Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Architectural Engineering

The impact of adopting lean construction in Egypt: Level of knowledge,

application, and benefits
E.N. Shaqour ⇑
Architecture Engineering Department, Nahda University, Benisuef City, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The construction sector in Egypt faces many challenges related to managerial issues. The construction
Received 10 May 2021 industry considers a waste generator sector that harms the economy and environment. This study sup-
Revised 5 July 2021 poses that adopting lean construction approaches is essential in reducing waste and enhancing the
Accepted 12 July 2021
Egyptian construction sector’s performance. Data was collected from one hundred and sixty-two con-
Available online xxxx
struction professionals who have the experience to design, manage, and construct projects and are
involved in construction sites in the new capital city in Egypt. The overall conclusion of this study is com-
Keywords:
patible with the same studies worldwide, which are related to the adoption of lean tools in the construc-
Lean construction
Lean tools
tion sector affects time, cost, quality, safety, environment, and relationships positively, which is raising
Waste reduction the value of resources and money. Results indicate that construction professionals apply lean tools in
Project management construction sites to manage, monitor, control, and construct projects, although they sometimes do
Construction industry not know what they are applying lean tools. Results show the knowledge level of lean concepts is less
than the adoption level. Respondents evaluated 31 benefits of adopting lean construction. The major ben-
efits are economic-related. The main Lean Construction ‘‘LC” tools adoption benefits are: Improve process
control, Improved planning, Material storage control (access and inventory), and Time reduction.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHOR. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-
nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction suitable project management tools [6]. New concepts and tools
have been adopted in management to deal with challenges in the
The construction industry has proven to be considered one of construction industry [7]. Lean construction is a distinguished
the critical economic industries in many countries worldwide, new practice compared to traditional construction management
which affects the national income [1]. Construction industry devel- approaches, which will lead to a good transformation in the con-
opment considers slow in comparison to other industry sectors and struction industry [8].
harms the environment [2]. Inefficient project management in Production industry Preceded construction industry in imple-
Egypt causes waste of time, cost, and material [3]. Any activity that menting Lean methods [9,10]. Lean thinking was first used in the
increases production process cost and time without adding value is Toyota production system TPS) in the 1950s in Japan [11]. In
called waste [4]. The construction sector in Egypt faces many chal- 1988, John Krafcik described Toyotas Production System TPS as a
lenges related to managerial issues. The construction industry con- ‘‘Lean” [12]. Automobile factories adopt Lean concepts as a stan-
siders a waste generator sector that harms the economy and dard for production [13]. Lean construction considered a new
environment [5]. Project quality and target value are achieved by method to manage construction project which aims to reduce
waste of material to obtain the maximum value from the process
[14]. Lean construction appeared as a term in 1992 [15]. Construc-
⇑ Address: Architecture Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Nahda
tion industry developers refused to apply many thoughts related to
University, Benisuef City, Egypt.
the manufacturing sector, such as implementing Lean Construction
E-mail address: eman.shaqoor@nub.edu.eg
[2]. The challenges of the construction sector emphasize the need
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
to adopt lean concepts in construction projects [16].
The importance of this research is the contribution to the exist-
ing knowledge of lean tools and benefits by prioritizing the bene-
Production and hosting by Elsevier fits of adopting Lean Construction in terms of their level of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.07.005
2090-4479/Ó 2021 THE AUTHOR. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: E.N. Shaqour, The impact of adopting lean construction in Egypt: Level of knowledge, application, and benefits, Ain Shams Engi-
neering Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.07.005
E.N. Shaqour Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

importance in New Capital construction projects and revealing that the isolated application of lean techniques will not achieve
how these benefits positively affect socially, economically, and sustainable development. The success of the lean system depends
environmentally aspects of the construction industry. This study on people’s how to provide energy and intelligence to it. People
will motivate project stakeholders to learn, investigate, implement, influence leadership styles, the organization’s structure, organiza-
and be aware of Lean tools. tion memory, and learning, organization culture, which includes
language, cultures, symbols, and beliefs, which made Toyota own
1.1. Limitations of the study a deep culture depending on sharing these items. Culture improve-
ment supports the basics of leadership. Toyota has a philosophy of
A wide range of studies discussed several aspects related to owning a good process defined by principles, not by technology,
Lean construction such as lean challenges, between lean and BIM and then improved by people [18].
implementation, lean prefabricated project delivery, the barriers Lean thinking means Identifying the specified value according
of implementing lean in construction, comparison between prefab- to the product, the flow of value, create product flow, aim for per-
rication and convention systems, and integrating many tools with fection, a custom product, zero-time delivery, and stores are
lean construction such as Six Sigma and Green Construction, etc. empty. While lean production means transparency, stopping the
[17]. This study is limited to studying the level of knowledge of line, one-piece flow, product withdrawal, alignment, and sync
lean tools and the benefits of using Lean Construction in Egypt. [19]. Lean production aims to identify the value of products, ongo-
The research supposes that the adoption of Lean Construction tools ing flow of manufacturing process control, good documentation
is essential in reducing wastes and improving the Egyptian con- and transparency of products data to enhance making a decision,
struction sector. and effective follow-up products during operation by customer
[16,20]. The lean approach has many aims: waste reduction, time
value, values-based approach, improvements, quality manage-
1.2. Aims of the study
ment, and flexibility towards required change [21].
Many companies tried to reduce production costs to comply
The research structure consists of the introduction, lean defini-
with the increased competitiveness worldwide by having an effec-
tion, history, concepts, literature review, research aims and
tive production process. Thousands of companies worldwide have
methodology, results are presented and discussed, and conclusions
implemented ‘‘lean” principles to benefit their positive impact on
are finally presented.
performance [22]. Many studies were investigated lean tools, ben-
Data was collected from one hundred and sixty-two construc-
efits, barriers, and the success factors for implementing lean
tion professionals who have experience in designing, managing,
approaches. Despite that, organizations, in general, fail to adopt
and constructing projects and are involved in construction sites
lean approaches because they focus on short-term plans [13].
in the new capital city in Egypt. A qualitative approach was
Non-value-adding activities can be eliminated by adequate
adopted through a questionnaire survey to achieve research aims.
planning, accurate decision-making, and data availability [9]. Many
The data collected by a questionnaire. Then a statistical tech-
organizations adopted a Lean construction tool that is appropriate
nique used to analyze data to reach results to achieve study aims;
to achieve maximum value. Lean principles, which have been
these aims are:
implemented widely in the manufacturing sector, can eliminate
waste in the construction industry sector if applied broadly [5]. A
1. The first aim is to evaluate the causes of construction waste in
new delivery system for projects called Integrated Project Delivery
Egypt to justify promoting Lean tools and methods to reduce
IPD which promotes high efficiency by giving specific information
and control construction project waste to raise the value.
and new technologies in a collaborative environment where risks
2. The second one is to explore the knowledge level and adoption
are shared to improve cost, quality, and time [23]. Lean project
of lean tools in managing construction projects, and the
delivery is considered IPD with continual improvement and learn-
researcher aims to investigate the actual knowledge and the
ing, including systems, thinking based on data, demand, shared
actual adoption of lean concepts in the construction sector.
and open, etc. [24].
3. The third aim is to identify the benefits of using Lean construc-
The construction management process and tools are strength-
tion in Egyptian construction sites and define the main factors
ened by implementing Lean Construction in many ways. In Bangla-
that comprise the benefits.
desh, a study shows that project stakeholders are familiar with and
aware of the technique of LC, but they don’t practice it. They
The achievement of these aims will help construction project
believe that Lean Construction affects cost, safety, quality, and
stakeholders to take a serious step towards mainstream the use
the environment positively [25]. Many barriers that limit Lean
of LC in construction sites in Egypt.
Construction practices’ implementation were classified as the fol-
Results of this study aspire to draw attention to Lean Construc-
lowing: environment barriers, labor barriers, materials barriers,
tion and encourage the construction sector to implement lean con-
and exogenous barriers [26].
cepts to achieve a reduction of waste in cost, time, and material in
Although many studies approved that implementing Lean
addition to adding value. It will be considered as a step towards
thinking in construction has many benefits, the construction sector
achieving environmental and economic better performance.
suffers from inadequate and ineffective adoption of Lean
approaches worldwide. The adoption of lean tools in the early
2. Literature review stages of construction projects faces negative issues according to
retarding information flow and bad visualization of the project
2.1. Lean concepts and definition [27].

Lean production’s main concerns are quality and performance 2.2. Lean tools
achieved by a certain process [12]. NISTMEPLN defines ‘‘Lean” as
an approach aiming to reduce waste to improve production rate Experts implemented the tools to apply Lean thinking in indus-
according to customer requirements. The first application to lean try and construction.
concepts was in manufacturing production by the Toyota produc- The common aims among these tools are improving quality,
tion system [17]. Many manufacturing organizations understand increase safety, reduce project time, reducing effort in production,
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and preserve resources. The mentioned aims could be achieved by solve the problems related to construction projects, direct atten-
adequate documentation to ensure sustainability, make good use tion from stakeholders and managers to add more value [1]. Many
of previous experiences to enhance the ability to predict and solve countries believe in Lean Construction as an appropriate method in
problems, increase the life cycle of the product or building, reduc- the future that will preserve resources, reduce cost, accelerate
ing waste, and raising the value of using resources. In general, lean activities, shorten time, and improving control [43]. Lean construc-
tools focus on benefits from previous experiences to solve current tion methods, techniques, tools, and concepts could face value
problems and save resources for the future. challenges in construction and offer a solution for the efficiency-
Many studies discussed and defined these tools. Lean tech- based problem in the construction industry. Many project-related
niques and tools were extracted from previous studies. Table 1 pre- items could be enhanced after implementing Lean Construction
sents the tools. tools such as time-saving, material waste reduction, labor waste
Previous studies mentioned that many tools also could be reduction, and space-cost saving [44]. Many studies discussed
implemented as a lean tool and appropriate for the construction the benefits of implementing Lean Construction; next, Table 2 clar-
industry, such as BIM Building Information Modeling [41], Visual ifies the benefits, classified into Economic, environmental, and
management VM, which makes construction process simple and social benefits.
transparent for all project stakeholders by using digital billboards,
graphical dashboards, and signs [28]. Yokoten also is a Japanese
2.4. Lean construction studies in Egypt
lean tool that means sharing the best practice. ‘‘Single Minute
Exchange of Dies” SMED a tool that means methods that cause
Many researchers in Egypt studied ‘‘lean” from different aspects
rapid tool change. Six Sigma methodology first used in Motorola,
using different methodologies to reach the results, such as ques-
and it concentrates on the non-occurrence of defects. Heijunka
tionnaire surveys, interviews, and case studies. A study suggested
focuses on a mixed production system (production level) [42].
techniques and principles that improve labor productivity and cost
performance by adopting lean thinking in Egypt. It is used data
2.3. Benefits of implementing Lean construction
related to masonry activity in eleven buildings. This study con-
cluded that there is a relationship between the variability in daily
Many countries have understood that using Lean Construction
labor productivity and the quality performance of construction
tools to gain better performance in the construction industry to
projects [51].
Another study during 2012 develops a tool for assessing the
Table 1 impact of adopting lean principles to the project’s design process.
Lean tools definitions and aims were extracted from previous studies. The author used the interview method to collect data, and as a sim-
Tool Lean Tools Definition Aims
ulation model to the design process was built and then applied to a
Code case study. The results show 40% improvements in the
T01 Prefabrication Prefabricated components Improve quality
(offsite production) [28]. and safety
T02 Standardization Regular Repeated Processes are Reduce time and
leading to success [29]. effort Table 2
T03 The 5S process Classifying, ordering, glowing, Maintain tools, Extracted Benefits of Implementing Lean Construction from previous studies.
regulating, and repeat process supplies,
Benefits code Benefits Group
and using the same tools [30]. equipment,
andsaving time Environmental benefits
T04 Five why A problem-solving Defining cause- B01 Safety control improvements [45]
technique [28]. and-effect B02 Time, cost, and material waste reduction [46,47]
T05 VSM Value stream mapping - Reducing time B03 Material waste reduction [47,48]
material flow mapping waste and B04 Improve the quality of the environment [21]
tool [31]. maintain a B05 Preventing pollution and emissions [49]
suitable B06 Material storage control (access and inventor) [45]
inventory B07 Reduction of energy consumption [49]
T06 TPM Total productive maintenance- Increase the B08 Water conservation [48]
preventative maintenance [32]. operation time B09 Enhancing work environment [4]
T07 LPS The last planner system- a Minimizing Economic benefits
technique of constructing wastes, B10 Time reduction [45,50]
workflow [33]. increasing B11 Cost reduction [45,47,50]
prediction, B12 Improve quality [48,50]
increasing B13 Increase productivity [45]
productivity B14 Rework minimization [4]
T08 JIT (Just In Time) Maintaining Optimize B15 Improve prediction of risks [4,43]
material flow to keep inventory B16 Improving safety [4]
work [34]. B17 Improved planning [43]
T09 kaizen Continuous improvement- Performance B18 Improve process control [43]
evaluate process quality, time, criteria B19 Labor cost reduction [43]
resources, and demand [30]. B20 Value achievement [43]
T10 TVD Target Design with constraints [35,36], Raising value B21 improving life-cycle cost [43]
value design Adapting of target costing from B22 Reduction of rework [43]
manufacturing product devel- Social benefits
opment [37]. Cost predictability B23 Customer satisfaction [45]
during product progress [38]. B24 Employee satisfaction [45]
T11 Error proofing Mechatronic device [39]. Avoiding B25 Minimization of conflicts [45,47]
(Poka-Yoke) mistakes, B26 Improve communication between project stakeholders [47]
increasing B27 Enhancing transparency [48]
quality and B28 Improving decision making [47]
safety B29 Continues improvements [47]
T12 Pareto analysis High impact causes [40]. Risk B30 Enhancing team work [47]
management B31 Valuing relationships [43]

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performance after using the lean process measured in terms of 3. Material and methods
activity rates [52].
A study during 2013 develop a new technique depending on 3.1. Study methodology
lean principles (LPS Last Planner System) and limited to the execu-
tion of industrial buildings in Egypt to control risk factors causes Authors used different approaches to study Lean Construction
time overrun showed that implementing lean process reduce in previous studies, such as using a structured survey approach
industrial process duration by 15.57%. The developed technique using questionnaires and interviews, using case study approaches,
approved to mitigate many risks causes time overrun [53]. A study developing approaches, models, frameworks, theories, and litera-
in 2013 suggested adopting lean construction to improve produc- ture review [18]. This research intends to identify and prioritize
tivity and revealed that lean-based tools have been implemented the benefits and the knowledge level of adopting Lean Construc-
in construction management successfully and achieved shorten tion tools and approaches in Egypt. Similar studies used the same
in time, improving safety and enhancing quality. This study pro- methodology, ‘‘a structured survey approach,” to reach conclusions
posed a model for the performance improvement process and rec- as in a study to investigate the barriers to implement lean tools in
ommended future research on translation to lean thinking in KSA [57] and also use in a wide range of similar studies such as in
construction [54]. [58]. However. The used method aligns with the qualitative study
Although the construction industry in Egypt tries to adopt inter- methodology, which provides real explanations by using statistical
national plans for development, it has a major impact on the envi- analysis.
ronment and is considered the main waste and resource depletion. Research methodology can be summarized as follows:
This study investigated the role of implementing lean principles in
the Egyptian construction industry. The methodology of this study 1. The study began with a problem definition, aims definition, and
was the first literature review, survey questionnaire, and case literature review consisting of lean concepts and definition, lean
study. The conclusion of this study stated that 58 % of the respon- tools, and lean benefits, collected from previous studies.
dents stated that they apply Lean principles in their projects to add 2. The second step is using a structured survey approach by using
value and eliminate wastes without knowing that it is called Lean a questionnaire survey
during design and construction phases [55]. 3. The study sample was demonstrated, and the required analyses
Another study in 2020 suggested a framework to adopt the Last were defined to reach the results
Planner System LPS and addressed the barriers to implementing
lean concepts in Egypt. The questionnaire survey methodology
was used to reach conclusions [56]. 3.2. Study limits and community
By reviewing many studies conducted in Egypt during the pre-
vious 15 years, which used several methodologies which dealt with This study is clarifying the use of lean concepts in Egypt. This
the ‘‘Lean Construction” from various aspects, but few of them study was conducted in Egypt using a questionnaire survey target-
tried to study the classification of benefits of applying Lean tools ing construction project professionals who have a knowledge back-
and approaches from the point of view of the project stakeholders ground about lean construction and concepts and are engaged in
and based on their experiences. Thus we can reach the significance construction sites in the new capital city. The construction project
of this study. This research investigates the benefits of applying professionals’ specializations are architects, engineers (civil,
Lean approaches in the construction industry in Egypt to empha- mechanical, and electrical), project managers, site engineers, and
size their importance and motivate implementation them, and also technical office engineers). The sample selection was random from
measures the extent to which the project partners familiar with the study area, and it was not addressed in the survey contract size
Lean tools and the extent to which they apply them in the con- and the form of construction that the respondents are dealing with.
struction industry in Egypt. This will form a complete perception The respondents are working on projects within the government
of the existing reality of Lean culture in Egypt to be considered a district and the administrative district. The research tool (ques-
starting point for deepening the culture further and applying Lean tionnaire) was distributed to more than 200 respondents from
tools in a systematic way which will be a real contribution to the the study area, and 162 questionnaires were retrieved. Thus, the
original body of knowledge. recovery rate is 81%, which is an acceptable percentage to com-
plete the research. The following Table 3 presents the basic infor-
mation of the research sample. A preliminary study was achieved
2.5. Literature review summary to examine the validity of the research tool and the targeted

Lean thinking first appeared in the Toyota production system

TPS), so Lean construction is considered new in combative to the
Table 3
industry sector, aiming to reduce waste of material to obtain the
Respondent’s basic information.
maximum value from the process. Many studies discussed and
defined lean tools. Many Learn tools were extracted from previous Variables Classification Freq. %

studies; these are Prefabrication, Standardization, The 5S process, Educational Qualification Ph.D. 12 7%
Five why, VSM, TPM, LPS, JIT, Kaizen, TVD Target value design, Master 31 19%
Bachelor 119 73%
Error proofing (Poka-Yoke), Pareto analysis, BIM, VM, Yokoten,
Profession Civil 93 57%
SMED, Six Sigma, and Heijunka. Electric 8 5%
Many studies discussed and classified the benefits of imple- Arch 61 38%
menting Lean Construction; this study classified these benefits into Organization Type Consultation 72 44%
three groups, these are environmental benefits (9 benefits, Eco- Contracting 89 55%
Position Technical office 42 26%
nomic benefits (13 benefits), and social benefits (9 benefits). In Site engineer 73 45%
addition, several studies with different methodologies were con- Project manager 47 29%
ducted in Egypt to investigate ‘‘Lean Construction” from various Years of experience Less than 5 42 26%
aspects, but few or almost none of them explore the reality in From 5 to 10 36 22%
More than 10 84 52%
terms of Lean Tools knowledge and application tools and benefits.
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respondents who will help in offering actual knowledge about Lean 4. Relative importance index was extracted RII are given below, is
Construction [59]. used to rank variables within groups [64]:

3.3. Preparation of the research tool (Questionnaire) The summation of

the total point score ð2Þ
The data collection was conducted by a survey using a question- RII ¼
5N
naire. The study adopted the electronic delivery of the question-
naires, which was made using google Forms with a web link. The value of RII ranges from 0 to 1, which is 0 given below, is
Participants were invited to display their level of agreement with used to rank variables within groups h rating (1–5) for each vari-
the knowledge level and the adoption level of lean tools with the able [65]. This test was conducted in many previous studies similar
12 tools listed in Table 1 and indicate their level of agreement with to this study nature, such as in [14,36,40,62].
the importance of the 31 benefits of using Lean Construction in
Egyptian construction industry in Table 2. The questionnaire was 5. In the investigation of the undelaying dimensions (dimension
structured into three sections based on the literature review reduction) of the benefits of adopting Lean Construction in
results as follows: Egypt, the principal component analysis extraction method
was used. This test was conducted in many previous studies
1. The first part gathered general information about the similar to this study nature, such as in [44,57,62,66,67].
participants,
2. The second part collected data related to the level of adoption 4. Results and discussion
and knowledge of lean construction tools, methods in Egypt.
Twelve tools were collected from previous studies and were The analysis results based on a questionnaire survey are pre-
explained to participants to evaluate them twice. The first eval- sented in this part of the study.
uation is according to the participants’ adoption in construction
projects, and the second is according to the participant’s knowl- 4.1. Waste in construction sites
edge of the tool and its aims.
3. The third section gathered information about the benefits of The amount of waste produced from inadequate processes in a
adopting Lean Construction in Egypt from the respondent’s per- construction site in Egypt was the main reason for studying the
ception. They were asked to evaluate 31 benefits of adopting benefits of adopting Lean Construction. Participants in this study
lean construction, which was collected from previous studies, were asked to order the causes of waste in construction sites.
as clarified in Table 2. The evaluation is according to the impor- Results show that the first cause of waste is ‘‘rework due to con-
tance of avoiding or minimizing the waste of time, cost, and struction defects,” with a higher value of RII equals 0.579. Then
material and raising value. Benefits were divided into three ‘‘material transportation” with the value of RII equals 0.496.
groups: social, economic, and environmental benefits. Respondent’s answers show that ‘‘overproduction is the weakest
reason on the list with a value of RII equals to 0.263. The next
Lean tools and benefits were presented in tabular format. The Fig. 1 shows the results of waste causes in construction sites. See
ranking process was conducted depending on the Likert five- Table 4 also.
point scale from 1 to 5 (‘‘one” is the lowest scale value and ‘‘five”
is the largest scale value). Participants in this study were requested 4.2. The knowledge and adoption of Lean construction in Egyptian
to show their level of agreement with the importance of the 31 construction sites
benefits of using Lean Construction in the Egyptian construction
industry by indicating the level to which they agree with the sen- The second section of the questionnaire survey aims to explore
tence (benefit). Likert scale weight is given to each statement starts if construction professionals aware of lean tools adoption in con-
with 1, then 2, 3, 4, and 5 for totally disagree, disagree, neutral, struction sites and the level of knowledge. Lean tools were con-
agree, and totally agree [60]. The (SPSS) software was utilized to verted into a set of goals and definitions. Participants were
analyze data. requested about their knowledge of these tools and the level to
Many tests were conducted on the collected data to reach which they apply these tools based on their stated aims. Respon-
results. These tests were conducted previously in similar studies: dents were asked to evaluate 12 lean tools collected from the pre-
vious study twice: the first one was according to their level of
1. To analyze general information related to respondents, percent- adoption in projects construction in Egypt, and the second accord-
ages, and frequency distribution test was conducted. Many pre-
vious studies used the same tests in similar cases, such as in
[44,57,61,62,63]
2. The mean score value shows the average of the scores for each
tool or lean construction benefits divided by the number of
respondents. Many previous studies used the same tests in sim-
ilar cases, such as in [9,14,35,36,40]. The mean score (MS) for
each variable should be
3. (mean score (MS) for each variable should be owing equation
[57]:

X
t¼n
ð F i  Si Þ
MS ¼ ð1Þ
i¼1
N

Where: S: the rate is given to each variable by the participants,

F: is the frequency of scores to each rating (1–5) for each variable;
and N: the total number of respondents for a certain variable. Fig. 1. Ranking of waste causes in construction sites.

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E.N. Shaqour Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 4
Causes of waste ranking according to participants point of view in construction sites.

Rank Cause Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 RII

1 Construction defects that cause rework % 36 27 5 9 9 14 0.58
Freq. 59 44 7 15 15 22
2 Material Transportation % 23 32 14 9 14 9 0.50
Freq. 37 52 22 15 22 15
3 Storage of material % 14 23 27 9 9 18 0.41
Freq. 22 37 44 15 15 29
4 The movement of equipment and workers % 14 9 32 23 9 14 0.39
Freq. 22 15 52 37 15 22
5 Delay in the delivery of material and the start of work % 9 5 9 36 27 14 0.31
Freq. 15 7 15 59 44 22
6 Overproduction % 5 5 14 14 32 32 0.26
Freq. 7 7 22 22 52 52

the construction professional’s point of view using the mean score

and RII. Results show that construction professionals adopt the tool
‘‘T08‘‘ JIT, which indicates maintaining material flow to keep work
with high RII equals 0.825, but many don’t know that it is a lean
tool that appears in the level of knowledge which equals 0.658.
The most often applied tools in construction sites areT08, T03,
T07, T02, T04, and T10, which are JIT, the 5S process, LPS, Standard-
ization, Five why, and Target value design, respectively.
As shown in the previous table, the lean tool T01 ‘‘Prefabrica-
tion” came first in terms of knowledge with RII 0.770 and came last
in terms of adoption with RII 0.663.

4.3. Benefits of implementing Lean construction

Respondents evaluated 31 benefits of using Lean Construction,

as shown in Table 2. According to the importance of these benefits,
the evaluation was divided into three groups: social, economic, and
Fig. 2. The differences between lean tools adoption and level of knowledge. environmental. Results show that the group of ‘‘economic benefits”
comes first with RII equals 0.813, then the group of ‘‘Environmental
benefits” with RII equals 0.783; finally, the group of ‘‘Social Bene-
ing to the participant’s knowledge level of lean tools and their fits” comes last with RII equals 0.733. Fig. 3 presents the ranking
aims. Fig. 2 shows the differences between lean tools adoption results of benefits groups.
and level of knowledge. The study also aims to investigate the benefits of the Lean Con-
Results indicate that construction professionals apply lean tools struction adoption construction industry. The first analysis is to
in construction sites in managing, monitoring, controlling, and rank thirty-one ‘‘Lean Construction benefits,” collected from previ-
constructing projects with a good rate of RII equals 75%, although ous studies according to their level of importance using MS and RII.
they sometimes do not know what they are applying as one of The great benefit, which was ranked ‘‘1,” is ‘‘B18: Economic-
the lean tools. The knowledge level of lean tools is less than the Improve process control,” with a mean score equals 4.72, and an
adoption level, according to analysis results. The knowledge status RII value equals 0.944. The second higher benefit is ‘‘B17:
of lean tools was moderate, with RII equals 0.658. Economic- Improved planning,” with a mean score equals 4.38
Table 5 presents the analysis results of ranking Lean tools and an RII value equals 0.875. It is also noticed from Table 6 that
according to their actual adoption and level of knowledge from economic benefits have the highest values RII and ranked first at

Table 5
Lean tools analysis according to adoption and level of knowledge.

Lean Tool Code Lean tool actual application Knowledge level of Lean tool
MS RII Rank MS RII
T08 4.126 0.825 1 3.289 0.658
T03 4.056 0.811 2 3.689 0.738
T07 4.256 0.851 3 3.125 0.625
T02 3.907 0.781 4 3.113 0.623
T04 3.804 0.761 5 3.554 0.711
T10 3.739 0.748 6 3.435 0.687
T05 3.677 0.735 7 3.185 0.637
T06 3.595 0.719 8 2.953 0.591
T11 3.489 0.698 9 3.257 0.651
T12 3.435 0.687 10 3.125 0.625
T09 3.395 0.679 11 2.913 0.583
T01 3.313 0.663 12 3.850 0.770
Total 3.733 0.747 3.291 0.658

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ponent Analysis is used, and the Rotation Method was Varimax

with Kaiser Normalization. The components analysis results were
five components valued for about 85.571% of the total cumulative
variance, and the eigenvalues for the five factors are greater than
one, as appears in Fig. 4 and Table 7.
Table 8 shows the rotated component matrix of Lean Construc-
tion benefits shows the variables with a component loading of
more than 0.5. The Five components appear in the rotated matrix:
Component 1 with eight benefits, Component 2 with five benefits,
Component 3 with six benefits, Component 4 with four benefits,
and Component 5 with two benefits.
The next Table 9 clarifies the variable related to the Component
Matrix of Lean Construction benefits. Based on variables character-
istics related to each component 1–5 we can rename these compo-
nents as following: Component 1 ‘‘Relationship-related benefits”,
Fig. 3. Groups of Lean Construction benefits ranking. Component 2 ‘‘Cost-related benefits”, Component 3 ‘‘Work
environment-related benefits, Component 4: Management
values-related benefits”, and Component 500 Time-related benefits”.
the top, but social benefits have the lowest values of RII and ranked Table 9 and Fig. 5 clarify the benefits of Lean Construction adoption
last. related to each component.
The first ten benefits of Lean Construction adoption from the Results show that this study confirmed the results of studies
respondent’s point of view are: Improve process control, Improved applied in different countries: lean construction adds value to the
planning, Material storage control (access and inventory), Time construction industry in many fields as design, manage, construct,
reduction, Improving safety, Improve prediction of risks, Improve and operate projects and maximize the value of money to clients.
quality, Increase productivity, Reduced rework, and Rework mini-
mization. The last five benefits of Lean Construction adoption also 5. Conclusions
are: Customer satisfaction, Improving decision making, Employee
satisfaction, Reduction of energy consumption, and Labor cost This research explores the level of Lean Construction tools
reduction. Table 6 shows the analysis results of the Lean Construc- adoption, knowledge, and benefits in the construction sector in
tion adoption benefits. Egypt. Many previous studies encouraged applying the Lean sys-
The last test, which is ‘‘the factor analysis,” was conducted to tem in the construction industry to achieve many benefits. The
explore the benefits of Lean Construction adoption in which the overall conclusion of this research is compatible with the same
views of the study participants differ significantly. According to studies worldwide, which are related to the application of Lean
statistical studies, the number of variables and the sample size is Construction has a positive impact on project items such as sched-
suitable for conducting factor analysis [68,69]. The Principal Com- ule, cost, quality, safety, environment, and relationships which is

Table 6
Lean construction benefits ranking analysis.

B# Group Benefits MS RII Rank

B18 Economic Improve process control 4.72 0.944 1
B17 Economic Improved planning 4.38 0.875 2
B06 Environmental Material storage control (access and inventory) 4.37 0.874 3
B10 Economic Time reduction 4.33 0.867 4
B16 Economic Improving safety 4.32 0.864 5
B15 Economic Improve prediction of risks 4.31 0.862 6
B12 Economic Improve quality 4.25 0.849 7
B13 Economic Increase productivity 4.15 0.830 8
B22 Economic Reduced rework 4.15 0.830 9
B14 Economic Rework minimization 4.11 0.822 10
B01 Environmental Safety improvements 4.04 0.809 11
B09 Environmental Enhancing work environment 4.04 0.807 12
B27 Social benefits Enhancing Transparency 4.02 0.804 13
B02 Environmental Waste Reduction 4.01 0.802 14
B04 Environmental Improve the quality of environment 4.01 0.801 15
B26 Social benefits Improve communication between project stakeholders. 3.89 0.778 16
B20 Economic Value achievement 3.86 0.773 17
B05 Environmental Preventing pollution and emissions 3.83 0.767 18
B25 Social benefits Minimization of conflicts 3.82 0.764 19
B03 Environmental Material waste reduction 3.80 0.759 20
B08 Environmental Water conservation 3.76 0.752 21
B11 Economic Cost reduction 3.67 0.733 22
B29 Social Continues improvements 3.66 0.732 23
B30 Social Enhancing team work 3.62 0.723 24
B31 Social Valuing relationships 3.57 0.715 25
B21 Economic Improving life-cycle cost 3.54 0.709 26
B23 Social Customer satisfaction 3.54 0.709 27
B28 Social Improving decision making 3.46 0.693 28
B24 Social Employee satisfaction 3.39 0.678 29
B07 Environmental Reduction of energy consumption 3.36 0.672 30
B19 Economic Labor cost reduction 3.04 0.607 31

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Table 8
Rotated Component Matrix of Lean Construction benefits.

Benefit Code Component

1 2 3 4 5
B24 0.802 0.383 0.263 0.147
B29 0.775 0.273 0.291
B25 0.759 0.239 0.357 0.287 0.176
B30 0.740 0.457 0.288 0.376
B23 0.736 0.458 0.295 0.249
B31 0.725 0.414 0.395 0.309
B26 0.715 0.317 0.168 0.335 0.386
B20 0.546 0.522 0.131 0.178 0.494
B11 0.483 0.288 0.465 0.136 0.454
B06 0.777 0.305 0.267
B02 0.544 0.709 0.193 0.203
B04 0.349 0.686 0.524
B09 0.467 0.679 0.396 0.152
B19 0.399 0.643 0.240
B08 0.276 0.255 0.833
B16 0.214 0.109 0.780 0.231 0.364
B07 0.501 0.469 0.640
B15 0.429 0.239 0.631 0.406 0.107
B05 0.296 0.560 0.573 0.321 0.188
Fig. 4. Scree plot of Rotated Component Variance. B01 0.483 0.536 0.568 0.306
B18 -0.108 0.934
B17 0.343 0.572 0.684
Table 7 B12 0.511 0.409 0.664 0.231
Total Variance Explained of Rotated Component of Lean Construction benefits. B13 0.270 0.272 0.272 0.627 0.246
B10 0.314 0.288 -0.114 0.806
Component Initial Eigenvalues B14 0.369 0.280 0.795
Total % of Variance Cumulative %
1 15.621 60.080 60.080
2 2.444 9.400 69.480
3 1.567 6.028 75.508
tion sites is more planned, and overproduction rarely occurs,
4 1.429 5.496 81.004
5 1.173 4.512 85.517 and hence it is considered a weak cause of waste generation.
Implementing Lean Construction could eliminate the wastes
by controlling these reasons by adopting lean tools in construc-
raising the value of resources and money by waste reduction, rais- tion sites.
ing time value, improving construction processes, raising quality, 2. The level of knowledge and application of Lean Tools: Results
and flexibility towards required change, reduce projects costs, indicate that construction professionals apply lean tools in con-
and eliminate non-value-adding activities. According to that, many struction sites in managing, monitoring, control, and construct-
conclusions can be derived from the research discussions and anal- ing projects, although they sometimes do not know that what
ysis, these are: they are applying is one of the lean tools. Results reveal that
the knowledge level of lean tools is less than the adoption level.
1. Cause of waste in construction sites in Egypt: According to the The knowledge level of lean concepts is less than the adoption
participants’ opinions in this study, results show that the first level. The knowledge of lean culture was moderate although
cause of waste is ‘‘rework due to construction defects” then the level of the application comes high in comparing with the
‘‘material transportation. However, ”Overproduction‘‘ than level of adoption. Therefore, the application of Lean tools is
planned in the projects seldom occurs. Production in construc- not implemented systematically. In general, there is a tendency

Table 9
Lean Construction benefits component-related.

Components
1: Relationship-related benefits 2: Cost-related benefits 3: Work environment-related 4: Management values- 5: Time-related
benefits related benefits benefit
B24 Employee satisfaction B06 Material storage control B08 Water conservation B18 Improve process control B10 Time
reduction
B29 Continues improvements B02 Time, cost, and material B16 Improving safety B17 Improved planning B14 Rework
waste reduction minimization
B25 Minimization of conflicts B04 Improve the quality of the B07 Reduction of energy B12 Improve quality
environment consumption
B30 Enhancing teamwork B09 Enhancing work B15 Improve prediction of B13 Increase productivity
environment risks
B23 Customer satisfaction B19 Labor cost reduction B05 Preventing pollution and
emissions
B31 Valuing relationships B01 Safety control
improvements
B26 Improve communication between
project stakeholders
B20 Value achievement

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E.N. Shaqour Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

of the importance of deepening the culture of Lean and applying

its tools in the construction industry to eliminate waste and seem
to promote the production of lean construction authors. A previous
study conducted in Egypt in 2014 concluded that 58 % of the
respondents stated that they apply Lean principles in their design
stage in projects without knowing it is called Lean. The results in
this study related to the adoption and knowledge level show that
the adoption level of lean tools in Egypt is 74.7%, where the knowl-
edge level that the adopted tools are lean 65.8%, so the knowledge
level is lower than the application level, which complies with the
mentioned study.

6. Recommendations

It is expected from this study to serve as a benchmark for con-

tinuous improvements in the performance of the construction
Fig. 5. The five components names and Variance. industry in Egypt. This study recommends implementing Lean
Construction in the Egyptian construction industry in all project
stages to help the industry move away and solve many problems
to develop the construction sector and adopt Lean tools accord- related to time, cost, and material waste. Also, to improve quality
ing to actual knowledge to reach the best results because of and the value of using resources and deepening the knowledge of
their positive return on all aspects of the construction project. Lean tools and methods of their practical applications within their
Therefore, the culture of Lean Construction tools must be integration into the teaching curricula of the Faculty of Engineering
spread, taking advantage of the experiences of others to gain to spread Lean culture and applying Lean tools in a systematic sys-
familiarity with all its aspects through a precise scientific study tem to reach better results. Although the construction industry
and training courses to obtain better results. studies are varied in Egypt, studies that discussed the role of
3. Lean Construction Tools which aim to reduce time, maintain national culture in the adaption of lean construction are very lim-
tools, continuous improvement depending on previous experi- ited, as well as studying the barriers, challenges, critical success
ences, minimizing waste, and follow up inventory, are the most factors of implementing lean construction in Egypt, integrated
applicable tools by aim without realizing to some extent that Lean tools, and specific lean tool. According to that, more studies
they are Lean tools such as JIT, The 5S process, LPS, and Stan- are necessary to cover these areas. Future studies related to the
dardization. Prefabrication industry and Risk management It actual experiences of the Egyptian organizations in the Lean appli-
is not applied appropriately in the construction sector despite cation must be conducted to address them to take advantage of
its spread and high level of knowledge. Improving project man- them and improve performance in the construction industry. This
agement systems and expanding the use of prefabricated ele- study also is limited to Egypt; future studies should be conducted
ments (off-site construction) in buildings can lead to better in other countries.
waste and time reduction.
4. The benefits: Respondents evaluated three groups of expected
Declaration of Competing Interest
benefits of adopting lean construction. The major expected ben-
efits are economic-related. It is concluded that construction
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
industry professionals in Egypt focusing on economic benefits
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
at the first level, then the environmental benefits, and at the last
to influence the work reported in this paper.
level comes the social benefits. The top ten benefits that can be
gained from the adoption of Lean Construction Tools are:
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