equivalent capacity of the titration agent employed (1 the buret and slowly titrate, with gently swirling the Hydranal
mL = 5 mg H 2O). For most materials required to meet the five titrant into the flask until a light yellow-brown color persists
percent (5 %) maximum allowable water content limit, 0.5 to (about 3 mL).
1.0 g sample size is sufficient. A1.4.5 Record titrant reading.
A1.4.6 Place the flask on balance and add about 0.5 g of test
A1.2 Apparatus:
sample, and record weight. Gently swirl flask to mix sample.
A1.2.1 Buret , glass, 50-mL, A1.4.7 Place flask under buret and titrate back to the same
A1.2.2 Flask , wide-mouth Erlenmeyer type, 250-mL, yellow-brown color and record the reading.
A1.2.3 Pipets, volumetric, two, 10-mL, A1.4.8 Repeat and average % H2O readings.
A1.2.4 Weighing scale, reads to at least two decimal places,
and A1.5 Calculate Water Content as follows:
A1.2.5 White paper .
% H 2O 5 [consumption titrant 3 titer value 3 100] 4 sample weight
A1.3 Reagents: (A1.1)
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(E1417 – 05 1) that may impact the use of this standard. (August 15, 2011)
´
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