216949000

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL

TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF INDUSTRIAL STUDIES
HONOURS/ BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
HONOURS
TAX6367 – ADVANCED COLOURATION

TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT II – 2021/2022
Name: R.P.D.S. Rajapaksha

Registration no:216949000
Date of submission:26/08/2022
1) Explain four (04) methods used in the application of water-soluble
Sulphur dyes.
The water-soluble sulphur dyes will dissolve in water without any other addition, but it
must be emphasized that this solution will not dye cellulose without the addition of sodium
sulphide and carbonate. Their advantages are that they are easier to handle, contain less
insoluble matter, making them more attractive for package dyeing, and they possess
superior levelling properties.
There are four main methods use to apply for water soluble Sulphur dyes.
A Liquid mixture containing sodium Sulphide as the reducing agent. Either no or very
little sodium sulphide is added, and the liquid is poured into the dyebath. The material is
entered, and the temperature is raised to the boil after which dyeing is allowed to continue
in a cooling liquor. There are some dyes for which the maximum temperature
recommended is below 1000C. Quantities equivalent to 5 to 15g/1 of common salt or 10
to 30 g/l of crystalline Glauber’s salt are added, preferably in several small portions
during the dyeing cycle.
B Dye mixtures containing sodium sulphide as the reducing agent, and which are in the
solid state. The dye is pasted with water at about 30 and then water equivalent to 10 to 12
times the weight of the paste at the same temperature is added and stirring is continued
for a period of 10 minutes. The solution of dye is poured into the dyebath, to which 5 to
40 per cent on the weight of the goods of common salt or twice the amount of crystalline
Glauber’s salt together with a small quantity of anhydrous sodium carbonate have also
been added. The material is entered and dyed for 45 to 60 minutes at the recommended
temperature. With salt-sensitive dyes it is desirable to add the electrolyte in small portions
at internals.
C Dry mixtures containing sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate as the reducing agent. The
dye is pasted and then dissolved by boiling in 10 to 20 times its weight of soft water. This
solution is poured into the dyebath and the temperature raised to 90 to 95 c. After 20 to 30
minutes common or Glauber’s salt may be added if it is necessary to bring about a
satisfactory degree of exhaustion.
D Thiosulphonic acid derivatives. The dye is pasted with cold water and dissolved by
boiling, after the addition of sufficient water to ensure solution. The recommended
quantity of reducing agent is then added and this may be either sodium sulphide or
sometimes sodium hydrosulphite together with sufficient sodium carbonate to ensure
stability of the liquor. Electrolyte is added when necessary for satisfactory exhaustion.
2) a. Describe cold soda ash method and warm bicarbonate method used in
the Reactive dye (Dichlorotriazinyl) application process.
There are two methods, which used in the Reactive dye (Dichlorotriazinyl)
application process.
1. Cold soda ash method

2. Warm bicarbonate method
1. Cold soda ash method

Soda ash equivalent to the amounts are added to the dyebath and continue the
treatment without any alteration to the temperature for 20 to 30 minutes.
Depth of
shade Soda ash
Up to 0.5% 3 g/l
0.5 to 2% 4 g/l
2 to 4% 7 g/l
over 4% 10 g/l
2. Warm bicarbonate method

In this method, the dyebath is set at 50 C and the dissolved dye is added.
After 5 to 10 minutes common salt is added according to the table below, the
dyeing is continued for a further 20 to 40 minutes and then sodium
bicarbonate in the amount shown in the table is dissolved and added and 20
minutes at 50 C is allowed for fixation. For shades above 1%, sodium
carbonate equivalent to half of the weight of the bicarbonate is also required.
This method, which gives maximum yield with many reactive dyes and
leads to better levelness and penetration. It is therefore preferred for heavier
materials and regenerated cellulosic rayons because, with the latter, it causes
less swelling.
Depth of shade Salt Liquor ratio Sodiumbicarbonate Liquor ratio UOM

5:1, 10:1, 20:1 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 30:1
Up to 0.5% 20 10, 5, 2.5, 2.5 g/l
0.5 to 2% 40 15, 7.5, 5, 2.5 g/l
2 to 4% 50 25, 10, 5, 5 g/l
over 4% 60 30, 15, 7.5, 5 g/l
b. Giving appropriate diagrams, describe the pad – batch process and double
padding method, related to the practical application of Reactive dyes.
1. Pad – Batch process
Since reactive dye has low affinity during the neutral adsorption stage, and the
ease with which really fast dyeings are obtained in the subsequent alkali fixation,
the reactive dyes have proved eminently suitable for continuous dyeing processes.
Pad- Batch process is a simplest method for semi-continuous methods. The goods
are padded with a solution containing the reactive dye, a penetrating agent, and a
weight of sodium bicarbonate sufficient to give a concentration equal to the
dyestuff.
After passed the solution fabric rolled as a batch and keep 24 hours and with
polythene sheet. Then washed off.
2. Double padding method

The double padding method makes it possible to work with a very stable stock
solution of the dye containing without alkali. The cloth is first padded with the
dye solution and then dried in a chamber, after which it is impregnated with alkali
and salt. It then passes into a steaming chamber where the dyestuff is fixed, and
finally washed off.
3) Explain the high temperature dyeing process involved in dyeing
polyester fibres with Disperse dyes.
Polyester fabric dyeing with high temperature is the best method that is
basically followed in our industries. This process requires high temperature in
between 130 -135℃. Also this requires high pressure as well.
Polyester is highly crystalline fiber. To penetrate the disperse dye molecule

inside the fiber, either liquor or material needs to circulate. At elevated
temperature, the circulation or agitation helps to swell the fiber and allow the
dye molecules to penetrate inside the fiber.
In this process no dye carriers are needed. Basically, carriers are used to swell
the fiber. Carrier dyeing method has some drawbacks as well.
In the polyester disperse high temperature dyeing, alkali which used while
preparation, weaving, knitting etc process, must be removed entirely.
The effect of temperature on both rate and degree of exhaustion is shown in

the isotherms at 120C, 100C and 85C as below.
As per this chart we can see the difference of the high temperature disperse
dyeing has more effective for Polyester fabric. In textile industry, all
polyester dyeing machines can raised their temperature to 130 C to get best
dyed fabric.
The following disperse dyes are particularly recommended for dyeing high
temperature dyeing.
C.I. DISPERSE YELLOW 1, 39
C.I. DISPERSE ORANGE 13
C.I. DISPERSE RED 11, 13
C.I. DISPERSE VIOLET 8, 14
C.I. DISPERSE BLUE 26
The method is to make the dyebath up with the dyestuff and 1-2 lb (0.45-
0.9 kg) of a dispersing agent such as Metexil DN-VL or some similar
product which is stable up to 130 C (266F). The dyeing should be started
at 70 C (158 F), the temperature raised slowly to 120 to 130C (248 to
266F) and maintained for period of 30-60 minutes.
After high-temperature dyeing the goods should always have a final wash-
off at 70C (158F) for 15 to 20 minutes with a suitable detergent.
There are many advantages dyeing polyesters at high temperatures and as

follows.
o Shorter dyeing cycle under high temperature using rapid
machineries.
o Faster diffusion of dye molecule in the fiber structure at elevated
temperature
o No need of carriers
o Superior exhaustion of dye bath is achieved
o Deeper shades can be produced by this process without carriers.
Thus a saving in expense is achieved and less time requires. This is
so, as carrier rinsing out process is a time-consuming operation.
o A better combination of level dyeing and fastness properties are
obtained.
4) Define the term “Gas fading” related to the dyeing of synthetic fibres with
Disperse dyes.
Gas fading can be described as an effecet of a electric element when that

nitrous oxide produced when a gas flame burns, or by the interaction of
atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen at a red-hot surface.
Not all disperse dyes suffer from the defect and it is particularly apparent in
blue pigments based on the anthraquinone structure.
The effect was caused by diazotization
of primary amino groups or conversion of secondary amines into nitroso
compounds. The fastness to gas fading is improved by treating the material
during or before dyeing with substances of the general formula which have an
affinity for the fibber and are preferentially attacked by nitrous oxide. The better
solution to the problem has been the synthesis of dyes, particularly in the
blue range, which are stable.

216949000

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

216949000

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

216949000

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND APPAREL

TAX6367 – ADVANCED COLOURATION

Name: R.P.D.S. Rajapaksha

1. Cold soda ash method

1. Cold soda ash method

2. Warm bicarbonate method

Depth of shade Salt Liquor ratio Sodiumbicarbonate Liquor ratio UOM

2. Double padding method

Polyester is highly crystalline fiber. To penetrate the disperse dye molecule

The effect of temperature on both rate and degree of exhaustion is shown in

There are many advantages dyeing polyesters at high temperatures and as

Gas fading can be described as an effecet of a electric element when that

You might also like