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    SQL 5

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    j shaik0626
    The document discusses various SQL logical operators, functions, and special operators used to query data in Oracle databases. 1. The OR operator and IN operator are demonstrated to query records from multiple departments. The IN operator has better performance than OR. 2. NVL and NVL2 functions are used to handle NULL values. NVL replaces NULL with a substitute value, while NVL2 conditionally returns one of two values depending on if the first expression is NULL or not NULL. 3. Special operators like IN, BETWEEN, IS NULL are discussed. IN picks values one by one from a list, while NOT IN does not work with NULL values in all databases.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SQL 5

    Uploaded by

    j shaik0626
    12 views4 pages
    The document discusses various SQL logical operators, functions, and special operators used to query data in Oracle databases. 1. The OR operator and IN operator are demonstrated to query records from multiple departments. The IN operator has better performance than OR. 2. NVL and NVL2 functions are used to handle NULL values. NVL replaces NULL with a substitute value, while NVL2 conditionally returns one of two values depending on if the first expression is NULL or not NULL. 3. Special operators like IN, BETWEEN, IS NULL are discussed. IN picks values one by one from a list, while NOT IN does not work with NULL values in all databases.

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    sql5

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    The document discusses various SQL logical operators, functions, and special operators used to query data in Oracle databases. 1. The OR operator and IN operator are demonstrated to query records from multiple departments. The IN operator has better performance than OR. 2. NVL and NVL2 functions are used to handle NULL values. NVL replaces NULL with a substitute value, while NVL2 conditionally returns one of two values depending on if the first expression is NULL or not NULL. 3. Special operators like IN, BETWEEN, IS NULL are discussed. IN picks values one by one from a list, while NOT IN does not work with NULL values in all databases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    12 views4 pages

    SQL 5

    Uploaded by

    j shaik0626
    The document discusses various SQL logical operators, functions, and special operators used to query data in Oracle databases. 1. The OR operator and IN operator are demonstrated to query records from multiple departments. The IN operator has better performance than OR. 2. NVL and NVL2 functions are used to handle NULL values. NVL replaces NULL with a substitute value, while NVL2 conditionally returns one of two values depending on if the first expression is NULL or not NULL. 3. Special operators like IN, BETWEEN, IS NULL are discussed. IN picks values one by one from a list, while NOT IN does not work with NULL values in all databases.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    logical operators:

    waq to display those clerks having more than 2000 sal


    from emp

    SQL> select * from emp where job='CLERK' and sal>2000;

    EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM


    DEPTNO
    ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
    ----------
    7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 2500
    10

    SQL> select * from emp where deptno=10 or deptno=20;

    waq to display the employees who are belongs to


    10th,20th,30th dept from emp table

    SQL> select * from emp where deptno=10 or deptno=20 or deptno=30;

    note:
    in place of or operator we can use in operator,in operator
    performance is very high compared to or operator

    waq to display the employee who are not belongs to


    deptno 10 and deptno 30 from emp table

    SQL> select * from emp where deptno not in(10,20);

    EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM


    DEPTNO
    ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
    ----------
    7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1000 300
    30
    7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500
    30
    7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
    30

    null:

    null is a undefined/unknown/unavliabel value it is not


    same as zero

    SQL> select null+100 from dual;

    NULL+100
    ----------

    SQL> select 0+0 from dual;

    0+0
    ----------
    0

    SQL> select 0+null from dual;


    0+NULL
    ----------

    waq to display ename,sal,sal+comm of smith from emp


    table

    SQL> select ename,sal,comm,sal+comm from emp where ename='SMITH';

    ENAME SAL COMM SAL+COMM


    ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
    SMITH 900

    nvl:
    nvl is orcale predefined function used in place of null
    value,it always accepts two perameters

    syntax:
    nvl(exp1,exp2);

    SQL> select nvl(10,20) from dual;

    NVL(10,20)
    ----------
    10

    SQL> select nvl(null,20) from dual;

    NVL(NULL,20)
    ------------
    20

    SQL> select ename,sal,comm,sal+nvl(comm,0) from emp where ename='SMITH';

    ENAME SAL COMM SAL+NVL(COMM,0)


    ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
    SMITH 900 900

    SQL> select nvl(null,0) from dual;

    NVL(NULL,0)
    -----------
    0

    SQL> select 900+0 from dual;

    900+0
    ----------
    900

    nvl2():
    oracle 9i introduced nvl2(),this function accepts
    3 perameters

    syntax:
    nvl2(exp1,exp2,exp3);

    SQL> select nvl2(10,20,30) from dual;


    NVL2(10,20,30)
    --------------
    20

    SQL> select nvl2(null,20,30) from dual;

    NVL2(NULL,20,30)
    ----------------
    30

    update the employee comm with 500 if the comm is null


    otherwise add 500 to comm

    cond1:
    1.if comm is null then update comm to null
    2.if comm is not null then update comm to comm+500

    SQL> update emp


    2 set comm=nvl2(comm,comm+500,500);

    special operators:
    in-not in
    between-not between
    is null-is not null
    like-not like

    in:
    it is used to pick the values one by one
    syntax:
    select * from tablename where columnname in(list of values);

    SQL> select * from emp where ename in('SMITH','ALLEN','MARTIN');

    EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM


    DEPTNO
    ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
    ----------
    7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1000 300
    30
    7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400
    30
    7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 900
    20

    note:
    in all databases not in operator doesnot work with
    null values

    SQL> select * from emp where ename not in('SMITH','ALLEN',null);

    no rows selected

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