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    Clutches Brakes and Dynamometers

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    Irfan Shaikh
    This document provides an overview of clutches, brakes, and dynamometers. It defines a clutch as a coupling that connects and disconnects driving and driven parts. There are externally and internally controlled clutches. Brakes are devices that apply artificial friction to retard or stop motion, dissipating kinetic or potential energy as heat. Common brakes include shoe, band, and disc brakes. Dynamometers measure engine power output by absorbing (absorption dynamometers) or transmitting (transmission dynamometers) the engine's power through a measuring device like a Prony brake or rope brake.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Clutches Brakes and Dynamometers

    Uploaded by

    Irfan Shaikh
    1K views62 pages
    This document provides an overview of clutches, brakes, and dynamometers. It defines a clutch as a coupling that connects and disconnects driving and driven parts. There are externally and internally controlled clutches. Brakes are devices that apply artificial friction to retard or stop motion, dissipating kinetic or potential energy as heat. Common brakes include shoe, band, and disc brakes. Dynamometers measure engine power output by absorbing (absorption dynamometers) or transmitting (transmission dynamometers) the engine's power through a measuring device like a Prony brake or rope brake.

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    Clutch Brakes and Dynamomters

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    This document provides an overview of clutches, brakes, and dynamometers. It defines a clutch as a coupling that connects and disconnects driving and driven parts. There are externally and internally controlled clutches. Brakes are devices that apply artificial friction to retard or stop motion, dissipating kinetic or potential energy as heat. Common brakes include shoe, band, and disc brakes. Dynamometers measure engine power output by absorbing (absorption dynamometers) or transmitting (transmission dynamometers) the engine's power through a measuring device like a Prony brake or rope brake.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views62 pages

    Clutches Brakes and Dynamometers

    Uploaded by

    Irfan Shaikh
    This document provides an overview of clutches, brakes, and dynamometers. It defines a clutch as a coupling that connects and disconnects driving and driven parts. There are externally and internally controlled clutches. Brakes are devices that apply artificial friction to retard or stop motion, dissipating kinetic or potential energy as heat. Common brakes include shoe, band, and disc brakes. Dynamometers measure engine power output by absorbing (absorption dynamometers) or transmitting (transmission dynamometers) the engine's power through a measuring device like a Prony brake or rope brake.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 62

    Clutches Brakes and Dynamometers

    Module 1

    Topics of Discussion

    Friction of Pivot and Collar Bearing

    Flat Pivot Bearing

    Conical Pivot Bearing

    Flat Collar Bearing

    Definition of Clutch
    A clutch is dened as a coupling that connects and disconnects the driving and driven parts of a machine; an example is an engine and a transmission. Clutches typically contain a driving shaft and a driven shaft, and they are classed as either externally or internally controlled. Externally controlled clutches can be controlled either by friction surfaces or components that engage or mesh positively. Internally controlled clutches are controlled by internal mechanisms or devices; they are further classied as overload, overriding, and centrifugal. There are many different schemes for a driving shaft to engage a driven shaft.

    Externally Controlled Friction Clutches


    Friction-Plate Clutch. A friction clutch has its principal application in the transmission of power of shafts and machines which must be started and stopped frequently. Its application is also found in cases in which power is to be delivered to machines partially or fully loaded. The force of friction is used to start the driven shaft from rest and gradually brings it up to the proper speed without excessive slipping of the friction surfaces

    Friction-Plate Clutch.

    Friction plate clutch: When the left sliding plate on the driving shaft is clamped by the control arm against the right friction plate idling on the driving shaft, friction transfers the power of the driving shaft to the friction plate. Gear teeth on the friction plate mesh with a gear mounted on the driven shaft to complete the transfer of power to the driven mechanism. Clutch torque depends on the axial force exerted by the control arm.

    Internally Controlled Clutches

    Overrunning clutch: As driving cam A revolves clockwise, the rollers in the wedgeshaped gaps between cam A and outer ring B are forced by friction into those wedges and are held there; this locks ring B to cam A and drives it clockwise. However, if ring B is turned counterclockwise, or is made to revolve clockwise faster than cam A, the rollers are freed by friction, the clutch slips, and no torque is transmitted.

    Single Disc or Plate Clutch

    Mathematical representation of clutch plate

    Friction Clutch theory of Analysis


    Maximum Pressure Theory Maximum Wear Theory

    Single Plate Clutch Dynamic Analysis

    Multiple Disc Clutch

    Cone Clutch.
    Cone Clutch. A clutch operating on the same principle as the friction-plate clutch except that the control arm advances a cone on the driving shaft to engage a mating rotating friction cone on the same shaft; this motion also engages any associated gearing that drives the driven shaft. The friction surface can be on either cone but is typically only on the sliding cone.

    Schematic of Cone Clutch.

    Mathematical formulation of CC

    Operation Variables of Cone Clutch

    Brakes
    A brake is a device by means of which artificial frictional resistance is applied to a moving machine member, in order to retard or stop the motion of a machine. In the process of performing this function, the brake absorbs either kinetic energy of the moving member or potential energy given up by objects being lowered by hoists, elevators etc. The energy absorbed by brakes is dissipated in the form of heat. This heat is dissipated in the surrounding air (or water which is circulated through the passages in the brake drum) so that excessive heating of the brake lining does not take place.

    Requirement of Brakes
    The capacity of a brake depends upon the following factors : 1. The unit pressure between the braking surfaces, 2. The coefficient of friction between the braking surfaces, 3. The peripheral velocity of the brake drum, 4. The projected area of the friction surfaces, and 5. The ability of the brake to dissipate heat equivalent to the energy being absorbed.

    Materials for Brake Lining


    1. It should have high coefficient of friction with minimum fading. In other words, the coefficient of friction should remain constant with change in temperature. 2. It should have low wear rate. 3. It should have high heat resistance. 4. It should have high heat dissipation capacity. 5. It should have adequate mechanical strength. 6. It should not be affected by moisture and oil.

    Properties of materials for brake lining.

    Types of Brakes
    The brakes, according to the means used for transforming the energy by the braking elements, are classified as : 1. Hydraulic brakes e.g. pumps or hydrodynamic brake and fluid agitator, 2. Electric brakes e.g. generators and eddy current brakes, and 3. Mechanical brakes.

    Radial Brakes and Axial Brakes


    (a) Radial brakes. In these brakes, the force acting on the brake drum is in radial direction. The radial brakes may be sub-divided into external brakes and internal brakes. According to the shape of the friction elements, these brakes may be block or shoe brakes and band brakes. (b) Axial brakes. In these brakes, the force acting on the brake drum is in axial direction. The axial brakes may be disc brakes and cone brakes. The analysis of these brakes is similar to clutches.

    Single Block or Shoe Brake

    Friction Force below pivoting

    Friction Force above pivoting

    Self energizing brakes

    We see that the moment of frictional force (.RN.a) adds to the moment of force (P.l). In other words, the frictional force helps to apply the brake.

    Self Locking brakes


    When the frictional force is great enough to apply the brake with no external force, then the brake is said to

    Simple Band Brake


    A band brake consists of a flexible band of leather, one or more ropes, or a steel lined with friction material, which embraces a part of the circumference of the drum. A band brake, as shown in Fig, is called a simple band brake in which one end of the band is attached to a fixed pin or fulcrum of the lever while the other end is attached to the lever at a distance b from the fulcrum.

    Simple Band Brake

    Differential Band Brake

    Self locking conditions

    Band and Block Brake

    Brakes are applied to rear wheels only

    Brakes are applied to front wheels only

    Brakes are applied to ALL wheels

    Dynamometer
    A dynamometer is a brake but in addition it has a device to measure the frictional resistance. Knowing the frictional resistance, we may obtain the torque transmitted and hence the power of the engine.

    Types of Dynamometers
    Following are the two types of dynamometers, used for measuring the brake power of an engine. 1. Absorption dynamometers, and 2. Transmission dynamometers

    Absorption dynamometers & Transmission dynamometers


    In the absorption dynamometers, the entire energy or power produced by the engine is absorbed by the friction resistances of the brake and is transformed into heat, during the process of measurement. But in the transmission dynamometers, the energy is not wasted in friction but is used for doing work. The energy or power produced by the engine is transmitted through the dynamometer to some other machines where the power developed is suitably measured.

    Classification of Absorption Dynamometers


    1. Prony brake dynamometer, and 2. Rope brake dynamometer.

    Prony Brake Dynamometer

    Rope Brake Dynamometer

    Belt Transmission Dynamometer

    End of Module 4

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