The document discusses isomorphism between algebraic structures. It defines isomorphism as a one-to-one and onto function that preserves operations between two structures. The document provides examples of isomorphic and non-isomorphic structures and a 4-step process to show structures are isomorphic: 1) define the function, 2) show it is one-to-one, 3) show it is onto, 4) show it preserves operations. Pre-service teachers are expected to describe isomorphism, determine if operations are isomorphic, and define operations to make structures isomorphic.
The document discusses isomorphism between algebraic structures. It defines isomorphism as a one-to-one and onto function that preserves operations between two structures. The document provides examples of isomorphic and non-isomorphic structures and a 4-step process to show structures are isomorphic: 1) define the function, 2) show it is one-to-one, 3) show it is onto, 4) show it preserves operations. Pre-service teachers are expected to describe isomorphism, determine if operations are isomorphic, and define operations to make structures isomorphic.
The document discusses isomorphism between algebraic structures. It defines isomorphism as a one-to-one and onto function that preserves operations between two structures. The document provides examples of isomorphic and non-isomorphic structures and a 4-step process to show structures are isomorphic: 1) define the function, 2) show it is one-to-one, 3) show it is onto, 4) show it preserves operations. Pre-service teachers are expected to describe isomorphism, determine if operations are isomorphic, and define operations to make structures isomorphic.
The document discusses isomorphism between algebraic structures. It defines isomorphism as a one-to-one and onto function that preserves operations between two structures. The document provides examples of isomorphic and non-isomorphic structures and a 4-step process to show structures are isomorphic: 1) define the function, 2) show it is one-to-one, 3) show it is onto, 4) show it preserves operations. Pre-service teachers are expected to describe isomorphism, determine if operations are isomorphic, and define operations to make structures isomorphic.
At the end of the session, pre-service mathematics
teachers are expected to: a. describe isomorphism; b. show whether a given binary operation observes isomorphism, and; c. give the definition for the binary operation to make it isomorphic. ISOMORPHISM Suppose two students, one American and another Filipino, are asked to count a handful of objects. The American student says “one, two, three, four, five…” while the Filipino student says “isa, dalawa, tatlo, apat, lima…”. Are two students doing different things? They are both counting the objects, but they are using different terminology to do it. Similarly, when one person says “three plus six is nine” and another says “tatlo dagdagan ng anim ay siyam” the two are in agreement on the concept they are describing, but they are using different terminology to describe the concept. ISOMORPHISM Consider the algebraic structure Suppose that the elements are defined by the Cayley’s table replaced as follows: a↔y, b↔x, , c↔z. below.
Rearranging the entries in the order x, y, z (as heads of rows and
columns), we have: ISOMORPHISM The three tables are all structurally alike, but are described in different ways. To verify, consider the first and the third table, and the mapping a↔y, b↔x, , c↔z. a*a=b x*x=y ↔ b*b=a a*b=c x*y=z ↔ b*a=c a*c=a x*z=x ↔ b*c=b b*a=c y*x=z ↔ a*b=c b*b=a y*y=x ↔ a*a=b b*c=b y*z=y ↔ a*c=a c*a=a z*x=x ↔ c*b=b c*b=b z*y=y ↔ c*a=a c*c=c z*z=z ↔ c*c=c Clearly, the two operations are preserved. ISOMORPHISM When two structures defined in different terms are really the same, then we say there is an isomorphism between these two structures. The term isomorphism is derived from the Greek words isos which means “same” or “equal” and morphe which means “form”.
Below gives the mathematical definition of isomorphism.
Definition: Let S, ∗ and S′, ∗′ be binary algebraic structures. An isomorphism of S with S’ is a one-to-one function Ø mapping S onto S ’ such that Ø (x * y) = Ø (x) * ’ Ø (y) for all x, y S. In notation, S S’. That is, S and S’ are isomorphic binary structures. ISOMORPHISM HOW TO SHOW THAT BINARY STRUCTURES ARE ISOMORPHIC Step 1. Define the function Ø that gives the isomorphism of S with S’. That is, we need to describe what Ø(s) is to be for every s S . Step 2. Show that Ø is one-to-one function. That is, suppose that Ø (x) = Ø (y) in S’, then define from this that x = y in S. Step 3. Show that Ø is onto S’. That is, suppose that s’ S’ is given and show that there exists s S such that Ø (s) = s’. Step 4. Show that Ø is operation-preserving, that is, show Ø (x * y) = Ø (x) *’ Ø (y) for all x, y S. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 1 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R+ , • where Ø (x) = 2x for x R. Step 1. Define the function Ø that gives the isomorphism of S with S’. That is, we need to describe what Ø(s) is to be for every s S . ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 1 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R+ , • where Ø (x) = 2x for x R. Step 2. Show that Ø is one- to-one function. That is, suppose that Ø (x) = Ø (y) in S’, then define from this that x = y in S. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 1 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R+ , • where Ø (x) = 2x for x R. Step 3. Show that Ø is onto S’. That is, suppose that s’ S’ is given and show that there exists s S such that Ø (s) = s’. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 1 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R+ , • where Ø (x) = 2x for x R. Step 4. Show that Ø is operation-preserving, that is, show Ø (x * y) = Ø (x) *’ Ø (y) for all x, y S. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 2 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R, + where Ø (n) = n3 . Step 1. Define the function Ø that gives the isomorphism of S with S’. That is, we need to describe what Ø(s) is to be for every s S . ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 2 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R, + where Ø (n) = n3 . Step 2. Show that Ø is one- to-one function. That is, suppose that Ø (x) = Ø (y) in S’, then define from this that x = y in S. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 2 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R, + where Ø (n) = n3 .
Step 3. Show that Ø is
onto S’. That is, suppose that s’ S’ is given and show that there exists s S such that Ø (s) = s’. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 2 Show that R, + is isomorphic to R, + where Ø (n) = n3 . Step 4. Show that Ø is operation-preserving, that is, show Ø (x * y) = Ø (x) *’ Ø (y) for all x, y S. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 3 Below are NOT isomorphic structures. Which among the four properties does it violate? Z, + with Z+, + where Q, + with Q, + where Ø (n) = 3n + 7 for n Z. Ø (n) = n2 for n Q. ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 4 The map Ø: Q→ Q defined by Ø (x) = 3x – 1 for x Q is one-to-one and onto Q. Give the definition for the binary operation * on Q such that Ø is an isomorphic mapping. In each case, give the identity element for * on Q. a.) Q, + with Q, ∗ ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 4 The map Ø: Q→ Q defined by Ø (x) = 3x – 1 for x Q is one-to-one and onto Q. Give the definition for the binary operation * on Q such that Ø is an isomorphic mapping. In each case, give the identity element for * on Q. b.) Q, ∗ with Q, + ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 4 The map Ø: Q→ Q defined by Ø (x) = 3x – 1 for x Q is one-to-one and onto Q. Give the definition for the binary operation * on Q such that Ø is an isomorphic mapping. In each case, give the identity element for * on Q. c.) Q, ∙ with Q, + ISOMORPHISM Illustrative Example no. 4 The map Ø: Q→ Q defined by Ø (x) = 3x – 1 for x Q is one-to-one and onto Q. Give the definition for the binary operation * on Q such that Ø is an isomorphic mapping. In each case, give the identity element for * on Q. d.) Q, ∗ with Q, ∙