Reservoir Planning

Gurjeet Singh
Assistant professor, LPU

„ The flow rate of a river or a natural stream may vary

considerably during different periods of a year.
„ It may carry little or no water during some periods a
year and may carry huge amount of water after heavy
rains thus becomes raging torrent and a hazard all along
its banks.
„ During extremely low flows it may not be possible to
meet the demands of the consumers if water is
drawn directly from a river.
„ As such it is essential to create a reservoir or an
artificial lake by constructing a dam across the
river which can retain the excess water from
periods of high flows for use during the periods of
low flows or droughts.

„ In addition to conserving water for later use, the

storage of floodwater may also reduce
flood damage on the down stream of the reservoir.
Bratsk Reservoir
Bratsk Reservoir
 TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
„ The reservoirs are generally classified according to the
purpose served by them:
(i) Flood control
(ii) Irrigation
(iii) Development of hydroelectric power

(iv) Navigation

(v) Recreation
(vi) Water supply for domestic and industrial
use
(vii) Development of fish and wild life

(viii) Soil conservation

(ix) Other miscellaneous purposes

TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
„ If a reservoir is constructed to serve only one
purpose, then it is known as a single purpose
reservoir.

„ On the other hand if a reservoir is constructed

to serve more than one purpose then it is
termed as a multipurpose reservoir

TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
„ Depending upon the specific purpose
served, the reservoirs may also be classified
as follows:

(i) Storage or Conservation reservoirs

(ii) Flood control reservoirs
(iii) Distribution reservoirs.
 Storage or Conservation Reservoir
„ A storage reservoir is constructed to store the excess
water that, lows in the river during the period of high
flows for later use for various purposes.
„ Storage reservoirs are primarily used for supply of
water for irrigation, development of hydroelectric
power and domestic & industrial water supply.
„ However, to some extent these reservoirs also help in
moderating the floods and thus provide protection
against floods on the downstream side.
„ Depending upon the purpose served, these reservoirs
may be designated as single purpose reservoirs and
multipurpose reservoirs.

Flood Control Reservoirs

„ A flood control reservoir is constructed to protect
the area lying on its downstream side from the
damages due to floods.
„ Hence it is known as flood protection reservoir
or flood mitigation reservoir.
„ Usually these reservoirs serve only one purpose
viz., flood control and hence these are designated
as single purpose reservoirs
 Hydrograph moderated by flood reservoir

Distribution Reservoirs

„ A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir

used for water supply in a city.
„ Such a reservoir is required to fulfill the varying
demands of the consumers at different periods
of the day.
„ Water is continuously pumped into the reservoir at a
constant rate and is supplied to the consumers from
the reservoir.
 Distribution Reservoirs
„ During the periods of no demand or demand less
than the pumping rate water is stored in the
reservoir.
„ But during the periods of demand exceeding the
pumping rate, water is supplied by the reservoir
from its storage.
„ Thus a distribution reservoir permits pumps to
operate at a constant rate and it can supply
water at a rate higher than the constant inflow rate
of pumping.

INVESTIGATIONS FOR RESERVOIR

PLANNING

„ For reservoir planning the following three

types of investigations arc required.

(1) Engineering surveys.

(2) Geological investigations.
(3) Hydrological investigations
 Engineering Surveys
„ The area of the dam site, reservoir and other
associated works is surveyed and a contoured plan
of the entire area is prepared.
„ From the contoured plan the storage capacity and
the water spread area of the reservoir at various
elevations are determined as indicated below:
1. From the contoured plan of the reservoir site the
water spread area of the reservoir at any elevation is
directly determined by measuring the area
enclosed by the contour corresponding to that
elevation with a planimeter
 Engineering Surveys
2. The water spread areas at different elevations are
thus determined and the same are plowed against
elevation to obtain an elevation-area curve

Elevation-area and elevation capacity curve

Engineering Surveys
„ The storage capacity of the reservoir may be
determined by taking contour areas at equal
interval and summing up by:
1. Trapezoidal formula
2. Cone formula
3. Prismoidal formula
• Thus if V is the storage volume and A1 A2, A3,......An are the
areas enclosed by the successive contours at an interval h, then
the various formulae are as follow:
 Engineering Surveys
1. Trapezoidal formula

2. Cone formula

3. Prismoidal formula

Engineering Surveys

„ The storage volumes up to various elevations

are determined by of the above noted formulae
and the same are plotted against elevation to
obtain e levation- capacity curve
 Geological Investigations
„ Geological investigations are required to
determine the following items.

1. Suitability of foundation for the dam.

2. Watertightness of the reservoir basin.
3. Location of quarry sites for obtaining suitable
materials required for the construction and
estimation of the quantities likely to be
available form them.

Hydrological Investigations
„ The entire planning of a reservoir is based on
the estimate of the quantity of water likely
to be available in the river from year to year
and season to season.

„ As such the hydrological investigations

constitute one of the most important aspects of
reservoir planning.
 Hydrological Investigations
„ The hydrological investigations may be divided
into two heads :

1. Study of runoff pattern of the river at the

proposed dam site to determine the storage
capacity of the reservoir corresponding to a
given demand.

2. Determination of the hydrograph of the worst

flood to determine the spillway capacity and
design.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR A RESERVOIR

„ The selection of site for a reservoir depends on the
following factor
(1) Suitable dam site must be available where the
reservoir is proposed to be constructed.
(2) The river valley at the site should be narrow so that
the length of the dam to be constructed is less,
but it should open out on the upstream side to
provide a large basin for the reservoir.
(3) The surrounding hills which constitute the rim of the
reservoir should be water tight, so that there is no
leakage of water through any part of the rim.
 SELECTION OF SITE FOR A RESERVOIR
(4) The reservoir basin should also be reasonably
water tight so that the stored water is not able to
escape under the surrounding hills through cavernous
rock or other continuous rock or other continuous
pervious strata.
(5) The site should be such that as far as possible
minimum land and property is submerged in the
reservoir.
(6) The site should be such that it avoids water from
those tributaries which carry unusually high
content of sediment.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR A RESERVOIR

(7) The site must be such that adequate reservoir

capacity is made available.
(8) As far as possible a deep reservoir must be formed
so that the land costs per unit of capacity are low,
evaporation loss is less.
(9) The reservoir site should be such that there are no
objectionable minerals and sails present in the soil and
rocks at the site which may get dissolved in water and
deteriorate its quality.
 SELECTION OF SITE FOR A RESERVOIR

(10) The quality of water stored in the reservoir must be

satisfactory for its intended use.

(11) The site should be such that the costs of associated

works such as roads, rails, housing colonies for
workers and other staff, etc., are not excessive.

ZONES OF STORAGE IN A RESERVOIR

„ The entire storage capacity of a reservoir may be
divided into a number of zones by certain water
surfaces or pool levels in the reservoir:
„ Normal Pool Level (N.P.L) It is the maximum
elevation to which the water surface will rise in the
reservoir during ordinary operating conditions.
„ In the case of an ungated spillway the normal pool
level is determined by the elevation of the spillway
crest. If spillway is gated then the normal pool level is
determined by the top of spillway gates.
„ It is also known as Full Reservoir Level (F.R.L.) or Full
Tank Level (F.T.L.)
Overflow Spillway
 Chute Spillway

Side-Channel Spillway
 Minimum Pool Level (N.P.L)
„ It is the lowest elevation to which the water
is drawn from the reservoir under normal
conditions.

„ This level may be fixed by the elevation of

the lowest outlet in the dam.
Maximum Pool Level
„ It is the maximum elevation to which the
water surface will rise in the reservoir
during the design flood (or worst flood).

„ It is also known as Maximum Water

Level (M.W.L.) or Pool Level during
Design Flood.

Zones of storage in reservoir

„ Useful storage
„ Dead Storage
„ Surcharge Storage
„ Bank Storage
„ Valley Storage
„ Useful storage: The volume of water stored between
the normal pool level and the minimum pool level of the
reservoir
„ Dead Storage: The volume of water held below level of
a reservoir is known as dead storage . It cannot be used
for any purpose under ordinary operating conditions.
„ Surcharge Storage: The volume of water stored
normal pool level and the maximum pool level of a
reservoir is call Surcharge storage. The surcharge storage
is an uncontrolled storage as it a flood is occurring and
cannot be retained for later use.

Zones of storage in reservoir

„ Bank Storage: The bank storage is the volume of
water that is temporarily stored in the permeable
banks of a reservoir when the reservoir fills and
drains out as the water level in the reservoir is
lowered.
„ Valley Storage: The volume of water held by a
naturals channel is known as the valley swage. Even
before a reservoir is constructed certain amount of
water is stored in the natural stream channel as a
vally storage which may however vary.
RESERVOIR YIELD
„ The most important aspect of the design of a storage
reservoir is an analysis of the relation between
yield and capacity.
„ Yield is the amount of water which can be supplied
from the reservoir in a specified interval of time.
„ The time interval may vary from a day for a small
distribution reservoir to a year or more for a large
storage reservoir.
„ Yield is dependent upon inflow and will vary from
year to year.

Safe or firm yield: It is the maximum quantity of

water which supplied during a critical (or worst) dry
period.
„ In practice the period of lowest natural flow on
record for the stream is usually taken as the critical
period.
Secondary yield: It is the quantity of water
available in excess of safe yield during periods of
high flows
Average yield: It is the arithmetic average of the
yield (firm and secondary) over a long period of
time.
Storage capacity
„ The yield of a reservoir and its storage
capacity are very much dependent on each
other.
„ The storage capacity of a reservoir also
depends on the inflow to a reservoir.
„ The inflow, yield and storage capacity of a
reservoir are related by the following storage
equation:
Inflow - Yield = Change in storage

„ The value of the yield which may be adopted for

the design of a reservoir is known as design
yield.
„ It should be such that the demands of the
consumers are met with and at the same time
storage is not unduly depleted.
„ However, the value of the design yield also
depends on the urgency of the water requirement
or on the amount of risk involved if the actual yield
is less than the design yield.
 How much to store

Qout Qused  Qspill  Qevaporation  Qleakage  Qseapage  ......

Qn Qin  Qout

Qin Qstream  Q precipitation

Q precipitation | AP

MASS CURVE
„ A mass curve (or mass inflow curve) is a plot of
accumulated flow in a stream against time.
„ A mass curve can be prepared from the flow
hydrograph of a stream for a large number of
consecutive previous years

Time (years)
Flow hydrograph of a stream
 MASS CURVE
„ The area under the hydrograph from the starting
year upto any time t (shown by hatching in Fig.)
represents the total quantity of water that has
flown through the stream from that year upto time t
„ It is equal to the ordinates of the mass curve at
time t.

t
Time (years)

Flow hydrograph of a stream

MASS CURVE
„ The ordinates of the mass curve corresponding to
different times are thus determined and plotted at
the respective times to obtain the mass curve.

Mass curve

Time (years)
 MASS CURVE
„ The slope of the curve at any point indicates
the rate of flow at that particular time.
„ If there is no flow during certain period the
curve will be horizontal during that period.
„ If there is high rate of flow the curve rises
steeply.
„ Thus relatively dry periods are indicated as
concave depressions on the mass curve.

Demand Curve
„ A demand curve (or mass curve of demand) is a plot
between accumulated demand and time.
„ If the demand is at a constant rate then the demand
curve is a straight line having its slope equal to the
demand rate.
„ If the demand is not constant then the demand curve
will be curved indicating a variable rate of demand.
Accumulated Demand

Time (years) Time (years)

 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR
CAPACITY REQUIRED FOR A SPECIFIED
YIELD OR DEMAND USING MASS CURVE

„ The reservoir capacity required for a specific yield or

demand may be determined by using mass curve and
demand curve :
„ A mass Curve is prepared from the flow hydrograph for
a number of consecutive years selected from the
available stream flow record such that it includes the
most critical or the driest period. Fig. shows a mass
curve for a typical stream for a 6-yr period.
„ Corresponding to the given rate of demand, a demand
curve is prepared. If the rate of demand is constant
then the corresponding demand curve is a straight line
as shown in Fig.

DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR
CAPACITY REQUIRED FOR A SPECIFIED
YIELD OR DEMAND USING MASS CURVE

„ Lines such as GH, FJ. etc., are drawn parallel lo the

demand curve and tangential to the high points G, F,
etc., of the mass curve (or the points at the beginning
of the dry periods).
„ The maximum vertical intercepts X1Y1, X2Y2, etc.,
between the tangential lines drawn, in step (3) and the
mass curve are measured.
„ The vertical intercept indicate the volume by which the
total flow in the stream falls short of the demand and
hence required to be provided from the reservoir
storage.
 „ For example assuming the reservoir to be full at G, for a
period corresponding to points G and Z1 , there is a total flow
in the stream represented by Y1 Z1 and there is a total
demand represented by X1Z1, leaving a gap of volume
represented by X1,Y1 which must be met with from the
reservoir storage.

„ The largest of the maximum vertical intercepts X 1Y1, X2Y2, etc.,

determined in step (4) represents the reservoir capacity required
to satisfy the given demand.
„ However, the requirement of storage so obtained would be the net
storage which must be available for utilization and it must be
increased by the amount of water lost by evaporation and seepage.
„ As shown in Fig. the vertical distance between the successive
tangential lines such as GH and FJ represents the quantity of
water which would spill over from the reservoir through the
spillway and go as a waste to the downstream side.
„ This is so because between H and F the reservoir would
remain full and all inflow in excess of demand would flow
through the spillway to the downstream side.

„ The tangential lines drawn parallel to the demand curve when

extended forward must intersect the mass curve, such as at
H, J, etc., so that the reservoir which was full at G and F will
be filled again at H and J.
„ If the line does not intersect the mass curve, the reservoir
will not be filled again. Moreover, if the reservoir is very large
the time interval between the points G and H, F and J, etc.,
may be several years.
„ In the earlier discussion the rate of demand has been
assumed to be constant.
„ However, the rate of demand may not be always
constant, in which case the demand curve will be a
curve with its slope varying from point to point in
accordance with the variable rate of demand at
different times.
„ In this case also the required capacity of the reservoir
can be determined in the same way by
superimposing the demand curve on the mass
curve from the high points (or beginning of the dry
period) till the two meet again.

„ The largest vertical intercept between the two

curves gives the required reservoir capacity.
„ It is however essential that the demand curve for
the variable demand coincide chronologically with
the mass curve of stream flow
„ i.e., June demand must coincide with June inflow
and so on.
„ In this case also the storage obtained must be
increased to account for the water lost by
evaporation and seepage.
 „ As shown in Fig. if the end points of the mass curve are
joined by a straight line AB, then its slope represents the
average discharge of the stream over the total period for
which the mass curve has been plotted.

„ If a reservoir is to be constructed to permit continuous release of

water at this average value of discharge for the entire period then
the capacity required for the reservoir is represented by the
vertical intercept between the two straight lines A'B' and A"B"
drawn parallel to AB and tangent to the mass curve at the lowest
tangent point C and the highest tangent point D respectively.
„ If the reservoir having this capacity is assumed to contain a
volume of water equal to AA' at the beginning of the period, then
the reservoir would be full at F and it would be empty at C.
However, if the reservoir was empty in the very beginning, then it
would be empty again at point E and also during the period from F
to K.

„ On the other hand if the reservoir was full in the very beginning it
would be full again at points F and K, and between points A and E
there will be spill of water from the reservoir.
Flow-mass Curve

Flow-mass Curve
„ Plot of the cumulative runoff amount, or flow
volume, against
t
time
VQ ³ Q  t dt
0
(1)

„ In other words, it is a graphical

representation of Equation (1), where VQ
varies with time
„ the lower limit of the integral denotes the start of
time or of the curve and can be taken other than
zero
 Flow-mass Curve
„ Because Q (t) represents the runoff
hydrograph, VQ(t) is an integral curve, or
summation curve, of the hydrograph

„ Rippl (1882) was probably the first to use the

flow-mass curve, and, hence, it is also known
as Rippl's diagram or mass curve

A Typical Mass Curve

Flow Mass Curve

25000

Average flow rate B

Cum. Flow Volume, Cumec-days

20000

15000

10000

5000

A0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time, Month

‰ At any point in time, curve gives the cumulative volume of flow up to

that time
‰ Slope of the curve at any point - rate of flow at that time
‰ Slope of the line connecting any two points - average flow rate
between those points in time, e.g., line AB or other
Flow-mass Curve

„ Practical implication of average flow rate

„ If enough storage were provided, then the reservoir would

be able to supply at this average rate for the period of the
curve

„ The straight line can be called supply line

„ Thus, the mass curve can be used for design of storage

reservoirs

Computation of Storage Amount

„ Consider a reservoir is full initially or at the
start of a dry season

„ At any time, the amount of water withdrawn

from the reservoir is the difference between
the cumulative supply and the cumulative
demand from the beginning up to that time

„ The maximum of this amount, wherever it

occurs, is the storage S to be provided
Computation of Storage Amount
„ Thus, we can express

S = maximum of (6 VD - 6 Vs) (2)

Where VD = cumulative demand; and Vs = cumulative supply

„ When the mass curve of supply and demand are

plotted, the maximum difference in their ordinates
gives the maximum cumulative deficiency, which is
the storage amount S for that dry season

„ The values of S are calculated for different dry

periods and the largest of these values is the
minimum of storage required for the reservoir

Flow Mass Curve

25000

Average flow rate B

Constant demand line
Cum. Flow Volume, Cumec-days

20000
Deficiency or storage requirement
15000
D
D1
10000 S1

5000
C
C1
0
A0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time, Month

„ S can be obtained either graphically using the mass curve or arithmetically

„ In Fig., line CD represents the constant-demand line; its slope is D1, which is the
demand rate

„ Other demand lines can also be drawn

„ Vertical distances between these lines and their corresponding tangents (to
supply) specify the values of storage such as S1 in the figure. The largest value
of S1, S2,……, is the minimum required storage
Example
„ Compute the minimum reservoir storage
required to maintain a demand of 50 m3/day.
Monthly river flows to the reservoir are
available as follows:

MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Flow 94 82 45 20 26 43 90 110 86 70 53 43
(m3/d)

„ To simplify plotting of the mass curve,

assume each month has 30 days

Solution
„ Monthly flow volumes and cumulative flow volumes
are computed for each month (columns 4 & 5)
No. of Mean Flow Monthly Flow Volume Cum. Flow Volume
Month
Days (m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day)
1 2 3 4 5
January 31 94 2,914 2,914
February 28 82 2,296 5,210
March 31 45 1,395 6,605
April 30 20 600 7,205
May 31 26 806 8,011
June 30 43 1,290 9,301
July 31 90 2,790 12,091
August 31 110 3,410 15,501
September 30 86 2,580 18,081
October 31 70 2,170 20,251
November 30 53 1,590 21,841
December 31 40 1,240 23,081
Col 2 x col 3 Cumulative of col 4
 Flow Mass Curve

25000

Line of slope = 50 cumec

Cum. Flow Volume, Cumec-days

20000

15000
B
S
B1
10000
A
Line parallel to AB
5000
A1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Time, Month
„ Cumulative flow are plotted against time (month) to obtain the
flow mass curve (Fig.). For simplicity of plotting, all months are
assumed to be equal length of 30 days

„ A demand line having a slope of 50 m3/s is drawn tangential to

the hump at the beginning of the flow mass curve (line AB in
Fig.)

„ To compute the required storage, a line parallel to the demand

line is drawn tangentially to the valley bottom of the mass curve
(line A1B1 in Fig.)

„ The vertical distance between these two

parallel lines gives the minimum storage S
required to meet the constant demand rate of
50 m3/s

This is found to be S = 2300 m3/s

 Example

Solution of above Example arithmetically

„ Solution
„ For each month, flow and demand volumes are
computed. The difference between these values is
obtained (excess or deficiency)

„ By performing these calculations for each month,

cumulative excess demand and cumulative excess
flow are computed (Table)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Month Days Flow Rate Flow Vol. Demand Rate Demand Vol. Deficiency Cum. Excess Demand Cum. Excess Flow
cumec cumec-days cumec cumec-days cumec-days cumec-days cumec-days
Jan 31 94 2914 50 1550 1364 1364
Feb 28 82 2296 50 1400 896 2260
Mar 31 45 1395 50 1550 -155 -155
Apr 30 20 600 50 1500 -900 -1055
May 31 26 806 50 1550 -744 -1799
Jun 30 43 1290 50 1500 -210 -2009
Jul 31 90 2790 50 1550 1240 1240
Aug 31 110 3410 50 1550 1860 3100
Sep 30 86 2580 50 1500 1080 4180
Oct 31 70 2170 50 1550 620 4800
Nov 30 53 1590 50 1500 90 4890
Dec 31 40 1240 50 1550 -310 -310
„ It is seen that the maximum cumulative excess
demand is in the month of June and equals - 2009
cumec-day (col 8)

„ This is the value of the storage required to meet the

demand of 50 m3/s

„ This value of storage differs from the one obtained in

previous Example (2300 cumec-day)

„ This difference is attributed to the assumption of flow

variability from one month to the next
„ In the arithmetic calculation - flow is assumed to vary
linearly from one month to the other,
„ whereas in the graphical solution, the mass curve is
curvilinear

„ It may also be noted that last column of Table

indicates if the reservoir is going to be refilled
„ In this example, the reservoir will be refilled in the month of
August
„ Thereafter, the flow in excess of 2009 cumec-day will be
spillover
 Consideration of Variable Demand
„ In practice, the demand varies with time, for
the needs of irrigation, water supply,
recreation, power generation, waste disposal,
etc., vary during the year

„ This variable demand needs to be taken into

account for designing the storage reservoirs

„ The flow mass curve is used

Consideration of Variable Demand

„ A mass curve of demand is prepared and superposed
on the flow mass curve with proper matching of time

B Mass curve (Flow)

Demand mass curve
Cum. Volume

S
Shortage

Time
Consideration of Variable Demand
„ Sometimes, the demand mass curve is also referred
to as the variable use curve

„ For superposition of two curve, the matching of time

is essential, because during each time interval, say, a
month, the inflow is different and so is demand

„ In addition to actual societal demand, provision must

be made for such natural demands as evaporation,
seepage, leakage, etc. (all variable in time)

Consideration of Variable Demand

„ The natural demands can either be deducted
from the inflow to the reservoir or added to
the societal demand

„ The needed storage is represented by the

maximum vertical distance between the flow
mass curve and the demand mass curve,
assuming the reservoir is full at the first
interaction of the two curves, say, at point A
 Example
„ Compute the amount of storage needed to meet the
demands varying from month to month, as given in
Table. The reservoir area is 10 km2. For converting
rainfall to flow to reservoir, a runoff coefficient of
about 0.6 can be assumed. Prior commitments are for
10 cm per unit area for each month

Solution
Table. Flow, Rainfall, and Demand Data

Month Mean flowa Societala Monthly evapo- Other monthly Monthly

(cm) demand (cm) ration (cm) losses (cm) rainfall (cm)
Jan 70 20 5 1 10
Feb 50 25 8 2 8
Mar 40 28 10 2 6
Apr 30 32 12 1 5
May 10 25 15 2 4
Jun 20 30 16 2 3
Jul 300 50 16 1 15
Aug 350 40 15 2 20
Sep 250 30 13 1 15
Oct 100 20 10 2 12
Nov 80 10 8 1 10
Dec 70 15 5 1 8

a This quantity is on a per unit reservoir area basis

 Solution
„ Calculations similar to earlier example are carried out
for this example

„ These essentially involve arithmetic operation of

budgeting for each month, and are shown in Table

CALCULATION TABLE

DEMAND
Rain- Prior Total Total Inflow – Cum. Excess Cum.
Month Inflow fall Societal Commi Evapo loss Demand Inflow Demand Demand Excess Flow
cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Jan 70 10 20 10 5 1 36 76 +40 40
Feb 50 8 25 10 8 2 45 54.8 +9.8 49.8
Mar 40 6 28 10 10 2 50 43.6 -6.4 -6.4
Apr 30 5 32 10 12 1 55 33 -22 -28.4
May 10 4 25 10 15 2 52 12.4 -39.6 -68
Jun 20 3 30 10 16 2 58 21.8 -36.2 -104.2
Jul 300 15 50 10 16 1 77 309 +232 232
Aug 350 20 40 10 15 2 67 362 +295 527
Sep 250 15 30 10 13 1 54 259 +205 732
Oct 100 12 20 10 10 2 42 107.2 +65.2 797.2
Nov 80 10 10 10 8 1 29 86 +57 854.2
Dec 70 8 15 10 6 1 32 74.8 +42.8 897

Cumulative of
Col. successive
(4+5+6+7) Col. (2) +
negative values
0.6*Col. (3)
in Col. (10)
 „ The required storage for this example is
104.2 cm

„ Thus

S = 104.2cm = 1.042 x 10 x 1000 x 1000

= 10.42 Mm3

Problem
• The flowing table gives the mean flows in a
river during 1981. Calculate the minimum
storage required to maintain a demand rate of
40 m3/s.

• Ans- 1920 cumec. Day)

Gurjeet Singh, Assitant Professor, LPU 1

 Mean Monthly flows in a river
Month Mean flow (m3/sec)
January 60
February 45
March 35
April 25
May 15
June 22
July 50
August 80
September 105
October 90
November 80
December 70

Gurjeet Singh, Assitant Professor, LPU 2

Problem
• A reservoir with a live storage capacity of 300
million cubic meters is able to irrigate an
ayacut of 40,000 hectares with 2 fillings each
year. The crop season is 120 days. What is the
duty?
• Answer- 691 hectares/cumec

Gurjeet Singh, Assitant Professor, LPU 3

Reservoir Sedimentation

Gurjeet Singh, Assitant Professor, LPU 4

Reservoir Sedimentation

Gurjeet Singh, Assitant Professor, LPU 5

Reservoir Sedimentation

Gurjeet Singh, Assitant Professor, LPU 6

Gurjeet Singh, Assitant Professor, LPU 7