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    Long History of Networking

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    Josiah Oduro
    The document provides a history of the key developments in computer networking from the 1950s to the late 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computer networks developed for the military and for time-sharing in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Important early networks included ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and Ethernet in the 1970s. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s and became widely used with the expansion of networks in the 1980s. Ethernet transmission speeds increased from 10 Mbit/s in the 1980s to 1 Gbit/s by 1998 and continued to scale up to 400 Gbit/s.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Long History of Networking

    Uploaded by

    Josiah Oduro
    233 views2 pages
    The document provides a history of the key developments in computer networking from the 1950s to the late 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computer networks developed for the military and for time-sharing in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Important early networks included ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and Ethernet in the 1970s. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s and became widely used with the expansion of networks in the 1980s. Ethernet transmission speeds increased from 10 Mbit/s in the 1980s to 1 Gbit/s by 1998 and continued to scale up to 400 Gbit/s.

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    The document provides a history of the key developments in computer networking from the 1950s to the late 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computer networks developed for the military and for time-sharing in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Important early networks included ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and Ethernet in the 1970s. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s and became widely used with the expansion of networks in the 1980s. Ethernet transmission speeds increased from 10 Mbit/s in the 1980s to 1 Gbit/s by 1998 and continued to scale up to 400 Gbit/s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    233 views2 pages

    Long History of Networking

    Uploaded by

    Josiah Oduro
    The document provides a history of the key developments in computer networking from the 1950s to the late 1990s. It describes some of the earliest computer networks developed for the military and for time-sharing in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Important early networks included ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and Ethernet in the 1970s. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s and became widely used with the expansion of networks in the 1980s. Ethernet transmission speeds increased from 10 Mbit/s in the 1980s to 1 Gbit/s by 1998 and continued to scale up to 400 Gbit/s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    HISTORY OF NETWORKING.

    Computer networking may be considered a branch of computer science, computer engineering, and
    telecommunications, since it relies on the theoretical and practical application of the related disciplines.
    Computer networking was influenced by a wide array of technology developments and historical
    milestones.

    In the late 1950s, a network of computers was built for the U.S. military Semi-Automatic Ground
    Environment (SAGE) radar system using the Bell 101 modem. It was the first commercial modem for
    computers, released by AT&T Corporation in 1958. The modem allowed digital data to be transmitted
    over regular unconditioned telephone lines at a speed of 110 bits per second (bit/s).

    In 1959, Christopher Strachey filed a patent application for time-sharing and John McCarthy initiated the
    first project to implement time-sharing of user programs at MIT.[1][2][3][4] Stratchey passed the
    concept on to J. C. R. Licklider at the inaugural UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris that
    year.[5] McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the earliest time-sharing systems
    (Compatible Time-Sharing System in 1961, BBN Time-Sharing System in 1962, and Dartmouth Time
    Sharing System in 1963).

    In 1959, Anatoly Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a
    detailed plan for the re-organisation of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet
    economy on the basis of a network of computing centres.[6] Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was
    the 1962 OGAS economy management network project.[7]

    In 1960, the commercial airline reservation system semi-automatic business research environment
    (SABRE) went online with two connected mainframes.

    In 1963, J. C. R. Licklider sent a memorandum to office colleagues discussing the concept of the
    "Intergalactic Computer Network", a computer network intended to allow general communications
    among computer users.

    Throughout the 1960s, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently developed the concept of packet
    switching to transfer information between computers over a network.[8][9][10] Davies pioneered the
    implementation of the concept. The NPL network, a local area network at the National Physical
    Laboratory (United Kingdom) used a line speed of 768 kbit/s and later high-speed T1 links (1.544 Mbit/s
    line rate).[11][12][13]

    In 1965, Western Electric introduced the first widely used telephone switch that implemented computer
    control in the switching fabric.

    In 1969, the first four nodes of the ARPANET were connected using 50 kbit/s circuits between the
    University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California at
    Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.[14] In the early 1970s, Leonard Kleinrock carried out
    mathematical work to model the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the
    development of the ARPANET.[15][16] His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with
    student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.

    In 1972, commercial services were first deployed on public data networks in Europe,[17][18][19] which
    began using X.25 in the late 1970s and spread across the globe.[11] The underlying infrastructure was
    used for expanding TCP/IP networks in the 1980s.[20]

    In 1973, the French CYCLADES network was the first to make the hosts responsible for the reliable
    delivery of data, rather than this being a centralized service of the network itself.[21]

    In 1973, Robert Metcalfe wrote a formal memo at Xerox PARC describing Ethernet, a networking system
    that was based on the Aloha network, developed in the 1960s by Norman Abramson and colleagues at
    the University of Hawaii. In July 1976, Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs published their paper "Ethernet:
    Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks"[22] and collaborated on several patents
    received in 1977 and 1978.

    In 1974, Vint Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine published the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
    specification, RFC 675, coining the term Internet as a shorthand for internetworking.[23]

    In 1976, John Murphy of Datapoint Corporation created ARCNET, a token-passing network first used to
    share storage devices.

    In 1977, the first long-distance fiber network was deployed by GTE in Long Beach, California.

    In 1977, Xerox Network Systems (XNS) was developed by Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal at Xerox.[24]

    In 1979, Robert Metcalfe pursued making Ethernet an open standard.[25]

    In 1980, Ethernet was upgraded from the original 2.94 Mbit/s protocol to the 10 Mbit/s protocol, which
    was developed by Ron Crane, Bob Garner, Roy Ogus,[26] and Yogen Dalal.[27]

    In 1995, the transmission speed capacity for Ethernet increased from 10 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. By 1998,
    Ethernet supported transmission speeds of 1 Gbit/s. Subsequently, higher speeds of up to 400 Gbit/s
    were added (as of 2018). The scaling of Ethernet has been a contributing factor to its continued use.[25]

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