Question Bank

Modern Electronic Instrumentation

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING
 Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation
Unit – I (Two Marks with answers)

1. Calculate the value of the multiplier resistance on 50V range of a DC voltmeter that uses
500μA meter movement with an internal resistance of 1KΩ.

The sensitivity of a 500μA meter movement is given by

S = 1/Im = 1/500μA = 2KΩ / V.
The value of the multiplier resistance can be calculated by
Rs = S * Range – Rm
= 2KΩ / V * 50V - 1KΩ
= 100 KΩ - 1 KΩ
= 99KΩ

2. State the advantages of ramp type DVM.

 It has a better resolution and it can be adjusted because the resolution of digital readout
is proportional to the frequency of local oscillator.
 The polarity of the signal which is to be measured can be indicated by adding external
logic.
 In this the analog to digital signal converted into time and the time can be easily
digitized.
 It is easy to design and cost is low.

3. Define Loading effect in voltmeter.
A voltmeter is connected in parallel with the circuit across which the voltage is being
measured. The loading effect of the meter will be minimal if the meter resistance is much larger
than the circuit resistance. Ideally, the voltmeter resistance should be infinite.

4. List the sources of errors present in the Q meters.

At high frequencies, the electronic voltmeter may suffer from losses due to the transit time
effect. The effect of shunt resistance is to introduce an additional resistance in the tank circuit,
which can balance the meter, but only for certain period of time.
Distributed capacitance of self-capacitance of the measuring circuit may cause stray
capacitances to enter the meter, which can affect the meter by modifying the actual Q and the
inductance of the coil. It is the most significant source of error.

5. State the principle used in a basic vector impedance meter.

Impedance, which is having both magnitude and phase, is truly an opponent to the flow of
current in AC circuits with the presence of an applied voltage. The Vector Impedance Meter is
employed for measuring both the amplitude and phase angle of impedance (Z). Normally, in other
measuring techniques of impedance, the individual values of resistanceand reactance are obtained

in rectangular form. That is But here, the impedance can be obtained in polar
form. That is |Z| and phase angle (θ) of impedance can be acquired by this meter.
 6. What are the requirements of a shunt used in DC ammeters?
 The resistance of the shunt remains constant with time.
 The temperature of the material remains same even though substantial current flows through the
circuit.
 The temperature coefficient of the instrument and the shunt remains low and same.

7. What is multi range voltmeter?

Addition of number of multipliers together with the range switch provides the instrument
with the workable number of voltage ranges and this kind of instrument is called multi range
voltmeter.

8. Give the sensitivity of voltmeter

S= 1/Ifsd V
Where S= sensitivity of voltmeter; V= voltage range;Ifsd= full scale deflection current.

9. How the calibration of DC instrument is carried out.

By determining the potential difference across standard resistor by voltmeter method and
thencalculating the current by ohm’s law. This calculation is compared with actual reading.

10. What is the function of a digital voltmeter(DVM)?

A digital voltmeter displays measurements of DC or AC voltage as discrete numerals instead
of pointer deflections on a continuous scale as in analog instruments.

11. How are the different varieties of DVM differ?

The different varieties of DVM differ in the following ways:
a) Number of digits b) Number of measurements c) Accuracy d) Speed of reading e)
Digital output of several types.

12. State the advantages of digital voltmeters.

a) Higher accuracy and resolution b) Greater speed c) No parallax d) Reduced human error
e) Compatibility with other digital equipment for further processing and recording.

13. State the characteristic features of DVMs.

a) Input range : From ± 1.000V to ±1000V with automatic range selection and overload
indication b) Absolute accuracy : As high as ±0.005% of the reading. C) Resolution : 1 part in million
d)Calibration: Internally from stabilized reference sources, independent of measuring circuit.

14. List the applications of DVMs.

a)Used in ‘ data processing systems’ or ‘ data logging systems’. B) A large number of input
signals can be automatically scanned or processed and their values either printed or logged.

15. Give the classification of digital voltmeters.

a) Ramp type DVM b) Dual slope integrating type DVM c) Integrating type DVM
d)Successive approximation DVM.

16. What is a multimeter?

The ammeter, the voltmeter and the ohmmeter, all use a basic D’ Arsonval movement. The
difference between these instruments is the circuit in which the basic movement is used. The
instrument which contains a function switch to connect the appropriate circuits to the D’ Arsonval
movement, is called a multimeter or VOM meter.

17. What are the applications of digital multimeter (DMM)?

It is mostly used in laboratory for the measurement of,
1. AC voltage and current measurement.
2. DC voltage and current measurement.
3. Resistance and Frequency measurement.

18. What is automatic ranging in DMM?

The DMM automatically adjusts its range to give a meaningful reading, and the display
includes the unit of measurement (V or mV for voltage measurement)

19. State the difference between Analog and Digital multimeters.

Difference between Analog and Digital Multimeter

CHARACTERISTICS ANALOG MULTIMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER

Accuracy Prone to error because of Measures with great accuracy

wrong pointer based
reading

Reading Provides reading on a scale Provides reading in numeric form

against pointer appeared on a LCD

Calibration Calibration is done manually They are calibrated automatically before

taking any measurement

Cost Less costly as they offer very Expensive as they offer wide range of
few features features

Range Have to set a range of Mostly, they have auto-ranging feature

measurement manually but costlier than their counter-parts

Measuring Usually it measures current, Measures current, voltage, resistance,

parameters voltage, and resistance capacitance, and inductance as well

ADC Requirement Does not require analog-to- Requires ADC in order to display the
digital converter (ADC) to reading on LCD
display reading

AC Frequency Highest AC Frequency which Highest AC Frequency which can be

can be measured is lower measured is higher than its counter-part

Construction Construction is easy and Complicated construction because of

CHARACTERISTICS ANALOG MULTIMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER

simple several electronic and logic components

involvement

Power supply Is not required Is required in these types of meters

Size Bigger in size Very small like hand-held devices

Noise Suffer less from electric Suffer more from electric noise
noise

Input signals Displays only one input It is able to accept multiple inputs and
signal value has adjustable displays which allow user
to choose between the input signals.

20. Calculate the sensitivity of a 200μA meter movement which is to be used as a DC

voltmeter.
S = 1/Ifsd V = 1/200 S = 5 KΩ / V

21. A basic D’Arsonval movement with a full scale deflection of 50μA and internal resistance
of 500Ω is used as a voltmeter. Determine the value of the multiplier resistance needed to
measure a voltage range of 0-10V.
Rs = (V/Im)-Rm = (10/50) – 500 = 199.5 KΩ

22. State the advantages of ramp type DVM.

The ramp technique circuit is easy to design and its cost is low .Also, the output pulse can be
transmitted over long feeder lines.

23. State the disadvantages of ramp type DVM.

Large errors are possible when noise is superimposed on the input signal.Input filters are
usually required with this type of converter.

24. State the advantages of staircase type DVM.

a) Input impedance of the DAC is high when the compensation is reached.
b) The accuracy depends only on the stability and accuracy of the voltage and DAC. The clock
has no effect on the accuracy.

25. State the disadvantages of staircase type DVM.

a) The system measures the instantaneous value of the input signal at the moment
compensation
is reached. This means the reading is rather unstable, i.e. the input signal is not a pure dc
voltage.
b) Until the full compensation is reached, the input impedance is low, which can influence the
accuracy
26. Define resolution
If n = number of full digits, then resolution (R) is 1/10n.
The resolution of a DVM is determined by the number of full or active digits used.

27. What is the resolution of a 4-1/2 digit display?

R = 1/104 = 1/ 10000 = 0.0001
 Unit – II (Two Marks with answers)

1.Write the function of attenuator in CRO.

An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without
appreciably distorting its waveform. An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier,
though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator
provides loss, or gain less than 1.

2.Differentiate dual beam and dual trace oscilloscope.

3. Define a Wave Analyzer and list its types.

The electronic instrument used to analyze waves is called wave analyzer. It is also called
signal analyzer, since the terms signal and wave can be interchangeably used frequently.
Types:
1. Frequency Selective Wave Analyzer
2. Heterodyne Wave Analyzer
3. Harmonic distortion analyzer
4. Spectrum Wave Analyzer
4. State different types of Harmonic Distortion Analyzer.
1. Supress the fundamental frequency by means of high pass filter.
2. Employing a Resonance Bridge
3. Wein’s Bridge Method
4. Bridge – T Network Method

5. Mention the applications of Spectrum Analyzer.

Spectrum Analyzer are widely used in radars, oceanography, bio medical fields, Study of the
RF Spectrum produced in microwave instruments.

6. Describe the different types of sweeps used in CRO.

Sweeps available in CRO are Horizontal sweep and vertical sweep

7. Give the different parts of CRT.

CRT consists of following parts. They are Triode section, Focusing section,
Deflection section, screen

8. What are ‘Lissajous patterns’?

Two phase-shifted sinusoid inputs are applied to the oscilloscope in X-Y mode and the
phase relationship between the signals is presented as a Lissajous figure.

9. Give some applications of sampling oscilloscope.

Sampling oscilloscopes are of great use when analyzing high frequency signals. That is,
signals whose frequencies are higher than the oscilloscope's sampling rate.

10. What are the applications of storage oscilloscope?

Signal Integrity, Jitter, and Timing Analysis ,Validation, Debug, Characterization, and
Compliance of Next-generation Digital Designs Computer, Datacom, Storage-area Network
Equipment Designs, and High-speed Backplanes, High-energy Physics Measurements and Data
Acquisition.

11. What are the different types of probes?

Probes used for CRO can be Attenuation probes, differential probes, and current probes.

12. What is the function of wave analyzer?

Wave Analyzer is an instrument designed to measure the relative amplitude of single
frequency components, in complex waveform. It acts as a frequency selective voltmeter, which is
tuned to the frequency of one signal, while rejecting all other signal components. The desired
frequency is selected by a frequency calibrated dial to the point of maximum amplitude.

13. Give the important characteristics of a signal generator.

The characteristics are Frequency, range, resolution, spectral purity.

14. What are the applications of function generators?

Function generators are used in designing, testing, troubleshooting, and repairing of electronic
or electro- acoustic devices.

15. What is the function of frequency synthesizer?

 A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system for generating any of a range of
frequencies from a single fixed time base or oscillator. A frequency synthesizer can combine
frequency multiplication, frequency division, and frequency mixing (the frequency mixing process
generates sum and difference frequencies) operations to produce the desired output signal.

16. What is the working principle of Q meter?

Q-meter works on the principle of Series Resonance

17. What are the applications of frequency synthesizer?

Frequency Synthesizers are used in commercial radio receivers, mobile telephones,
radiotelephones, walkie-talkies, satellite receivers, GPS systems, etc.

18. What are the applications of Q meter?

Q meter is a piece of equipment used in the testing of radio frequency circuits.

19. What are the different types of digital display devices?

Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Flat panel display
Light-emitting diode (LED) displays
Plasma display panels (PDP)
Liquid crystal display (LCD).

19. How CRO is superior to ordinary measurement.

CRO is an electronic device that gives a graphical representation of alternating quantities
under examination. The CRO gives very accurate measurements as it is free from the errors
introduced by the moving parts. It is also free from damping mechanism and other inertia
containing parts.

20. List three applications of digital storage oscilloscope

 used for testing signal voltage in circuit debugging.
 Testing in manufacturing.
 Designing.
 Testing of signals voltage in radio broadcasting equipment.
 In the field of research.
 Audio and video recording equipment.
 Unit – III (Two Marks with answers)
1. List the requirements of a sweep generator.
 The sweep must be linear (the sweep voltage must rise linearly to the maximum value required
for full screen horizontal deflection of the spot).
 The spot must move in one direction only, i.e. from left to right only, else the signal will be
traced backwards during the return sweep.
2. Mention the different materials used in LED.
The particular semiconductors used for LED manufacture are
 gallium arsenide (GaAs),
 gallium phosphide (GaP), or
 gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP).
3. State the front panel controls of a pulse generator.
 Frequency selector
 Frequency multiplier
 Amplitude multiplier
 Variable amplitude
 Symmetry control
 Amplitude
 Function switch
 Output available
 Sync
 On-Off Switch

4. State the advantages and Disadvantages of LED.

Advantages :
1. It has long life compared to lamps.
2. It has low voltage operation, making them compatible with integrated circuits.
3. LED are ideal for operation under cold and low outdoor temperature setting.
4. It is available in verity of colors.
5. It has light immunity to external noise.
6. It is more reliable.
7. It has light immunity to external noise.
8. It has good adaptability to coherent laser operation.
Disadvantages:
1. It is liable to get damaged by over voltage or over current.
2. LED are more expensive.
3. The radiant output power and its wavelength are temperature dependent.
4. Theoretical overall efficiency is not achieved except in special cooled or pushed conditions
5. Differentiate signal generator and oscillators.
The basic differences are a signal generator can provide several typical types of waves - square,
triangle, sine, etc, and can do so for varying frequencies. In truth, a signal generator is just a very
advanced oscillator. A basic discrete oscillator will only be able to provide 1 type of wave, and usually at
a very limited frequency range.

6. State the advantages and Disadvantages of LCD.

Advantages:
1. LCD’s are of low cost.
2. Provides excellent contrast.
3. It consumes less amount of power compared to CRT and LED.
4. It consists of some microwatts for display in comparison to some milliwatts for LED’s.
5. It is thinner and lighter when compared to cathode ray tube and LED.
Disadvantages:
1. Require additional light sources.
2. Low reliability.
3. Speed is very low.
4. Range of temperature is limited for operation
5. It needs an AC Drive.

7. State the advantages and Disadvantages of Seven Segment Display.

Advantages:

1. Cost: The cost of the entire module of 7 segment display is very cheap as it only contains LEDs.

2. Efficiency: LED displays in general are extremely efficient.

3. Heat dissipation: The heat dissipated from this displays is very less and that increases the life of the
devices.

Disadvantages:

1. limited characters: Seven-segment displays are capable to display only numbers from 0-9 and few
alphabets.

2. Type of display: The appearance of the two types of display are very similar and that causes difficulty
interfacing it with controllers.

8. State the applications of Seven Segment Display.

 Digital watches
 electronic device display
 timers
 calculators
  Car panel displays, etc.

9. State the applications of LCD.

o The liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are used in aircraft cockpit displays.
o It is used as a display screen in calculators.
o For displaying images used in digital cameras.
o The television is main applications of LCD.
o Mostly the computer monitor is made up of LCDs.
o It is used in instruments panel where all the lab instruments uses LCD screens for display.
o The LCDs are commonly used in all the digital wrist watches for displaying time.
o The LCDs are used in mobile screens.
o It is also used in video players.

10. State the applications of LED.

 LED is used as a bulb in the homes and industries
 The light emitting diodes are used in the motorcycles and cars
 These are used in the mobile phones to display the message
 At the traffic light signals led’s are used

11. State the advantages and Disadvantages of Dot Matrix Display.

Advantages:
1. The Dot matrix printers are cheap and easily available in the market.
2. They can make carbon copies of the print out unlike non-impact printers.
3. The printing costs are the lowest as compared to other printers.
4. The printout fades gradually rather than coming to a halt suddenly. You therefore get plenty of time to
change the ribbon before crisis emerges.
5. They use paper continuously unlike other printers that require frequent change of paper.
6. The maintenance cost is low as compared to other printers.
7. They tolerate dirty and hot conditions as are found in industrial environments.
Disadvantages:
1. The output is not high resolution. Color printout is limited and the print speed is also lesser as
compared to non-impact printers. Therefore, the quality of print out in general is not very good. This
affects the scanner readability of the print out.
2. The printer creates great deal of noise while the pins strike the ribbon to the paper.
3. The pins get bended easily destroying the print head.
4. The single sheet of paper has to wound and aligned by hand which is time-consuming and hectic. This
also makes it prone to jamming frequently. Although paper jamming can happen with any printer, fixing
it here is not an easy task.
5. The density of barcodes is low and may fail to match user’s standards.

12. What is Function Generator and its applications.

The function generator is the device which is capable of producing several functions based on the
trigger input given.
• Testing, Designing and Troubleshooting of electronic equipment
 • Used in cascade accumulation.
• For alignment (adjustment of various tunable circuits) of electronic equipment’s.
• Generates AM / FM / PM waveforms.

13. What are the various types of signal generators?

• Sweep signal generator • Audio frequency signal generator • RF signal generators

14. Differentiate LED and LCD.

15. Write the elements of a conventional signal generator.

(1) RF Oscillator
(2) Wide band amplifier.
(3) External Oscillator.
4) Modulation Oscillator
(5) Out put attenuator.

16. Explain the five modes of operation present in electronic counters.

The typical modes of operations are Totalising, frequency, period, ratio, time interval and
averaging.
In the totalizing mode, if the count pulse exceeds the capacity of the decade counter, the
overflow indicator is activated and the counter starts counting again.
In the frequency mode, the pulses are accurately controlled.
 In the ratio mode, it simply displays the numerical value of the ratio of the frequencies of
the two signals.
In the period mode, it measures the period of the signal.
In the time interval mode, it measures the time elapsed between two events.
 Unit – IV (Two Marks with answers)
1. State the Objective of a DAS.
 It must acquire the necessary data, at correct speed and at the correct time.
 It must monitor the complete plant operation to maintain on-line optimum and safe
operations.
 It must be able to compute unit performance indices using on-line, real-time data.
 It must be reliable, and not have a down time greater than 0.1%.
2. List the various characteristics of a modern data logger.
 High signal to noise ratio
 High input impedance
 High CMRR
 Low output impedance
 Fast recovery time
3. State the function of data loggers.
Data logging is the collection of data over a period of time, and is something often used in
scientific experiments. Data logging systems typically monitor a process using sensors linked to a
computer. Most data logging can be done automatically under computer control.
4. What is meant by multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the the process of combining several input signals. Many inputs are
multiplexed and the result is produced based on the select signal.
5. What is a data logger?
A data logger (or data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or in
relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and
sensors.

6. Write the important factors present in Data Acquisition System.

 Accuracy and resolution
 Number of channels to be monitored
 Analog or digital signal
 Single channel or multichannel
 Sampling rate per channel
 Signal conditioning requirements of each channel
 Cost

7. Write the characteristics of Data Logger.

 Modularity
Systems can be expanded whenever required, simply and efficiently, often entailing
little or no interruption to the working system.
 Reliability and Ruggedness
 Designed to operate continuously without interruption even in the worst
industrial environments.
 Accuracy
The specified accuracy is maintained throughout the period of use.
 Management Tool
In addition to simple data acquisition, there are facilities to perform many other
functions, and present the results in handy form.
 Easy to Use
These communicate with operators in a logical manner, are simple in concept, and
therefore easy to understand, operate and expand.

8.State the basic parts of a Data Logger Operation.

 Input scanner
 Signal conditioner
 A/D converter
 Recording equipment
 Programmer

9. What are the ways that the signal can be linearized in data logger?
The signal can be linearized at any one of the following three places.
 In the analog stage before conversion
 In the conversion process
 Digitally after conversion
 The first method is not suited to low level voltages, as it requires some form of
amplification. The signal conditioner may be placed between the scanner and the converter.
But, each type of transducer requires individual linearizing circuits.
 The third method requires a storage capability and a computer processing technique. The
most satisfactory is the second method, whereby linearization is built into the conversion
process.

10. State the advantage and disadvantage of Data Loggers.

11. State the applications of Data Loggers.

12. State the application of DAS.

13. Differentiate Data logger and Data Acquisition.

14. Write the two methods of signal conditioning of the inputs.

Two methods of signal conditioning which are particularly applicable with advantage to data
acquisition are
(i) Ratiometric conversion,
The analog method of achieving this is to incorporate an analog divider to which the
amplifier output and excitation voltage are fed, so that the output voltage of the divider is the ratio
of the amplifier output voltage to the excitation voltage.
(ii) Logarithm conversion,
A logarithm compression circuit enables the measurement of a fractional change in the input as
a percentage of the input magnitude rather than a percentage of a range.

15. Define the two drawbacks present in single channel Data acquisition system.
The two major drawbacks are ,
(i) It is slow and the BCD has to be changed into binary coding, if the output is to be
processed by digital equipment.
(ii) While it is free running, the data from the A/D converter is transferred to the interface
register at a rate determined by the DPM itself, rather than commands beginning from
the external interface

16.Explain about the Computer based Data acquisition system.

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical
conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be
manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ,
typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The components of data
acquisition systems include:
 Sensors, to convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
 Signal conditioning circuitry, to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to
digital values.
 Analog-to-digital converters, to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.

Digital Data Acquisition System Block Diagram

Data acquisition applications are usually controlled by software programs developed using
various general purpose programming languages such
as Assembly, BASIC, C, C++, C#, Fortran, Java, LabVIEW, Lisp, Pascal, etc. Stand-alone data
acquisition systems are often called data loggers.
 Unit – V (Two Marks with answers)
1. Define Telemetry System.

2. List the classifications of Telemetry System.

3. List the classification of telemetry based on Modulation methods.

4. Define Mutiplexing.
Multiplexing (or muxing) is a way of sending multiple signals or streams of
information over a communications link at the same time in the form of a single,
complex signal; the receiver recovers the separate signals, a process
called demultiplexing (or demuxing).
5. Differentiate pulse code modulation and pulse amplitude modulation.
Both PAM and PCM are used in telecom transmission domain for transmitting signal.
PCM is a modulation technique used for converting analog signal to digital signal, for the
betterment of signal to noise ratio causing out of attenuation, - comprising of some steps -
sampling, quantization , encoding, companding etc. But in the modulation technique PAM
power of a signal is modulated and train of analog pulse samples are sent so that it can
transmit a longer distance and in the receiving end signal is demodulated and
reconstructed and retrieved. In PAM there is no A to D conversion.

6. Define Amplitude Modulation.

Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic
communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In
amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in
proportion to that of the message signal being transmitted. The message signal is, for
example, a function of the sound to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light intensity
of pixels of a television screen. This technique contrasts with frequency modulation, in
which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and phase modulation, in which
its phase is varied. (OR)
The amplitude modulation definition is, an amplitude of the carrier signal is
proportional to (in accordance with) the amplitude of the input modulating signal. In AM,
there is a modulating signal. This is also called an input signal or baseband signal (Speech
for example). This is a low-frequency signal as we have seen earlier. There is another high-
frequency signal called carrier. The purpose of AM is to translate the low-frequency
baseband signal to a higher freq signal using the carrier. As discussed earlier, high-
frequency signals can be propagated over longer distances than lower frequency signals.

7. State the advantages and Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation .

Advantages:
Amplitude modulation is economical as well as easily obtainable.
It is so simple to implement, and by using a circuit with fewer components it can be
demodulated.
The receivers of AM are inexpensive because it doesn’t require any specialized
components.
Disadvantages
The efficiency of this modulation is very low because it uses a lot of power
This modulation uses amplitude frequency several times to modulate the signal by a carrier
signal.
This declines the original signal quality on the receiving end & causes troubles in the signal
quality.
AM systems are susceptible toward the generation of noise generation.
The applications of amplitude modulation limits to VHF, radios, & applicable one to one
communication only.

8. Define Frequency Modulation.

In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation (FM) is the
encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the
wave. In analog frequency modulation, such as FM radio broadcasting of an audio signal
representing voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, the difference between
the frequency of the carrier and its center frequency, is proportional to the modulating
signal.
9. State the advantages and Disadvantages of frequency Modulation.
Advantages
Resilience to noise
Easy to apply modulation at a low power stage of the transmitter
It is possible to use efficient RF amplifiers with frequency modulated signals
Disadvantages
FM has poorer spectral efficiency than some other modulation formats
Requires more complicated demodulator
Some other modes have higher data spectral efficiency
Sidebands extend to infinity either side.

10. Define Phase Modulation.

Phase modulation (PM) is a modulation pattern for conditioning communication
signals for transmission. It encodes a message signal as variations in the instantaneous
phase of a carrier wave. Phase modulation is one of the two principal forms of angle
modulation, together with frequency modulation. The phase of a carrier signal is
modulated to follow the changing signal level (amplitude) of the message signal. The peak
amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal are maintained constant, but as the
amplitude of the message signal changes, the phase of the carrier changes correspondingly.
Phase modulation is widely used for transmitting radio waves and is an integral part of
many digital transmission coding schemes that underlie a wide range of technologies
like Wi-Fi, GSM and satellite television. PM is used for signal and waveform generation
in digital synthesizers, such as the Yamaha DX7, to implement FM synthesis. A related type
of sound synthesis called phase distortion is used in the Casio CZ synthesizers.

11. State the advantages and Disadvantages of Phase Modulation.

Advantages
 Phase modulation (PM) is a simple contrasted to Frequency modulation (FM).
 It is used to find out the velocity of a target by removing Doppler data. This needs
constant carrier which is achievable during phase modulation however not in FM
(frequency modulation).
 The main benefit of this modulation is signal modulation because it permits computer
for communicating on high-speed using a telephone system.
 When the information is being transmitted without intrusion then the speed rates can
be observed.
 And one more advantage of PM (phase modulation) is improved immunity toward the
noise.

Disadvantages
 Phase modulation needs two signals by a phase variation among them. Through this,
both the two patterns are required like a reference as well as a signal.
 This type of modulation requires hardware which obtains more complex due to its
conversion technique.
 Phase ambiguity arrives if we exceed index pi radian of modulation (1800).
 Phase modulation index can be enhanced by employing frequency multiplier.

12. State the applications of Phase Modulation.

 This modulation is very useful in radio waves transmission, and it is an essential
element in several digital transmission coding schemes.
 Phase modulation is widely used for transmitting radio waves and is an integral element
of many digital transmission coding schemes that support an ample range of wireless
technologies such as GSM, Satellite television, and Wi-Fi.
 Phase modulation is used in digital synthesizers for generating waveform and signal
 PM is used for signal and waveform generation in digital synthesizers like Yamaha DX7
for phase modulation synthesis implementation, and Casio CZ for sound synthesis
which is known as phase distortion.

13. State the applications of Frequency Modulation.

The applications of frequency modulation include in FM radio broadcasting,
radar, seismic prospecting, telemetry, & observing infants for seizure through EEG, music
synthesis, two-way radio systems, magnetic tape recording systems, video broadcast
systems, etc. From the above information, finally, we can conclude that, in frequency
modulation, both efficiencies as well as bandwidth depends on the maximum the
modulation index and modulating frequency. Contrasted to amplitude modulation, the
frequency modulation signal has a larger bandwidth, superior efficiency, & improved
immunity toward the noise.

14. State the applications of Amplitude Modulation.

Broadcast transmissions
Air band radio
Single sideband
Quadrature amplitude modulation

15. Define Time Division Multiplexing.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving
independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each
end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in
an alternating pattern. It is used when the bit rate of the transmission medium exceeds that
of the signal to be transmitted. This form of signal multiplexing was developed
in telecommunications for telegraphy systems in the late 19th century, but found its most
common application in digital telephony in the second half of the 20th century.

16. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Time Division Multiplexing.

Advantages:
1. Full available channel bandwidth can be utilized for each channel.
2. lnter modulation distortion is absent.
3. TDM circuitry is not very complex.
4. The problem of crosstalk is not severe.
Disadvantages:
1. Synchronization is essential for proper operation.
2. Due to slow narrowband fading, all the TDM channels may get wiped out.

17. State the applications of Time Division Multiplexing.

o It used in ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) telephone lines.
o It is used in PSTN (public switched telephone network).
o It is used for some telephone system.
o It is used in wire line telephone lines.

18. Define Frequency Division Multiplexing.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a networking technique in which
multiple data signals are combined for simultaneous transmission via a shared
communication medium. FDM uses a carrier signal at a discrete frequency for each data
stream and then combines many modulated signals.

19. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of frequency Division Multiplexing.

Advantages:
o It does not need synchronization between its transmitter and receiver.
o Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is simpler and easy demodulation.
o Due to slow narrow band fading only one channel gets affected.
o It is used for analog signals.
o A large number of signals (channels) can be transmitted simultaneously.
Disadvantages:
o It is suffers problem of cross-talk.
o It is used only when a few low speed channels are desired.
o Intermodulation distortion takes place.

20. State the applications of frequency Division Multiplexing.

o It is used to public telephones and in cable TV systems.
o It is used in broad casting.
o It is used in AM and FM broadcasting.

21. Draw the block diagram of telemetry system.

22. Write the working of radio frequency telemetry.
A tracking receiver designed for radio telemetry should be used to pick up the
transmitter's signal. An antenna is cabled to the receiver. The frequency range of the
receiver must match up with the frequencies the transmitters are using. Advanced
receivers utilize digital signal processing techniques, or DSP.

23.Compare frequency division Multiplexing and Time Division Multiplexing

techniques.
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing) are the two techniques of multiplexing. The common difference between
TDM and FDM is that TDM share the timescale for the different signals; Whereas FDM
shares the frequency scale for the different signals.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is considered to be a digital procedure which
can be employed when the transmission medium data rate quantity is higher than the data
rate requisite of the transmitting and receiving devices. In TDM, corresponding frames
carry data to be transmitted from the different sources. Each frame consists of a set of time
slots, and portions of each source is assigned a time slot per frame.
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is an analog technique which is
implemented only when the bandwidth of the link is higher than the merged bandwidth of
the signals to be transmitted. Each sending device produces signals which modulate at
distinct carrier frequencies. To hold the modulated signal, the carrier frequencies are
isolated by adequate bandwidth.
TDM and FDM, both are the techniques used for multiplexing. FDM uses analog
signals, and TDM uses Analog and digital both types of signals. However, the efficiency of
TDM is much greater than FDM.
24. Difference between amplitude and frequency modulation.
25. Define Pulse Modulation.
Pulse modulation is “the process in which signal is transmitted by pulses (i.e.,
discontinuous signals) with a special technique”. The pulse modulation is classified as
analog pulse modulation and digital pulse modulation. The analog pulse modulation is
again classified as,
1. Pulse amplitude modulation
2. Pulse width modulation and
3. Pulse position modulation.
The digital pulse modulation is classified as,
1. Pulse code modulation (PCM) and
2. Delta modulation (DM)

26. State the applications of telemetry system.

Applications
Meteorology
Oil and gas industry
Motor racing
Transportation
Agriculture
Water management
Defense, space and resource exploration
Space science
Rocketry
Flight testing
Military intelligence
Energy monitoring
Resource distribution
Dry goods
Fluids
Bulk solids
Medicine/healthcare
Fishery and wildlife research and management
Retail
Law enforcement
Energy providers
Falconry
Testing
Communications
Mining
Software