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    ME2620 Module 1 Handout

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    Joshua Egalla
    1. A control system is a group of components working together to make something perform as desired. 2. A closed-loop control system uses feedback to increase accuracy and compensate for disturbances, but is more complex than an open-loop system. 3. Whether a system is linear, static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, time-invariant/time-varying depends on how the output responds to changes in the input over time.

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    ME2620 Module 1 Handout

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Egalla
    37 views15 pages
    1. A control system is a group of components working together to make something perform as desired. 2. A closed-loop control system uses feedback to increase accuracy and compensate for disturbances, but is more complex than an open-loop system. 3. Whether a system is linear, static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, time-invariant/time-varying depends on how the output responds to changes in the input over time.

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    1. A control system is a group of components working together to make something perform as desired. 2. A closed-loop control system uses feedback to increase accuracy and compensate for disturbances, but is more complex than an open-loop system. 3. Whether a system is linear, static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, time-invariant/time-varying depends on how the output responds to changes in the input over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views15 pages

    ME2620 Module 1 Handout

    Uploaded by

    Joshua Egalla
    1. A control system is a group of components working together to make something perform as desired. 2. A closed-loop control system uses feedback to increase accuracy and compensate for disturbances, but is more complex than an open-loop system. 3. Whether a system is linear, static/dynamic, causal/non-causal, time-invariant/time-varying depends on how the output responds to changes in the input over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    ME2620

    Control Engineering
    Module 1
    Introduction to Control Engineering
    Introduction

    CONTROL SYSTEM
    System – a group, set or collection of components working together to perform a
    specific task or function.

    Control – to make something perform as desired.

    Control System – a group, set or collection of components working together to


    make something perform as desired.
    Introduction
    Introduction
    Introduction

    OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM


    Control
    Input Signal Process/ Output
    Controller Plant/
    Desired System Actual
    Response Response

    Advantages Disadvantages
    1. Simplicity of design and 1. Accuracy highly depends on
    implementation calibration
    2. Economical 2. Sensitive to effects of disturbances
    3. Generally stable
    Introduction

    CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

    Error Control
    Input Signal Signal Process/ Output
    Controller Plant/
    System

    Primary
    Feedback
    Signal

    Sensor
    Introduction

    CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM


    Advantages Disadvantages
    1. Great accuracy even in the 1. Complexity of design and
    presence of non-linearities implementation
    2. Can compensate for the effects of 2. Costly
    disturbances 3. Tendency to be unstable
    Introduction

    LINEARITY
    Homogeneity

    𝑟 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
    LINEAR
    𝑎𝑟 𝑡 𝑎𝑐 𝑡

    Additivity 𝑎𝑟1 𝑡 +𝑏𝑟2 𝑡 𝑎𝑐1 𝑡 +𝑏𝑐2 𝑡


    LINEAR
    𝑟1 𝑡 𝑐1 𝑡
    𝑟2 𝑡 𝑐2 𝑡
    LINEAR
    𝑟1 𝑡 + 𝑟2 𝑡 𝑐1 𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑡
    Introduction

    LINEARITY
    A differential equation is said to be linear if it has the following characteristics:
    1) The dependent variable and its derivatives must be of first degree.
    2) There must be no product of the dependent variable and its derivatives.
    3) The dependent variable must not be arguments of transcendental
    functions.
    An nth order ordinary linear differential equation can be written in the form
    𝑎𝑛 𝑡 𝑐 𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑡 𝑐 𝑛−1 𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑡 𝑐 ′ 𝑡 + 𝑎0 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑟 𝑡
    Introduction

    STATIC OR DYNAMIC
    Static – dependent only on the present input

    Dynamic – dependent also on the past and/or future inputs


    Introduction

    CAUSAL OR NON-CAUSAL
    Causal – dependent on present and past values of input

    Non-causal – dependent also on the future values of input


    Introduction

    TIME INVARIANT OR TIME VARYING


    Time Invariant – the output of the system is independent of the time at which the
    input is applied

    Time Varying – the output of the system varies depending on the time at which
    the input is applied
    Introduction

    CONTINUOUS-TIME OR DISCRETE-TIME
    Continuous-Time – values are specified for all points in time

    Discrete-Time – values are specified only at discrete points in time


    Introduction

    DESIGN PROCESS

    Determine a physical
    Transform the
    system and Draw a functional
    physical system into a
    specifications from block diagram.
    schematic.
    the requirements.

    If multiple blocks, Use the schematic to


    Analyze, design and
    reduce the block obtain a block
    test to see that
    diagram to a single diagram, signal flow
    requirements and
    block or closed-loop diagram, or state-
    specifications are met.
    system. space representation.

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