Unit 4
Unit 4
Unit 4
Inverters
t1,on
Vout Vdc
Ts
Pulse-width Modulation
Carrier
Modulating τsw waveform
waveform
1
f sw
sw
ton
ton sw
T1,on
T2,on
Current Paths
• Two switches with freewheel
diodes provides uni-directional
voltage and bi-directional
current control.
Current path if T1 ON
Current Paths
• When T1 is ON (or T1 and T2
OFF) energy has to be
absorbed by the source.
Current path if T2 ON
V
Average Output Voltage
A single inverter leg produces an average output voltage:
t1,on
Vout Vdc
Ts
Define a duty cycle or modulation index
t1,on
m
Hence Ts
Vout mVdc
We can make m vary in time therefore we can produce any voltage and any
frequency we desire (within the bounds fixed by the switching
frequency and Vdc).
Switching Frequency
• Switch frequency (1/Ts) of the pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal is
usually chosen as high as possible to reduce current ripple in the load.
• High power circuits (say >500kW) may use frequencies of 1kHz or less.
Single-phase H-bridge
• Two inverter legs connected in parallel.
Single-phase H-bridge
• From previous discussion on inverter legs
Vao maVdc
Vbo mbVdc
m sint (2)
1
ma
2
mb m sint (3)
1
2
Single-phase H-bridge
• The modulation indices of both inverter legs vary sinusoidally in time with a
modulation depth, m (0<m<0.5) and an offset. If we apply (2) and (3) to (1)
we get
1 1
Vload m sint m sint Vdc
2 2
2mVdc sint
• That is, the modulation depth, m, sets the magnitude of the ac output
voltage and ωt sets the frequency.
• Notice that the dc offset in the modulation indices is co-phasal and does
not appear in the output voltage.
V
PWM Generation
Ts Carrier waveform
• Modulation indices of each
leg are compared with a
triangular carrier m1
waveform.
m2
• Intersects define the turn-
on and turn-off instant of
each bridge leg. Leg 1 output
t1
• With this scheme load sees Leg 2 output
two output voltage pulses t2
per switching cycle. Vload
VA O
S 5 on 1 /2Vd S 5 on
A B C t
S 2 on S 2 on
(c )
VA B =
VA O_VB O Vd
t
(d )
S 1 on S 1 on 1 /2Vd
240 300
0 60 120 360
0
t
S 4 on S 4 on
(a )
VB O
S 3 on 1 /2Vd S 3 on
t
S 6 on S 6 on
(b )
VC O
S 2 on
S 5 on
t
(c )
VA B =
VA O_VB O Vd
• Line voltages are t
stepped (d )
V =
BC
VB O _VC O
• Fourier analysis of
output voltages gives t
(e )
4 Vd 1 1
VAO sin t 3 sin 3t 5 sin 5t ......
VC A =
.
2 VC O _VA O
sw i tc h ni g
2 3 1 1 1 sequen ce
VAB Vd sin t - sin 5t - sin 7t sin11t .......
5 7 11 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S1 S2 S3
t
(g )
inductive) Ai B
1i 2i
1i t
•
ii
And also torque ripple if the load i
i
A
2
= AB
is a machine. - Ci A
t