Analysis of Break & Clutch

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches & Brakes

(a) Clutch (b) Brake

Figure 3 Expanding rim type
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

 Internal-shoe rim expanding type consist of 3 elements:

• the mating frictional surface,
• the means of transmitting the torque to and from the
surfaces,
• the actuating mechanism.
 Depending upon the operating mechanism, such clutches are
further classified as:
expanding-ring, centrifugal, magnetic, hydraulic, and pneumatic.
 The expanding-ring clutch is often used:
in textile machinery, excavators, and machine tools.
 In braking systems, the internal-shoe or drum brake is used mostly
for automotive applications.

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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Force Analysis  Let us consider the unit pressure p acting

upon an element of area of the frictional
p material located at an angle  from the
hinge A.
 We designate the maximum pressure by
pa located at the angle a from the hinge
pin A.
 The mechanical arrangement permits no
pressure to be applied at the heel (point
A)  the pressure at this point is
assumed to be zero.
 In some designs the hinge pin is made
Figure 4 movable to provide additional heel
pressure.
In this case, as long shoe, the uniform distribution of pressure is not valid anymore !
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

The following assumption are implied by the following analysis:

1. The pressure at any point on the shoe is assumed to be proportional
to distance from the hinge pin, being zero at the heel.
2. The effect of centrifugal force has been neglected. In the case of
brakes, the shoes are not rotating, and no centrifugal force exists.
In clutch design, the effect of centrifugal force must be considered in
writing the equations of static equilibrium.
3. The shoe is assumed to be rigid. Since this cannot be true, some
deflection will occur, depending upon the load, pressure, and stiffness
of the shoe. The resulting pressure distribution may be different from
that which has been assumed.
4. The entire analysis has been based upon a constant coefficient of
friction (does not vary with pressure). Actually, the coefficient may
vary with a number of conditions including temperature, wear, and
environment.
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Step 1
Make the assumption that the pressure at any point is proportional to the
vertical distance from the hinge pin (point A). p
This vertical distance is proportional to sin  p  sin    const
sin 
Step 2
To find the pressure distribution on the
periphery of the internal shoe, consider
point B on the shoe (Fig. 5).
 As in Ex. 16–1, if the shoe deforms by an
infinitesimal rotation  about the pivot
point A, deformation perpendicular to AB
is h .
 From triangle AOB, h = 2 r sin(θ/2), so

Figure 5
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

 The deformation perpendicular to the rim is h  cos(θ/2),

which is

Thus, the deformation, and consequently the pressure, is

proportional to sin θ.

 In terms of the pressure at B and where the pressure is a

maximum, this means

(a) OR (1)

This pressure distribution has interesting and useful characteristics:

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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

 The useful characteristics of the previous pressure distribution are:

 The pressure distribution is sinusoidal, see Fig. 6.
 If the shoe is short (θ2 < 90o), Fig. 6a, the largest pressure on the
shoe is pa occurring at the end of the shoe, θ2.
 If the shoe is long (θ2  90o), Fig. 6b, the largest pressure on the
shoe is pa occurring at θa = 90o.

Figure 6

 In choosing friction material, the designer should think in terms of pa

and not about the amplitude of the sinusoidal distribution that addresses
locations off the shoe.
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Step 3
 At the angle  from the hinge pin,
there acts a differential normal
force dN whose magnitude is.
(b)
where b is the face width of the
friction material.
 Substituting the value of the
pressure, eq. (1), we find

(c)
Drum’s
rotation Figure 7
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Step 3 (continued)
 The normal force, dN and other forces act on the friction material can
be decomposed into horizontal and vertical component, as shown on
Fig. 7.
 The actuating force F can be found by using the condition that the
summation of the moments about the hinge pin is zero.

fpa br 2
Mf  fdN r  a cos     sin  r  a cos  d (2)
sin  a 1

pa bra 2 2
M N   dN a sin     sin  d (3)
sin  a 1
 The actuating force F must balance these two moments:
MN  M f
F (4)
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Step 3 (continued)
 If we make MN = Mf , self-locking is obtained, and no actuating force is
required.
 To obtain self-energizing condition, the dimension a in figure must be
such that
M M
N f
(5)

 The torque T applied to the drum by the brake shoe is the sum of the
frictional forces fdN times the radius of the drum:

fpa br 2 cos 1  cos  2 


fpa br 2 2
T   fr dN   sin  d  (6)
sin  a 1 sin  a

Braking capacity
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch
Step 3 (continued)
 The hinge pin reactions are found by taking a summation of the
horizontal and vertical forces, thus we have
Rx   dN cos    fdN sin   Fx
pa br (d)
  A  fB   Fx
sin  a

R y   dN sin    fdN cos   Fy

p br (e)
 a B  fA  Fy
sin  a
where
2 2
A   sin  cos  d   1
2 sin 
2
 2

1
B   sin  d   2  sin 2  
2  1
4
2
1
1 1

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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Step 3 (continued)
 The direction of the frictional forces is reversed if the
rotation is reversed. Thus, for counterclockwise rotation of
drum, the actuating force become
MN  M f
F (7)
c
 Since both moments have the same sense, the self-energizing
effect is lost and also self-locking.
 Also, for counterclockwise rotation the signs of frictional
terms in the equilibrium for the pin reactions change, and
equation (d) and (e) become:
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Step 3 (continued)

Rx   dN cos    fdN sin   Fx



pa br
 A  fB   Fx (f) 
sin  a  For
 counterclockwise
Ry   dN sin    fdN cos   Fy  rotation
pa br 
 B  fA  Fy (g)

sin  a

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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Example 2
The brake shown in Fig. 8 has 300
mm in diameter and is actuated by a
mechanism that exerts the same
force F on each shoe.
The shoes are identical and have a
face width of 32 mm.
The lining is a molded asbestos
having a coefficient of friction of r=150mm
0.32 and a pressure limitation of b=32mm
f=0,32
1000 kPa. Estimate the maximum
pa=1000kPa
(a) Actuating force F.
(b) Braking capacity.
(c) Hinge-pin reactions. Figure 8
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

Solution Example 2

r=150mm
b=32mm
f=0,32
pa=1000kPa
a=122,7mm
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

r=150mm Mf =304 Nm
b=32mm MN =788 Nm
f=0,32 F=2,28 kN
pa=1000kPa
a=122,7mm
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

r=150mm Mf =304 Nm
b=32mm MN =788 Nm
f=0,32 F=2,28 kN
pa=1000kPa TR=366Nm
a=122,7mm
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

r=150mm Mf =304 Nm
b=32mm MN =788 Nm
f=0,32 F =2,28 kN
pa=1000kPa TR=366 Nm
a=122,7mm TL=162 Nm
T = 528 Nm
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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

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 Analysis of Break & Clutch

The reactions at the hinge pin of the

left-hand shoe are found, using eq. (f)
and (g) for a pressure of 443 kPa.
They are found to be Rx = 0.678 kN
and Ry = 0.538 kN.
The resultant is

The reactions for both hinge pins,

together with their directions, are
shown in Fig. 9.
Figure 9
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