TOYOTA ENGINEERING STANDARD

NO.: TSH5200G

TITLE: CARBURIZING, QUENCHING AND TEMPERING

CLASS: C1
Established/Revised: Rev. 6 ( Jul. 2008 )

This standard has been revised as a result of the following changes:

(1) terms and explanations have been modified in part; and
(2) notation errors in English version has been corrected.

Prepared and Written by: Engineering Data Planning Dept.

Metallic Material Dept. Engineering Data Control and
Power Train Material Engineering Div. Management Div.
ⒸTOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
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CLASS
TOYOTA ENGINEERING STANDARD TSH5200G C1
CARBURIZING, QUENCHING AND TEMPERING

1. Scope
This standard covers the quality criteria for carburizing, quenching and tempering of automobile steel
parts and iron-based sintered parts.

2. Definitions
Major terms used in this standard shall be defined as follows:
(1) Carburizing
Carburizing is a process to increase the amount of carbon in the surface layer of a part by
heating it in a carburizer.
(2) Quenching
Quenching is a hardening process in which a part is rapidly cooled from an appropriate
temperature above the transformation point after carburizing.
(3) Tempering
Tempering is a process of heating to an appropriate temperature below the transformation point
after carburizing and quenching, then cooling it, in order to reduce brittleness caused by
quenching and achieve the required hardness.

3. Classification
3.1 The Classification of Carburizing, Quenching and Tempering
The classification of carburizing, quenching and tempering and its codes are shown in Table 1:

Table 1
Code Treatment Application
TSH5200G Low temperature Parts that require high fatigue strength, wear resistance, surface
tempering after pressure resistance, etc. Applied when the upper limit for surface
carburizing and hardness exceeds 650 HV.
quenching Example: gears, shafts, balls, joint balls.
TSH5200G-A High temperature Parts that require high toughness. Applied when the upper limit for
tempering after surface hardness does not exceed 650 HV.
carburizing and Example: hub bolts, hanger pins, value spring retainers.
quenching

Remark: Carburizing and hardening may be substituted for by carbonitriding, quenching and
tempering when low temperature tempering is applied to carbon steels (including hot rolled
steel sheets, cold rolled steel sheets and carbon steel pipes).

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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3.2 Classification of Case Hardening Prevention

The classification and symbols for case hardening prevention for steel parts are shown in Table 2:

Table 2
Symbol Classification of case Purpose Examples of method
hardening prevention
Z1 Suppress carburizing and Some degree of Cap the portions not to be case- hardened before
hardening toughness treatment
Z2 Prevent hardening Toughness The portions not to be case-hardended are tempered
(carburization is at a high temperature after carburizing and hardening,
permitted) or, only the portions to be hardened are heated and
quenched after carburizing and gradual cooling.
Z3 Prevent carburizing Weldability Prevent case hardening by applying preventive
Toughness material or copper plating to the portions not be
case-hardened, or carburizing only the portions to be
hardened, or remove the carburized layer by cutting or
grinding.

Remarks:
1. Case hardening prevention are effective in the order of Z3, Z2 and Z1. Z3 is a perfect means to
prevent case hardening. Accordingly, if Z1 is specified, Z2 or Z3 may be used in the production
process. Similarly, Z3 may be used for Z2.
2. Case hardening prevention shall not be applied to iron-based sintered parts.

4. Standard Specifications
The standard specifications for the carburized, quenched and tempered parts are given below. It is
preferable to have prior consultation and agreement with concerned parties if other specifications are
to be applied.

4.1 Surface Hardness

Standard specifications for surface hardness are shown in Table 3:

Table 3
(1)
Code Carbon steel Alloy steel Iron-based sintered metal
TSH5200G 650 to 850 HV(2) 720 to 850 HV 600 to 850 HV0.2
(3)
550 to 850 HV 700 to 800 HV
TSH5200G-A 450 to 650 HV 400 to 500HV ---

Notes:
(1) Includes hot rolled steel sheets, cold rolled steel sheets and carbon steel pipes.
(2) Applies to small parts for which the standard case hardening depth is 0.5T or above.
(3) Applies to differential ring gears.

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
Jul. 2008

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TOYOTA ENGINEERING STANDARD TSH5200G

4.2 Case Hardening Depth

4.2.1 Steel Parts
The standard specifications for case hardening depth are given in Table 4. The total case hardening
depth applies when the specified lower limit for surface hardness is less than 650 HV.

Table 4 (Unit: mm)

Standard value Permissible deviation
Effective case Total case hardening Applies to non-grinded portions Applies to grinding portions (with
hardening depth depth (without "G") "G")
--- (0.1T) +0.06 +0.10
-0.04 -0.04
(0.2T) +0.15 +0.20
-0.10 -0.10
0.3 0.3T +0.20 +0.25
-0.15 -0.15
0.4 (0.4T) +0.25 +0.30
-0.15 -0.15
0.5 0.5T +0.25 +0.30
-0.20 -0.20
0.6 (0.6T) +0.30 +0.35
-0.20 -0.20
0.7 (0.7T) +0.30 +0.35
(0.8) 0.8T -0.25 -0.25
0.9 0.9T +0.35 +0.40
1.0 (1.0T) -0.25 -0.25
1.1 ---
1.2 ---
1.3 1.3T
1.5 ---
1.7 1.7T

Remark1: "G" is attached to the end of the standard value when a case hardening depth is specified
for grinding portions.

Examples:
1. 0.5G : effective case hardening depth of the grinding portion is 0.5 mm
2. 0.5GT: total case hardening depth of the grinding portion is 0.5 mm

Remarks:
2. It is desirable to use case hardening depths not parenthesized.
3. Case hardening depth may be specified for both grinding and non-grinded portions of a single part.
In this case, the margin for grinding must be taken into consideration before specifying the case
hardening depth. The case hardening depth for the inside of a thick-wall part is smaller
(approximately 0.2 to 0.4 mm) than the outside even before grinding. In such a case, it is
preferable to refer to Table 5:

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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Table 5 (Unit: mm)

Standard value for case hardening depth Standard value for case hardening depth for
after grinding non-grinded portions
0.2G min. 0.7
0.3G min. 0.9

Remark: For gears, it is desirable to select the case hardening depth from Table 6 taking into account
the fatigue strength, pitting life, quench distortion, etc.

If there is a large difference in the number of revolutions, as in the case of a differential ring gear and
drive pinion, the one with the higher revolution speed should have a case hardening depth greater
than the standard value shown in Table 6 by approximately 0.1 mm.

Table 6 (Unit: mm)

Module Case hardening depth
2.4 max. 0.5
2.4 to 3.6 0.7
3.6 to 5.1 0.9
5.1 to 7.3 1.1
7.3 to 12.7 1.3
12.7 min. 1.5

4.2.2 Iron-Based Sintered Parts

The standard specification for case hardening depth is "full case hardening depth: 0.5T minimum."
The upper limit is not specified.

4.3 Core Hardness

Core hardness may be specified as required. It should be expressed in Vickers hardness (HV) as
upper and lower limits. A standard portion must be indicated. When specifying, close consultation
with concerned parties is necessary.

4.4 Range of Case Hardening Prevention Limit

The tolerance for the range of case hardening prevention for steel parts is 5 mm for Z1 and Z2, and 4
mm for Z3.

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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5. Quality
5.1 Surface Hardness
(1) If a standard portion is not specified, the surface hardness of functionally important areas of a
part must satisfy the specified value.
(2) When "G" is suffixed to the specified value for the case hardening depth, the surface hardness
after grinding must satisfy the specified value.

5.2 Case Hardening Depth

(1) When a standard portion is not specified, the case hardening depth in functionally important
portions must be within the allowance limit. Further, there shall be no significant difference
between functionally necessary portions.
(2) When "G" is suffixed to the standard value for the case hardening depth, the case hardening
depth after grinding must be within the allowance limit.

5.3 Core Hardness

The core hardness at the standard portion must satisfy the standard value.

5.4 Microstructure
(1) Before tempering, the surface of the hardened layer shall exhibit a martensitic structure, and
shall be free from significant amounts of residual austenite, cementite, troostite, ferrite or
decarburization. However, when the gas carburizing method is used, non-martensitic structures
found on the surface may be permitted provided that the quantity is not significantly large.
(2) There shall be no significant growth of grains in the hardened layer or in the deeper portions.

5.5 Case Hardening Prevention Areas

The quality of case hardening prevention areas of steel parts must satisfy Table 7:

Table 7
Type of case hardening Application
prevention
Z1 Case hardening depth in the case hardening prevention areas shall
not exceed 1/2 of the standard case hardening depth for that part.
Z2 The surface hardness of case hardening prevention areas should not
exceed 440 HV20.
Z3 The case hardening prevention areas should not be carburized.

Remark: The upper limit for surface hardness for Z2 may be altered depending on the part shape after
consultation with concerned parties.

5.6 Appearance
(1) The surface shall be free from abnormalities such as cracks or flaws.
(2) There shall be no soot or oxide film detrimental to use.

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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6. Test Method
The quality characteristics specified in this standard shall be tested according to the following:

6.1 Surface Hardness

Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with TSG2200G and TSG2500G. Test loads are
determined in accordance with Table 8:

Table 8
Standard value for case Test load for Vickers hardness Remarks
hardening depth (mm) test apparatus
Effective case Total case
hardening hardening
depth depth
--- 0.1T 4.90 N Grind with emery paper, etc., and finish by wet
buffing. Use a micro Vickers hardness test
apparatus.
0.2T, 0.3T, 49 N Grind with emery paper, etc. Use an ordinary
0.4T (before grinding 196 N) Vickers hardness test apparatus.
0.3, 0.4 0.5T, 0.6T, 98 N
0.7T (before grinding 490 N)
0.5 min. 0.8T min. 196 N
(before grinding 490 N)

Remark: In a pre-grinding check of parts in which the surface hardness of the grinding areas is
essential, use the test loads given in ( ). For iron-based sintered metals, 1.96 N shall be
used.

6.2 Case Hardening Depth

The case hardening depth shall be tested in accordance with TSH5000G. The standard test load for
measuring the case hardening shall be 49 N. However, if the specified case hardening depth is 0.2T
or below, 4.90 N shall apply.

6.3 Core Hardness

Vickers hardness tests shall be performed on a cross section of the part. The standard test load is
196 N for steel parts, and 98 N for iron-based sintered metals. The hardness test shall be performed
in accordance with TSG2200G and TSG2500G.

6.4 Microstructure
Test method for microstructure shall be performed in accordance with TSG2100G.

6.5 Case Hardening Prevention

According to TSG2200G, TSH5000G and TSG2100G.

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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7. Specification Method
7.1 Items to Be Specified
The items to be specified and the specification method are shown in Table 9:

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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Note (4): A standard portion must be specified when designating a core hardness.

Remarks:
1. The standard portion shall be indicated in the figure. If difficult, however, it may be described in
writing.
2. When designating a standard portion, the property to be applied to that standard portion (e.g., the
surface hardness, case hardening depth, internal hardness) must also be stated clearly.

Example:

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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7.2 Examples of Designation in Drawings

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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Applicable Standards
TSG2100G Microscopic Structure Detecting Method for Metal
TSG2200G Hardness Test Methods for Metals
TSG2500G Hardness Test Method for Sintered Metal Materials
TSH5000G Case Depth

NOTES: The recipient of this standard shall undertake the following confidentiality obligations upon the receipt of this standard.
- The recipient shall discard by shredding or fire, or return to Toyota Motor Corporation if appropriate, the documents contained in this standard when they Rev. 6
are no longer necessary due to the termination of the work concerned or the revision of current version of this standard,
- This standard and the technical information related thereto are owned by and under sole control of Toyota Motor Corporation. They shall not be disclosed
in whole nor in part to ant third party without prior written consent of Toyota Motor Corporation..
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