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IT Networking Concept

Computer networks connect digital devices like computers, printers, and smartphones to allow sharing of resources and information. There are two main types of network architecture - peer-to-peer where all devices have equal privileges, and client-server where a central server manages resources for client devices. Network topology refers to how nodes are arranged, with common topologies including bus, ring, star, and mesh. Computer network security protects information through methods like firewalls, authentication, and software updates to control access and threats.

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Vanya Quisto
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52 views

IT Networking Concept

Computer networks connect digital devices like computers, printers, and smartphones to allow sharing of resources and information. There are two main types of network architecture - peer-to-peer where all devices have equal privileges, and client-server where a central server manages resources for client devices. Network topology refers to how nodes are arranged, with common topologies including bus, ring, star, and mesh. Computer network security protects information through methods like firewalls, authentication, and software updates to control access and threats.

Uploaded by

Vanya Quisto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Examples of computer network

The wired or wireless connection of two or more computers for the


purpose of sharing data and resources form a computer network. Today, nearly
every digital device belongs to a computer network.
In an office setting, you and your colleagues may share access to a
printer or to a group messaging system. The computing network that allows this
is likely a LAN or local area network that permits your department to share
resources.
A city government might manage a city-wide network of surveillance
cameras that monitor traffic flow and incidents. This network would be part of a
MAN or metropolitan area network that allows city emergency personnel to
respond to traffic accidents, advise drivers of alternate travel routes, and even
send traffic tickets to drivers who run red lights.
The Weather Company worked to create a peer-to-peer mesh network
that allows mobile devices to communicate directly with other mobile devices
without requiring WiFi or cellular connectivity. The Mesh Network Alerts project
allows the delivery of life-saving weather information to billions of people, even
without an internet connection.

Computer networks and the internet


The internet is actually a network of networks that connects billions of
digital devices worldwide. Standard protocols allow communication between
these devices. Those protocols include hypertext transfer protocol (the ‘http’ in
front of all website addresses). Internet protocol (or IP addresses) are the
unique identifying numbers required of every device that accesses the internet.
IP addresses are comparable to your mailing address, providing unique location
information so that information can be delivered correctly.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Network Service Providers
(NSPs) provide the infrastructure that allows the transmission of packets of data
or information over the internet. Every bit of information sent over the internet
doesn’t go to every device connected to the internet. It’s the combination of
protocols and infrastructure that tells information exactly where to go.

How do they work?


Computer networks connect nodes like computers, routers, and
switches using cables, fiber optics, or wireless signals. These connections allow
devices in a network to communicate and share information and resources.
Networks follow protocols, which define how communications are sent
and received. These protocols allow devices to communicate. Each device on a
network uses an Internet Protocol or IP address, a string of numbers that
uniquely identifies a device and allows other devices to recognize it.
Routers are virtual or physical devices that facilitate communications
between different networks. Routers analyze information to determine the best
way for data to reach its ultimate destination. Switches connect devices and
manage node-tonode communication inside a network, ensuring that bundles of
information traveling across the network reach their ultimate destination.

Architecture
Computer network architecture defines the physical and logical framework of a
computer network. It outlines how computers are organized in the network and
what tasks are assigned to those computers. Network architecture components
include hardware, software, transmission media (wired or wireless), network
topology, and communications protocols.

Main types of network architecture


There are two types of network architecture: peer-to-peer (P2P) and
client/server. In P2P architecture, two or more computers are connected as
“peers,” meaning they have equal power and privileges on the network. A P2P
network does not require a central server for coordination. Instead, each
computer on the network acts as both a client (a computer that needs to access
a service) and a server (a computer that serves the needs of the client
accessing a service). Each peer makes some of its resources available to the
network, sharing storage, memory, bandwidth, and processing power.
In a client/server network, a central server or group of servers manage
resources and deliver services to client devices in the network. The clients in
the network communicate with other clients through the server. Unlike the P2P
model, clients in a client/server architecture don’t share their resources. This
architecture type is sometimes called a tiered model because it's designed with
multiple levels or tiers.

Network topology
Network topology refers to how the nodes and links in a network are
arranged. A network node is a device that can send, receive, store, or forward
data. A network link connects nodes and may be either cabled or wireless links.
Understanding topology types provides the basis for building a successful
network. There are a number of topologies but the most common are bus, ring,
star, and mesh:
 A bus network topology is when every network node is directly connected to
a main cable. –
 In a ring topology, nodes are connected in a loop, so each device has
exactly two neighbors. Adjacent pairs are connected directly; non-adjacent
pairs are connected indirectly through multiple nodes. –
 In a star network topology, all nodes are connected to a single, central hub
and each node is indirectly connected through that hub. –
 A mesh topology is defined by overlapping connections between nodes. You
can create a full mesh topology, where every node in the network is
connected to every other node. You can also create partial mesh topology in
which only some nodes are connected to each other and some are
connected to the nodes with which they exchange the most data. Full mesh
topology can be expensive and time-consuming to execute, which is why it's
often reserved for networks that require high redundancy. Partial mesh
provides less redundancy but is more cost effective and simpler to execute.

Security
Computer network security protects the integrity of information
contained by a network and controls who access that information. Network
security policies balance the need to provide service to users with the need to
control access to information.
There are many entry points to a network. These entry points include
the hardware and software that comprise the network itself as well as the
devices used to access the network, like computers, smartphones, and tablets.
Because of these entry points, network security requires using several defense
methods. Defenses may include firewalls—devices that monitor network traffic
and prevent access to parts of the network based on security rules.
Processes for authenticating users with user IDs and passwords
provide another layer of security. Security includes isolating network data so
that proprietary or personal information is harder to access than less critical
information. Other network security measures include ensuring hardware and
software updates and patches are performed regularly, educating network users
about their role in security processes, and staying aware of external threats
executed by hackers and other malicious actors. Network threats constantly
evolve, which makes network security a never-ending process.
The use of public cloud also requires updates to security procedures to
ensure continued safety and access. A secure cloud demands a secure
underlying network.

Mest networks
As noted above, a mesh network is a topology type in which the nodes of a
computer network connect to as many other nodes as possible. In this topology,
nodes cooperate to efficiently route data to its destination. This topology
provides greater fault tolerance because if one node fails, there are many other
nodes that can transmit data. Mesh networks self-configure and self-organize,
searching for the fastest, most reliable path on which to send information. Type
of mesh networks There are two types of mesh networks—full mesh and partial
mesh:
 In a full mesh topology, every network node connects to every other network
node, providing the highest level of fault tolerance. However, it costs more
to execute. In a partial mesh topology, only some nodes connect, typically
those that exchange data most frequently. –
 A wireless mesh network may consist of tens to hundreds of nodes. This
type of network connects to users over access points spread across a large
area

Load balancers and networks


Load balancers efficiently distribute tasks, workloads, and network
traffic across available servers. Think of load balancers like air traffic control at
an airport. The load balancer observes all traffic coming into a network and
directs it toward the router or server best equipped to manage it. The objectives
of load balancing are to avoid resource overload, optimize available resources,
improve response times, and maximize throughput.

Content delivery networks


A content delivery network (CDN) is a distributed server network that
delivers temporarily stored, or cached, copies of website content to users based
on the user’s geographic location. A CDN stores this content in distributed
locations and serves it to users as a way to reduce the distance between your
website visitors and your website server. Having cached content closer to your
end users allows you to serve content faster and helps websites better reach a
global audience. CDNs protect against traffic surges, reduce latency, decrease
bandwidth consumption, accelerate load times, and lessen the impact of hacks
and attacks by introducing a layer between the end user and your website
infrastructure.
Live-streaming media, on-demand media, gaming companies,
application creators, e-commerce sites—as digital consumption increases, more
content owners turn to CDNs to better serve content consumers.

Computer networking solutions and IBM


Computer networking solutions help businesses enhance traffic, keep users
happy, secure the network, and easily provision services. The best computer
networking solution is typically a unique configuration based on your specific
business type and needs.
Content delivery networks, load balancers, and network security —all
mentioned above—are examples of technologies that can help businesses craft
optimal computer networking solutions. IBM offers additional networking
solutions, including:
 Gateway appliances - are devices that give you enhanced control over
network traffic, let you accelerate your network’s performance, and give
your network a security boost. Manage your physical and virtual networks
for routing multiple VLANs, for firewalls, VPN, traffic shaping and more.
 Direct link - secures and accelerates data transfer between private
infrastructure, multiclouds, and IBM Cloud.
 Cloud internet services - are security and performance capabilities designed
to protect public-facing web content and applications before they reach the
cloud. Get DDoS protection, global load balancing and a suite of security,
reliability and performance capabilities designed to protect public-facing
web content and applications before they reach the cloud.

Networking services in IBM Cloud provide you with networking solutions to


enhance your traffic, keep your users happy, and easily provision resources as
you need them.

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