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The "Operational" Amplifier: Eng - Ahmed Heskol

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The "operational" Amplifier

Part1

Eng.Ahmed heskol
Very high open-loop gain: A = 100,000+, but unpredictable .1
Very high input resistance: Rin > 1 MΩ .2
Low output resistance: Rout = 50-75 ohm .3
The significance of the very high input resistance (Rin) is that the op-amp
draws very little input current. This means it will notmload down whatever
.circuit or sensor is driving it
The op-amp’s low output resistance (Rout) means it can drive a load without
.being loaded down itself
However, an op-amp is a signal amplifier, not a power amplifier. It is not
designed to output large currents and so is not usually used to drive loads
.such as loudspeakers or motors directly
,Even though the op-amp has two separate inputs, there is just one input voltage
.which is the difference between V2 and V1

Vout = A(V2 – V1) Vout = output voltage


A = open-loop gain (100000)
V1 = inverting input
V2 = noninverting input
.Thus, even a small difference between V1 and V2 will cause a very large output
Vout = A(V2 – V1)

EXAMPLE
:If open-loop gain is 100,000. Find the output for the following conditions
.a. V1 and V2 are both 4 μV
.b. V1 is 2 μV, and V2 is 4 μV
.c. V1 is 6 μV, and V2 is 3 μV
Vout = A(V2 – V1)
.Single-input, open-loop amplifiers

Vout = A(V2 – V1) Vout = A(V2 – V1)

Vout = 100000(1.2μV – 0) = 0.12V Vout = 100000(0 – 1.2μV ) = - 0.12V

Vout = 100000(12μV – 0) = 1.2V Vout = 100000(0 – 12μV ) = - 1.2V

Vout = 100000(120μV – 0) = 12V Vout = 100000(0 – 120μV ) = - 12V

Vout = 100000(1.2mV – 0) = +V = Vcc Vout = 100000(0 – 1.2mV ) = - V = Vee


Comparator

Vout = A(V2 – V1)

If V1>V2 then LED off


If V2>V1 then LED on
EXAMPLE
The blower on a hot-air solar panel should come on when the temperature reaches 100°F. An
analog temperature sensor in the solar panel needs to be interfaced to a digital controller such
that the controller receives a 5 V switch on signal when the sensor voltage reaches 2.7 V. Design
.the interface circuit
SOLUTION
The signal from the sensor is connected to the non inverting input of the comparator. The
inverting input comes from a voltage divider that yields a precise reference voltage of 2.7 V.
Notice also that the supply voltages of the comparator are 5 V and ground. As long as the sensor
voltage is below 2.7 V, the reference voltage at the inverting input predominates, and the output
will try to go negative. In this case, the output will go to about 0 V because that is what the
negative supply voltage is. When the sensor voltage goes only slightly above 2.7 V, the
noninverting input becomes positive compared with the inverting input, and the output
saturates positive, which is about 5 V. The switch-on point can easily be adjusted by changing
.the reference voltage resistors
Inverting Amplifier

closed-loop gain
EXAMPLE
An inverting amp is to have a gain of 10. The signal source is a sensor with an output
.impedance of 1 kΩ. Draw a circuit diagram of the completed amplifier
SOLUTION
First, select a value for Ri. Because Ri essentially determines the amplifier’s input resistance,
it should be at least ten times higher (if possible) than the signal source impedance to ensure
maximum voltage transfer. In this example, we select Ri = 10 kΩ. Next, rearrange Equation to
:solve for Rf
Rf = –A*Ri = –(–10) × 10 kΩ = 100 kΩ
Noninverting Amplifier
EXAMPLE
.Draw the circuit diagram of a noninverting amp with a gain of 20
SOLUTION
AV = 20 = (Rf/Rin) + 1
19 or Rf = 19 × Ri = )Rf/Rin(
Now select Ri to be an appropriate value (as explained below) and solve for Rf. If
we select Ri to be 2 kΩ, then
Rf = 19 × Ri = 19 × 2 kΩ = 38 kΩ
Figure 3.13 shows the completed circuit. The basis for selecting both Ri and Rf is
that the current in these external resistors should be much larger than the small current that
actually enters the op-amp (recall that the op-amp equation was based on
the assumption that no current enters the op-amp). Therefore, both Ri and Rf should
be at least ten times smaller than the op-amp input resistance—in this case, no more than
.100 kΩ if possible
Summing Amplifier
EXAMPLE
According to a comfort scale, the air conditioning in a building should come on when the
sum of the temperature and humidity sensor voltages goes above 1 V. A threshold circuit in
the air conditioner requires 5 V for turn-on. Design an interface circuit to connect the two
.sensors to the air conditioning unit
SOLUTION
This circuit requires a summing amplifier with two inputs and a gain of 5. By specifying both
input resistors to be the same (at 1 kΩ), we can use Equation gain and our only calculation
:concerns the gain portion of the equation
A = Rf/Ri = 5
Rf = 5 × Ri
When Rf = 1 kΩ, Rf = 5 × 1 kΩ = 5 kΩ
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers

If Ra = Rb and Rf = Rg, which is usually the case, then the equation for Vout is
EXAMPLE
A differential amp is needed to amplify the voltage difference between two temperature
sensors. The sensors have an internal resistance of 5 kΩ, and the maximum voltage
difference between the sensors will be 2 V. Design the differential amp circuit to have an
.output of 12 V when the difference the inputs is 2 V
SOLUTION
:First calculate the gain required
Av=Vo/Vi=12/2=6v
By letting Ra = Rb and Rf = Rg, we can use Gain Equation. Noting that the sensor
impedance is 5 kΩ, we would like the input resistance of the amp to be at
least ten times 5 kΩ. Therefore, if we select Ra = 50 kΩ, then
Av=Vo/Vi=12/2=6v
Rf = Ra × 6= 50 kΩ × 6 = 300 k

common mode rejection


Voltage Follower
An instrumentation amplifier

An instrumentation amplifier is a differential amp that has its inputs buffered


with voltage followers, as shown in Figure 3.19. Voltage follower circuits on the inputs
perform three desirable functions: (1) They increase the input resistance so that the
source (such as a sensor) will never be loaded down, (2) they make both input
resistances
equal, and (3) they isolate the gain-defining resistors (Rf, Ri, etc.) from the signal
source. This last quality means that instrumentation amps can be prebuilt to have a
.specific gain

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