Synergistic Effect On Ternary Blended Cementitious System

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 6 Issue 7, November-December 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious System

Jasir Thachaparambil
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Jasir

This paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on the Thachaparambil "Synergistic Effect on
synergestic effects on ternary blended cementitious system Ternary Blended Cementitious System"
containing fly ash and silica fume. The experimental programme Published in
consisted of three parts, the first part was to obtain the super International
Journal of Trend in
plasticizer demand for each mix so as to obtain a workability of
Scientific Research
110±5%, the second part was to determine the strength and durability and Development
properties of the mortar samples having different fly ash and silica (ijtsrd), ISSN:
fume contents and the third part was to determine the synergy 2456-6470, IJTSRD52289
existing in the ternary blends both in terms of durability and strength. Volume-6 | Issue-7,
Test results have shown that the ternary blended mixtures improved December 2022, pp.194-223, URL:
the mortar performance by improving the workability, strength and www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52289.pdf
durability, therefore are applicable. Ternary mixtures performed in
accordance with their ingredients; however the degree of Copyright © 2022 by author (s) and
improvement that they contribute varies based on the selected dosage International Journal of Trend in
and type of SCMs. Synergy between the fly ash and silica fume is the Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
main reason for the outstanding performance of ternary mixtures. The
Open Access article
results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement. distributed under the
KEYWORDS: Synergic action; Ternary blended concrete; Durability; terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
Fly ash; Silica fume; Concrete (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
Cement is the most widely used construction material There are two different sources of carbon dioxide
in the world. Due to the huge quantity of emissions during cement production, namely the
consumption, its performance and environmental combustion of fossil fuels to operate the rotary kiln
footprint on the earth are of great importance. and the chemical process of calcining limestone into
Sustainability and durability have become the major lime. Combining these two sources, for every ton of
concern of the construction industry. cement production approximately one ton of carbon
dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Furthermore,
1.1.1. Environmental Impacts of cement
mining large quantity of raw materials, such as
production
limestone and clay, and fuel such as coal, often
Energy consumption is the biggest environmental
results in extensive deforestation and top soil loss.
concern with cement production. Cement production
is the most energy intensive of all the industrial The environmental impact of the construction
manufacturing processes. Including direct fuel use for industry can be reduced through resource productivity
mining and transportation of raw materials, cement i.e. by conserving materials and energy in the cement
production takes about 1758KWh for every ton of production and by improving durability of concrete
cement. products. Cement conservation is the first step in
reducing the energy consumption and greenhouse gas
The industry’s heavy reliance on coal leads to
emissions.
especially high emission levels of carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide and sulphur among other pollutants. One of the efforts to mitigate the environmental
Thus Portland cement is not only one of the most issues associated with cement production includes
energy intensive materials of construction but also is partial replacement of cement with supplementary
responsible for a large amount of greenhouse gas cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume, rice
emissions. The world’s yearly cement production of husk ash etc. Using supplementary cementitious
1.6 billion tones accounts for about 7-8% of global materials (SCMs) is an effective way of reducing
loading of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. carbon footprint of our cement production.
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD52289 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 7 | November-December 2022 Page 194
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
1.1.2. Durability and quality of structures (i.e., anthracite, bituminous, and lignite). Theburning
Construction industry is becoming increasingly of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal
complex and the importance of building structures typically produces Class F fly ash. This fly ash is
that are both cost effective and durable has never pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 20% lime.
been higher. Achieving durability in construction Class C Fly ash is produced from the burning of
should be a very important consideration in the design younger lignite or sub bituminous coal, in addition to
and construction of new structures. Concrete having pozzolanic properties, it also has some self-
structures are generally designed for service life of 50 cementing properties. Class C fly ash generally
years, but experience shows that in urban and coastal contains more than 20% lime (CaO).
environment many structures begin to deteriorate in Fly ash is a finely divided powder resembling
20 to 30 years or even lesser time. Portland cement. Most of the fly ash particles are
Durability of a structure is its resistance to weathering solid spheres and some are hollow cenospheres.
action, chemical attack, abrasion and other Ground materials, such as Portland cement, have
degradation process. Mineral additions have been an solid angular particles. The particle sizes in fly ash
important tool to aid durability of concrete structure vary from less than 1 μm (micrometer) to more than
and thus came the concept of blends. 100 μm with the typical particle size measuring less
than 20 μm. Only 10% to 30% of the particles by
In recent years, many researchers have established
mass are larger than 45 μm. The surface area is
that waste materials like fly ash, blast furnace slag,
typically 300 to 500 m2/kg, although some fly ashes
silica fume, metakaolin, rice husk ash etc. may be
can have surface areas as low as 200 m2/kg and as
used as a partial replacement of cement, which lead to
high as 700 m2/kg. For fly ash without close
economy and in addition by utilizing the industrial
compaction, the bulk density (mass per unit volume
wastes in a useful manner the environmental pollution
including air between particles) can vary from 540 to
is also reduced to a great extent and which in turn
860 kg/m3 whereas with close packed storage or
leads to sustainable development. Blends offer
vibration, the range can be 1120 to 1500 kg/m3. The
significant advantages over conventional system of
relative density (specific gravity) of fly ash generally
Portland cement alone. They can produce stronger
ranges between 1.9 and 2.8 and the color is generally
and more durable concrete and possess a long and
gray or tan.
impressive track record. Blends are also suitable for
harsh environment where concrete is likely to be 1.2.1. Pozzolanic action
exposed to moisture, extreme weather and chemicals. Class F and Class C fly ashes are commonly used as
Moreover blends are more environment friendly. pozzolanic admixtures for general purpose concrete.
During the hydration process of cement, along with
1.2. FLY ASH
the binding gel (C-S-H gel) lime isreleased out and
Fly ash (FA) is the most widely used supplementary
remains as surplus in the hydrated cement. This
cementitious material in concrete; ASTM C 618-89
leached outsurplus lime renders deleterious effect to
defines fly ash as “a finely divided residue that results
concrete such as make the concrete porous which in
from combustion of ground or powdered coal”.
turn give chance to the development of micro cracks,
It is a byproduct of the combustion of pulverized coal weakening the bond with aggregates and thus affect
in electric power generating plants. Upon ignition in the durability.
the furnace, most of the volatile matter and carbon in
If fly ash is available in the mix, this surplus lime
the coal are burned off. During combustion, the coal’s
becomes the source forpozzolanic reaction with fly
mineral impurities (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, and
ash and forms additional C-S-H gel having similar
shale) fuse in suspension and are carried away from
binding properties in the concrete as those produced
the combustion chamber by the exhaust gases. In the
by hydration of cement paste. The reaction of fly ash
process, the fused material cools and solidifies into
with surplus lime continues as long as lime is present
spherical glassy particles called fly ash. The fly ash is
in the pores of liquid cement paste.
then collected from the exhaust gases by electrostatic
precipitators or bag filters.
Two classes of fly ash are defined by ASTM C 618-
89, Class F fly ash and Class C fly ash. The chief
difference between these classes is the amount of
calcium, silica, alumina, and iron content in the ash.
The chemical properties of the fly ash are largely
influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned
The benefits seen from adding silica fume are the
result of changes to the microstructure of the
concrete. These changes result from two different but
equally important processes. The first of these is the
physical aspect of silica fume and the second is its
chemical contribution.
Physical contributions
Adding silica fume brings millions and millions of
very small particles to a concrete mixture. Just like
fine aggregate fills in the spaces between coarse
aggregate particles, silica fume fills in the spaces
between cement grains. This phenomenon is
frequently referred to as particle packing or micro-
Fig 1.1 Pozzolanic action of fly ash
filling. Even if silica fume did not react chemically,
Fly ash is used in about 50% of ready mixed concrete. the micro-filler effect would bring about significant
Class F fly ash is often used at dosages of 15% to improvements in the nature of the concrete.
25% by mass of cementitious material and Class C fly
ash is used at dosages of 15% to 40% by mass of Chemical contributions
cementitious material. Dosage varies with the Because of its very high amorphous silicon dioxide
reactivity of the ash and the desired effects on the content, silica fume is a very reactive pozzolanic
concrete. material in concrete. As the Portland cement in
concrete begins to react chemically, it releases
1.3. SILICA FUME calcium hydroxide. The silica fume reacts with this
Silica fume (SF), also referred to as microsilica or calcium hydroxide to form additional binder material
condensed silica fume, is a by-product material that is called calcium silicate hydrate, which is very similar
used as a pozzolan. This by-product is a result of the to the calcium silicate hydrate formed from the
reduction of high-purity quartz with coal in an electric Portland cement. It is largely this additional binder
arc furnace in the manufacture of silicon or that gives silica-fume concrete its improved hardened
ferrosilicon alloy. Silica fume rises as an oxidized properties.
vapour from the 2000°C (3630°F) furnaces. When it
cools it condenses and is collected in huge cloth bags. 1.3.2. Applications of silica fume
The condensed silica fume is then processed to  High performance concrete (HPC) containing
remove impurities and to control particle size. silica fume for highway bridges, parking decks,
marine structures and bridge deck overlays.
Condensed silica fume is essentially silicon dioxide  High-strength concrete enhanced with silica fume
(usually more than 85%) in non-crystalline for greater design flexibility.
(amorphous) form. Since it is an airborne material  Silica-fume shotcrete for use in rock stabilization;
like fly ash, it has a spherical shape. It is extremely mine tunnel linings, and rehabilitation of
fine with particles less than 1 μm in diameter and deteriorating bridge and marine columns and
with an average diameter of about 0.1 μm, about 100 piles.
times smaller than average cement particles.
Condensed silica fume has a surface area of about 1.4. BINARY AND TERNARY BLENDS
20,000 m2/kg. The relative density of silica fume is Blends are a mixture of multiple ingredients
generally in the range of 2.2 to 2.5. The bulk density combined with Portland cement. Blends can be
of silica fume varies from 130 to 430 kg/m3. divided into two main categories binary blends and
ternary blends. Binary is a mixture of two products
1.3.1. Silica fume as a supplementary i.e. Portland cement and one supplementary
cementitious material cementitious material, whereas the ternary blend is a
Because of its extreme fineness and high silica mixture of three products, Portland cement and two
content, silica fume is a highly effective pozzolanic supplementary cementitious materials. The type and
material. Silica fume is used in concrete to improve proportion of SCMs included in the blends establishes
its properties. It has been found that silica fume the performance in concrete.
improves compressive strength, bond strength and
abrasion resistance and reduces permeability, and When OPC hydrates C-S-H (calcium silicate hydrate)
therefore helps in protecting reinforcing steel from gelis formed, this glue holds concrete together,
corrosion. Silica fume is used in amounts between 5% However gaps in the glue provide pathways for
and 10% by mass of the total cementitious material. moisture to penetrate and reduce strength. When
SCMs are added particles pack more tightly within fractions of respective OPC and FA in binary mix F
the voids and additional glue forms from the SCM (15) S (0) and OPC and SF in mix S(5)F(0).
hydration process and result in fewer voids in the Then the magnitude of the synergistic effect was
matrix thereby less permeability and more strength calculated from the following equation:
and durability.
Incorporating a single SCM to improve concrete may
have some limitations such as low early age strength,
extended curing periods, increased plastic shrinkage Where;
cracking etc. The use of appropriately proportioned S.E = synergistic effect (%)
ternary blends allows the effect of one SCM to P 15F/5S= measured value of a given property for the
compensate for the inherent shortcomings of other, 15FA/5SF mixture
which is termed as the synergistic effect. P theor 15F/5S = theoretical value of a given property for
1.5. SYNERGY IN TERNARY BLENDED the 15FA/5SF mixture
CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEM j = 1 for properties to be maximized (compressive
Synergy describes the interaction of two or more strength) and j = -1 for properties to be minimized
agents or forces so that their combined effect is (rapid chloride permeability and initial sorptivity).
greater than sum of their individual effects. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The advantages of using binary blends of either fly 2.1. GENERAL
ash or silica fume in partial replacement of Portland Keeping in view the objectives of the study, a detailed
cement in mortar and concrete is well known. literature survey was conducted, in the domain of
However both materials have certain shortfalls. Silica both binary and ternary cementitious systems. Large
fume while imparting significant contribution to volume of literature is available in the field and a few
concrete strength and chemical resistance can create of them are summarised here.
increase in water demand, placing difficulties and (1) "Use of ternary cementitious systems
plastic shrinkage problems if not properly used. Low containing silica fume and fly ash in concrete",
calcium fly ash generally provides good resistance to M.D.A Thomas (1999) conducted laboratory studies
alkali-silica reaction and sulphate attack. However on durability of concrete that contains ternary blend
strength development at early ages is typically slower of Portland cement, silica fume and a wide range of
than that in conventional Portland cement systems fly ashes.
especially at higher levels of replacement.
The results obtained showed that ternary cementitious
But when combined in a ternary system, fly ash blends of Portland cement, silica fume and fly ash
compensates for the deficiencies of silica fume and offer significant advantages over plain Portland
vice versa, silica fume compensates for the cement concrete. The combination of silica fume and
deficiencies of fly ash. low CaO fly ash is complementary; the silica fume
In the present study, strength and durability properties improves the early age performance of concrete with
of binary and ternary blended mortars of fly ash and the fly ash continuously refining the properties of the
silica fume were investigated. hardened concrete as it matures. In terms of durability
such blends are vastly superior to plain Portland
1.5.1. Quantification of Synergy cement concrete. They found that combinations of 3-5
Thomas et al. (1999) proposed an equation to predict % silica fume with 20-30% high CaO show
the theoretical value for any of the properties of a satisfactory performance in both ASR and Sulphate
ternary system and thereby gave a method to expansion tests. They concluded that such
quantitatively assess synergy existing in a ternary combinations produce concrete with generally
blended system. excellent properties and offset the problems
The theoretical value of any predicted property for a associated with using the increased amounts of high
mix, [F(15)S(5)] was approximated using the CaO fly ash or silica fume required when these
following equation: materials are used individually.
(2) "Porosity and strength of PFA/SF/OPC
ternary blended paste", Khan et al. (2000)
conducted studies on a ternary blended cementitious
Where P OPC, P15F, P5S are the values of a given system of ordinary Portland cement (OPC)/
property for OPC, F(15)S(0), and S(5)F(0) mixtures, pulverised fuel ash (PFA)/ silica fume (SF) for the
respectively. 0.95 and 0.85 represent sum of volume development of high- performance concrete. Cement
pastes covering a wide range of PFA/SF blending improved. This suggests that pore refinement and
proportions were investigated. They found that reduction in calcium hydroxide play important roles
increase in PFA content was associated with in the corrosion resistance of ternary blend OPC, FA
reduction in strength and increase in porosity in and RHA mortar.
comparison with the OPC control paste for all ages
(5) "Evaluation of binary and ternary blends of
investigated. As SF was incorporated as a cement
pozzolanic materials using rapid chloride
replacement alone, early -age strength was slightly penetration test", Ahmed et al. (2009)studied the
increased and porosity was slightly reduced. effect of replacing cement by pozzolanic
However, as PFA was introduced in the ternary materials.The materials used were fly ash, blast
blended systems, the strength was reduced and furnace slag (BFS), and silica fume. The blending
porosity increased. Although none of the ternary was at the increasing levels of 25, 50, and 70% of fly
blended systems achieved the strength and porosity of ash or BFS, with or without addition of silica fume at
the OPC control, these systems are viable when 10% cement replacement to form binary and ternary
economic and environmental benefits are sought blends. The results indicated that an increase in fly
given the level of performance achieved. ash content increased the charge passed in the
(3) "Effects of densified silica fume on the specimens but the reverse trend was observed with
microstructure and compressive strength of increase in the BFS content in the absence of silica
blended cement pastes", Rao (2003) reported the fume. Silica fume alone as well as its ternary blend
influence of silica fume (SF) on various preliminary with 25% fly ash showed lower charge when
properties of cement pastes and mortars. Specific compared with the control or with the binary blend of
gravity, air content and workability decrease as the cement and fly ash. However, in ternary blends
addition of SF increases. The SF seemed to be an containing fly ash at more than 25%, the presence of
efficient pozzolanic material. It activates the silica fume did not cause a reduction in the charge.
constituents of cement in the early hours of hydration. All ternary blends comprising BFS and silica fume
The air content has been reduced due to its passed lower charges than the respective binary
microfillingeffect, which may lead to increase the blends. These ternary blends exhibited dense
compressive strength. Quick setting of cement results microstructure compared to the corresponding binary
with higher SF contents. The positive trends have fly ash blends. The highest percentage replacement of
been observed with SF on strength of mortars and cement with 70% BFS and silica fume was
soundness. The drying shrinkage of mortar increases comparable with the addition of silica fume alone.
as the SF content increases. The optimum SF content The results showed that concretes with BFS blends
for achieving higher strength of mortars was found to exhibit lower charge passed and higher compressive
be between 15% and 22%. strength than comparative blends using fly ash.
(4) "Strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of (6) "Utilisation of fly ash with silica fume and
ternary blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and properties of Portland cement- fly ash- silica fume
fly ash mortar", Chindaprasirtet al. (2008) studied concrete", Nochaiyaet al. (2009) investigated
the strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of ternary blends of fly ash, silica fume andPortland
mortars made with ternary blends of ordinary cement using an extensive range of mixes: fly ash
Portland cement (OPC), ground rice husk ash (RHA) from 5% to 30%, and silica fume at 2.5%, 5% and
and classified fly ash (fine fly ash, FA). The results 10%.Fresh properties,in terms of the setting time of
show that the use of ternary blend of OPC, RHA and cement paste and the workability of the ternary blend
FA significantly improves the mortar in terms of concrete, were investigated. Compressive strength of
strength at the low replacement level and at the later the ternary concrete was tested and analyzed relative
age. The resistance to chloride-induced corrosion of to both a Portland cement (PC) control and reference
mortar containing pozzolanis significantly improved fly ash mixes.
in comparison to that of OPC mortar. Both FA and From the study it was concluded that water
RHA are very effective in improving the corrosion requirement of fly ash pastes with silica fume was
resistance of mortars. RHA is slightly more effective found to have higher water demand than the mixes
than FA. The corrosion resistance of the ternary blend without silica fume and the setting time was found to
mortar is consistently higher than that of mortar reduce with increasing silica fume content. The
containing single pozzolan. At high replacement of utilization of silica fume with fly ash in concrete was
40% of pozzolan, although the porosity of mortar is found to increase the compressive strength of
increased at the age of 28 days as compared to OPC concrete mixes. The workability was found to
mortar, the corrosion resistance is significantly
decrease, but still remained similar to or higher than fly ash and silica fume in improving the strength and
the control mix. durability properties of cement mortar is not well
established. In the present study the benefits of
Moreover, the high compressive strength of blended
combining fly ash and silica fume in cement mortar
Portland cement –fly ash–silica fume concretes was
and the synergy existing in the system were studied.
due to both the filler effect and the pozzolanic
And efforts are made to find an optimum dosage of
reaction of silica fume evidently giving the cement
fly ash and silica fume in a ternary blended system of
matrix a denser microstructure, thereby resulting in a
OPC/FA/SF.
significant gain in strength. The utilization of fly ash
with silica fume not only improve the concrete 2.2.1. Objective of work
strength, it allows the use of another by-product 1. To study the strength & durability properties of
(silica fume) which is much finer, with fly ash, each ternary blended mortar consisting of OPC, FA
giving its benefit and as a combination allowing more and SF.
mixture to be used while maintaining good fresh 2. To verify whether synergistic effects exist in a
concrete properties. In addition, the use of both by- ternary blended cementitious system of OPC, FA
products would offer ecological benefit as well which and SF.
help cutting down the use of Portland cement while 3. To quantify the magnitude of synergy in the
improving the properties to fly ash concrete. OPC/FA/SF system.
(7) "Effect of water to binder ratio, air content 2.2.2. Scope of Work
and type of cementitious materials on fresh and The scope of the study was limited to 1:3 mortar
hardened properties of binary and ternary specimens with OPC 53 grade, class F fly ash and
blended concrete" by Yurdakulet al. (2013) silica fume. Water to binder ratio was fixed as 0.5 and
investigated the effect of water-to-binder ratio (w/b), the following replacement levels of fly ash and silica
air content, and type of cementitious materials on fume were used:
fresh and hardened properties of binary and ternary  FA: 0%, 15%, 30%
blended concrete mixtures in pavements.  SF: 0%, 5%, 10%
In this experimental program, a total matrix of 54 The compressive strength tests were conducted after
mixtures with w/b of 0.40 and 0.45; nominal air 7, 28, 56 and 90 days of water curing. Flexural
content of 2%, 4% and 8%; and three types of strength test were conducted on specimens subjected
supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and to 28 days and 90 days of water curing. Durability
one ordinary Portland cement at different tests are carried out after 3 days of initial water curing
combinations was prepared. Binder systems included (for initial hydration) after which the specimens will
ordinary Portland cement, binary mixtures with slag be exposed to the respective chemical solution for a
cement, Class F and C fly ash, and ternary mixtures time period of 7, 28, 56 and 90 days
containing a combination of slag cement and one type
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
of fly ash.
3.1. GENERAL
It was seen that when w/b was kept constant, The experimental programme consisted of three parts,
increasing air content generally had a minor effect on the first part was to obtain the super plasticizer
slightly increasing workability. The ternary mixtures demand for each mix so as to obtain a workability of
slightly retarded the setting time consistent with the 110±5%, the second part was to determine the
effects of their ingredients. Binary and ternary strength and durability properties of the mortar
mixtures containing Class C fly ash and slag cement samples having different fly ash and silica fume
exhibited higher compressive strength than the contents and the third part was to determine the
control mixture. The addition of Class C fly ash in synergy existing in the ternary blends both in terms of
binary mixtures generally showed a lower durability and strength.
performance than the ones with Class F fly ash.
3.2. MATERIALS
Ternary mixtures overall performed better than The materials used for the experimental work are
control mixtures as they increased the strength and ordinary Portland cement 53 grade, class F fly ash,
decreased the permeability. silica fume, M sand, super plasticizer and water.
2.2. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK 3.2.1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Based on the literature reviewed in the previous
OPC 53 grade, conforming to IS 12269, was used for
section, it can be seen that addition of fly ash and the experimental work. Laboratory tests were
silica fume improves the properties of the mortar and conducted to determine the specific gravity, standard
concrete. However the benefits of a combination of consistency, fineness, initial setting time, final setting
time and the compressive strength. All tests were Table 3.3 Sieve analysis of Fly ash
done as specified by IS 4031 (Part 1 to Part 5).The Particle retained on 45 Requirement (IS
results are as shown in the Table 3.1.The chemical micron sieve (%) 3812(part1):2003)
composition of cement was tested at Indian Institute 30 34
of Technology (IIT) Madras and the results are
Table 3.4 Chemical composition of fly ash
presented in Table 3.2.
Chemical Component % by mass
Table 3.1 Properties of Cement SiO2 60.28
Sl Al2O3 31.76
Particulars Values
No: Na2O 2.10
1 Grade OPC 53 P2O5 1.42
2 Specific Gravity 3.15 SO3 0.97
3 Standard Consistency 31.25% Fe2O3 0.89
4 Fineness 4% CaO 0.72
5 Initial Setting Time 90 minutes K2O 0.69
6 Final Setting Time 270 minutes TiO2 0.64
7 3rdday Compressive strength 28 N/mm2 MgO 0.52
8 7th day Compressive strength 32 N/mm2
Table 3.2 Chemical composition of cement
Oxide Content (%)
CaO 63.48
SiO2 19.13
Al2O3 4.26
Fe2O3 5.17
SO3 4.10
MgO 0.67
P2O5 0.62
TiO2 0.22
Na2O 0.60
K2O 1.75
Fig 3.2 SEM images of fly ash
3.2.2. Fly ash
Class F fly ash was used for the experimental work 3.2.3. Silica fume
and it was collected from Neptune Ready Mix Silica fume used for the experimental work was
Concrete plant, Trivanananthapuram. The specific obtained from ELKEM Materials. From the
gravity the fly ash was found to be 2.08. Fineness of laboratory tests, thespecific gravity was obtained as
flyash were found out by wet sieve analysis using 2.2 and density as 0.784 g/cc. Chemical composition
45µm sieve.Result is shown in Table 3.3. The of Silica Fume obtained from Indian Institute of
chemical composition of fly ash was tested at Indian Technology (IIT) Madrasis shown in Table 3.5.Fig
Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, and is 3.4 shows the scanning electron microscopic image of
presented in Table 3.4.Fig 3.2 shows the scanning SF as obtained from IIT Madras.
electron microscope (SEM) images of FA obtained
from IIT Madras.
Figure 3.3 Silica fume
Fig 3.1 Fly ash
Table 3.5 Chemical composition of silica fume
Oxide Content (%)
CaO 2.94
SiO2 84.28
Al2O3 1.54
Fe2O3 3.47
SO3 2.34
MgO 2.09
P2O5 0.60
TiO2 0.04
Na2O 1.23
K2O 1.47
Fig 3.4 SEM image of silica fume
3.2.4. Fine Aggregates
Locally available M Sand was used as fine aggregate. Laboratory tests were conducted, as per IS: 383-1970, to
determine the different physical properties of M sand. The details of particle size distribution are given in Table
3.6 and the grading curve is as represented by Fig. 3.3. The properties of fine aggregates are as shown in Table
3.7.
Table 3.6 Sieve analysis of Fine aggregate
Sieve size Weight retained Cumulative weight Cumulative % Percentage IS Range
(mm) in each sieve (kg) retained (kg) weight retained weight passing for zone II
4.75 0 0 0 100 90 – 100
2.36 0.004 0.004 0.4 99.6 75 – 100
1.18 0.317 0.321 32.1 67.9 55 – 90
0.6 0.329 0.65 65 35 35 – 59
0.3 0.267 0.917 91.7 8.3 8 – 30
0.15 0.063 0.98 98 2 0 – 10
Fig.3.3. Gradation curve of fine aggregate
Table 3.7 Properties of fine aggregate.
Sl. No. Particulars Values
1 Specific gravity 2.50
2 Fineness Modulus 3.062
3 Grade Zone II
3.2.5. Water
Clean and potable water available in the college water supply system was used for the work.
3.2.6. Super plasticiser
Conplast SP430 supplied by M/s Fosroc Chemical (India) Pvt. Ltd was used as superplasticiser. Conplast SP430
is based on SulphonatedNapthalenePolymers and supplied as a brown liquid instantly dispersiblein water.
Conplast SP430 has been specially formulated to give high water reductions up to 25% without loss of
workability or to produce high quality concrete of reduced permeability. The properties of Conplast SP430 as
specified by the suppliers are as shown in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Properties of Conplast SP430
Specific Gravity Typically 1.20 at 20°C
Chloride content Nil
Recommended dosage 0.7 to 2.0 L/100kg of cement
3.3. MIX PROPORTION AND METHODOLOGY
3.3.1. Mix proportion
Mortar samples were prepared in the ratio 1:3 by weight, i.e. one part of cementitious materials to three parts of
fine aggregate.
In this study fly ash and silica fume contents were each expressed as percentage by weight of total cementitious
materials. Three fly ash contents namely 0%, 15% and 30% and three silica fume contents 0%, 5% and 10%
were adopted for the design of mortar samples. In total there are 9 mixes, one control mix with 0% fly ash and
0% silica fume, two binary mixes of fly ash and OPC, two binary mixes of silica fume and OPC and four ternary
mixes. The detailed mix proportions of the mortar samples are tabulated in Table 3.9. The mix numbers are given
in the format F(X)S(Y) where F represent fly ash, S represent silica fume and X, Y denotes percentage of fly ash
and silica fume in the mix respectively.
Table 3.9 Mix Proportions
SL NO: Mix OPC (%) FA (%) SF (%) Type
1 F(0)S(0) 100 0 0 Control Mix
2 F(15)S(0) 85 15 0 Binary Mix
3 F(30)S(0) 70 30 0 Binary Mix
4 F(0)S(5) 95 0 5 Binary Mix
5 F(0)S(10) 90 0 10 Binary Mix
6 F(15)S(5) 80 15 5 Ternary Mix
7 F(30)S(5) 65 30 5 Ternary Mix
8 F(15)S(10) 75 15 10 Ternary Mix
9 F(30)S(10) 60 30 10 Ternary Mix
3.3.2. Methodology
3.3.2.1. Determination of superplasticiser demand
Superplasticiser demand for each mix was determined using flow table test to obtain a workability of 110±5%.
3.3.2.2. Mixing
Cementitious materials, fine aggregates, water and super plasticizer were taken in required proportions and each
mortar sample was prepared using a standard mortar mixer. Ordinary Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume and
fine aggregates were first dry mixed in the mixer for about three minutes and then water and superplasticizer is
added and further mixed for three minutes to get a homogeneous mix.
Fig 3.6 Mortar mixer

3.3.2.3. Casting of specimens
Mortar was cast into cubes, beams and discs. Standard moulds namely, 50mm X 50mm X 50 mm cube moulds,
40mmX 40mmX160mm beam moulds and disc moulds of 150mm diameter and 50mm thickness were used for
casting. The mortar mix were filled in the moulds and vibrated using a vibrating table. The surface of the mortar
were then finished using a trowel.
3.3.2.4. Curing Regime
All specimens were kept undisturbed for 24 hours and then weighed to obtain their dry weights and subsequently
were subjected to water curing until the test ages were reached. The samples for durability studies were
transferred to respective acid and sulphate solution after three days of water curing.
Fig 3.7 Curing of mortar specimens

Details of the specimens used for testing are given in Table 3.9
3.4. WORKABILITY OF MORTAR
Workability of mortar is its ease of use measured by the flow of the mortar. Superplasticiser demand for each of
the nine mixes, to get a workability of 110±5% were determined by the flow test.
The standard flow tests uses a standard conical frustum shape of mortar with a diameter of four inches. This
mortar sample is placed on a flow table and dropped 25 times within 15 seconds. As the mortar is dropped, it
spreads out on the flow table. The initial and final diameters of the mortar sample are used to calculate flow.
Flow or workability is defined as the increase in diameter divided by the original diameter multiplied by 100.
Figure 3.8 Flow Test

3.5. TESTS CONDUCTED
3.5.1. Compressive strength test
Compressive strength test measures the resistance of samples to gradually applied crushing load. Compressive
strength of hardened mortar is the most important of all the properties. Therefore mortar is always tested for its
strength before it is used in important works. The test was conducted as per IS 2250-1981, on 50mm x50 mmx
50mm cubical samples in a compression testing machine of capacity 2000KN at a loading rate of 6 N/mm2.
The test was done for all the nine mixes for determining the 7th day, 28thday, 56th day as well as the 90th day
compressive strength. For each test age of these mixes, three specimens were tested. Fig 3.8 shows the details of
the test. The maximum load indicated by the testing machine was noted and compressive strength was calculated
as;
Where;
f = Compressive strength (N/mm2)
P = Maximum Load at failure (N)
A = Cross sectional area (mm2)
Figure 3.9 Compression Testing Machine

3.5.2. Flexural strength Test
Flexural strength is a measure of tensile strength in bending. Flexural strength testing is carried out on a 40mm x
40mm x 160 mm cement mortar beam. There are two basic flexural tests: the third-point loading and the center-
point loading. For the third-point loading test the beam is supported on each end and loaded at its third points
and for the center-point loading test the beam is loaded at the middle until failure. The modulus of rupture is then
calculated and reported as the flexural strength. The third-point loading test is preferred because, ideally, in the
middle third of the span the sample is subjected to pure moment with zero shear. In the center-point test, the area
of eventual failure contains not only moment induced stresses but also shear stress and unknown areas of stress
concentration. Place the beam in the testing machine as shown in Figure 3.10 with its longitudinal axis normal to
the supports. Apply the load vertically at the rate of 50 ±10 N/s until fracture. Three beam specimens for each
test age where tested as per ASTM C 78 to determine the flexural strength of all the nine mixes.
Flexural strength was calculated as;
Where;
Flexural strength (MPa)
M= Maximum bending moment (Nmm)
Z= Section modulus (mm3)
Figure 3.10 Third Point loading method
Fig 3.11 Flexural strength test on mortar beam

3.5.3. Sulphate attack Test
Sulphate attack is one of the most severe environmental deteriorations that affect the long-term durability of
concrete. The term sulphate attack denote an increase in the volume of cement paste in concrete or mortar due to
the chemical action between the products of hydration of cement and solution containing sulphates. Because of
the increase in volume of the solid phase, a gradual disintegration of concrete takes place.
The resistance of mortar specimens against sulphate attack was determined as per ASTM C 1012. 50 mm x 50
mm x50 mm cube specimens were subjected to initial water curing for 3 days and then were transferred to a
20000 ppm sulphate solution prepared by dissolving 52 gm of MgSO4.7H2O in one litre of water. After 7, 28, 56
and 90 days of sulphate exposure the effect of sulphate attack was determined from the mass loss and also
comparing the compressive strength of the specimens with the strength of water cured specimens. Fig 3.11
shows mortar specimens subjected to sulphate attack.
Fig 3.12 Mortar specimens subjected to sulphate attack

3.5.4. Sulphuric Acid Attack Test
When concrete or mortar samples are exposed to acid solutions (pH less than 6.5) it will result in slow or rapid
disintegration of the samples depending on the type and concentration of the acid.
To check the resistance of the mortar mixes against sulphuric acid, mortar cube specimens of size 50mm x
50mm x 50mm were exposed to 3%sulphuric acid solution, after initial water curing of three days. After7, 28, 56
days and 90 days of acid exposure, specimens were tested for compressive strength. The compressive strength of
acid cured samples was then compared with the compressive strength of water cured samples, to determine the
effect of acid attack. Fig 3.12 shows mortar specimens subjected to acid attack.
Fig 3.13 Mortar specimens subjected to acid attack

3.5.5. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT)
Rapid chloride permeability test measures the electrical conductance of mortar samples, which is a measure of
resistance of mortar samples to chloride ion penetration.Itwas performed on 100mm diameter and 50mm thick
mortar disc specimens, as per ASTM C 1202-94. In RCPT, the disc specimen is fitted between two cells having
a hole of 10cm diameter at its center covered by a pocket or reservoir for filling the solution. One of the faces of
the specimen is exposed to 3% NaCl solution and the other face is exposed to 0.3 M NaOH solution. Electrode
dipped in NaCl will be connected to the negative terminal of the power supply and that of NaOH to the positive
terminal. Electrical connections to voltage application and data read out apparatus; i.e. a millimeter is made. 60V
dc is applied across the faces continuously for a period of 6 hours and the current between the electrodes is
monitored at 30 minutes interval.
The total charge passed is a measure of the electrical conductance of the concrete during the period of the test
and is calculated by the formula
Q = 900(I0 + 2I30 + 2I60 + ….. + 2I300 + 2I330 + I360)
Where
Q = charge passed (coulombs)
Io =current (amperes) immediately after voltage is applied,
It= current (amperes) at t min after voltage is applied.
Figure 3.14 RCPT set up
Fig 3.15 RCPT specimen
Fig 3.16 RCPT setup in the laboratory
3.5.6. Sorptivity Test
Water is generally involved in every form of deterioration, and in porous solid, permeability of the material to
water usually determines the rate of deterioration. The permeability of a mortar or concrete surface depends on
many factors like mixture proportions, presence of chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious
materials, composition and physical characteristics of the cementitious component and of the aggregates, the
entrained air content, type and duration of curing, presence of micro cracks, etc.
This method is intended to determine the susceptibility of an unsaturated mortar specimen to the penetration of
water. The water sorptivity test on mortar measures the rate of movement of water through the mortar under
capillary suction. It involves measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen resulting from absorption of
water as a function of time when only one surface of the specimen is exposed to water. The lower the water
sorptivity index, the better is the potential durability of the mortar.
Sorptivity test was conducted as per ASTM C 1585, the test consist of exposing the bottom surface of the sample
to water and measuring the increment in mass resulting from absorption of water. Only one surface is exposed to
water while the other surfaces are sealed simulating water absorption in a member that is in contact with water
on one side only.
The test was conducted on 100mm x 50mm disc specimens, after subjecting to water curing for 28days. The
specimens are then oven dried at a temperature of 50°C for 3 days. The oven dried samples are then allowed to
cool in the laboratory condition. After weighing the specimens are placed on a support inside a tray with water,
in such a way that water level is 1mm to 3 mm above the top of the support device.The flow from the peripheral
surface is prevented by sealing it properly with non-absorbent coating.The test setup is shown in Fig 3.16. The
mass of the specimen is measured at 0, 60,300,600,1200,1800,3600,7200,10800, 14400 and 18000 seconds after
wiping excess water from the bottom surface using a damp cloth.The absorption, I, is the change in mass divided
by the product of the cross-sectional area of the test specimen and the density of water. For the purpose of this
test, the temperature dependence of the density of water is neglected and a value of 0.001 g/mm3 is used.
Where,
I = normalized absorbed water (mm)
= change in specimen mass at time t (g)
a= area of specimen exposed to water (mm2)
d= density of water (g/ mm3)
The initial rate of water absorption or sorptivity (mm/s1/2) is defined as the slope of the line that is the best fit to
Iplotted against the square root of time (s1/2). Obtain this slope by using least squares, linear regression analysis
of the plot of I versus time1/2.
Fig 3.17 ASTM C 1585-04 standard test setup

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. GENERAL
The strength and durability studies were conducted on all the nine mixes according to the procedures described
in the previous chapter. The results obtained were tabulated and a detailed analysis and discussion on the results
is presented in this chapter.Each test result plotted in the figures or in the tables is the mean value of results
obtained by testing three specimens.The interpretation of the results obtained is based on the current knowledge
available in the literature as well as on the nature of results obtained.
4.2. SUPERPLASTICISER DEMAND
Flow table test was conducted for all the nine mixes, to determine the superplasticizer dosage required to obtain
a workability of 110±5%. Figure 4.1shows the quantity of superplasticiser required for 1kg of cementitious
materials.
It can be seen that as the fly ash content increases superplasticiser demand decreases. This is due to spherical
shape and smooth surface of fly ash particles. The smooth spherical fly ash particles act as small bearings to
reduce the inter-particle friction in the mixture, thereby improving the workability and decreasing the
superplasticiser demand. From the figure it can be observed that an increase in silica fume content increases the
superplasticiser demand. This increase in superplasticiser demand or reduced workability is due to extremely
fine particle size of silica fume (higher surface area) thus resulting in a greater superplasticiser demand. Ternary
mixtures followed the trends of their constituent materials; i.e. for both ternary and binary mixes an increase in
fly ash content improves workability and increase in silica fume content decreases workability. Minimum
superplasticiser demand is observed for F(30)S(0) mix and F(30)S(5) mix and maximum superplasticiser
demand is observed for F(0)S(10)mix.
Figure 4.1 Superplasticiser demand for various mixes

4.3. UNIT WEIGHT
After demoulding the specimens, the unit weights of all the nine mixes were measured and the results are as
presented in Table 4.1.It can be seen that maximum unit weight is obtained for control mix. As expected, the
unit weight of the mortars with binary and ternary blends decreased with an increase in FA and SF content due
to their low unit weight compared to that of cement. The unit weight of mortars with binary blends of FA/SF
varied between 2.29 and 2.42 kg/m3 whilst the unit weight of ternary blends of FA and SF ranged
between2.25and 2.43 kg/m3.
Table 4.1 Unit weight of various mixes
Mix Unit weight (Kg/m3)
F(0)S(0) 2.460
F(15)S(0) 2.420
F(30)S(0) 2.415
F(0)S(5) 2.359
F(0)S(10) 2.290
F(15)S(5) 2.430
F(30)S(5) 2.266
F(15)S(10) 2.310
F(30)S(10) 2.256
4.4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive strength study was carried out on 50mm x 50mm x 50mm cube specimens at the ages of 7, 28, 56
and 90 days. Three specimens were tested at specified ages for all mixes. Table 4.2 shows the compressive
strength values of all the nine mixes at different test ages.
Table 4.2 Compressive strength of different mixes
Cube Compressive strength N/mm2
Mix
7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days
F(0)S(0) 23.20 32.70 40.80 42.00
F(15)S(0) 23.73 36.00 42.70 44.00
F(30)S(0) 21.60 30.80 37.06 37.07
F(0)S(5) 24.30 34.40 41.80 43.70
F(0)S(10) 24.92 34.90 42.60 44.1
F(15)S(5) 22.93 33.20 36.00 37.33
F(30)S(5) 22.67 32.46 35.47 37.20
F(15)S(10) 20.00 37.20 44.00 48.00
F(30)S(10) 18.13 35.02 37.33 38.40
4.4.1. Compressive Strength of Binary Mixes
A. OPC + FA mix
Fig 4.3 shows the compressive strength variationof control mix and binary blends of fly ash and ordinary
Portland cement. From the figure it can be seen that fly ash improves the strength at low replacement level and at
later ages. F (15)S(0) mix with 15% fly ash, gives better strength than the OPC mix. It may be due to the filler
effect and pozzolanic reaction of fly ash. But the increase in strength of F(15)S(0) mix over control mix is
significant at later ages only ( 28 days onwards). It may be attributed to the fact that, the pozzolanic reaction of
fly ash is a slow process and hence its contribution to strength development occurs only at later ages.
When the fly ash content is increased to 30% in F (30)S(0) mix, the strength decreases and it is lower than the
control mix. It may be due to the fact that at higher replacement levels Portland cement content level will be less
which in turn reduces the amount of C-S-H gel resulting from the hydration of ordinary Portland cement.
Fig 4.3 Compressive strength development of control and OPC+FA mixes

B. OPC+SF mix
Fig 4.4shows the compressive strength development in control mix and binary blends of OPC and SF. From the
plot it is clear that as the silica fume content increases, the compressive strength also increases at all ages.
Replacing OPC with SF resulted in strength gain of 4% and 5% in F(0)S(5) and F(0)S(10) mixes respectively at
90 days.
Improvement in compressive strength of mortar with the addition of silica fume may be explained by the
chemical and physical effects of silica fume. Chemical effect is due to the pozzolanic reaction of silica fume.
Silica fume consume the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) crystals released from the hydration process, leading to
the formation of further calcium silicate hydrate (secondary C-S-H gel) and thus improves the interfacial bond
strength between aggregate particles and the matrix. The physical effect can be attributed to the filler effect. Due
to its small particle size it gives a denser microstructure, as evident from the scanning electron microscopy
image, thereby providing greater strength.
Fig 4.4 Compressive strength development of control and OPC+SF mixes

4.4.2. Compressive strength of ternary mixes
From Fig 4.5 andTable 4.1 it can be seen that the ternary mix F(15)S(10) shows better compressive strength than
the control and other binary and ternary mixes. It shows 14.3% increase in strength when compared to the
control mix. The behaviour of ternary mixes was in accordance with the trend predicted by the binary mixes. It
can be seen that the effectiveness of silica fume in increasing the compressive strength of ternary blends was
insignificant in mortar mixes with high fly ash content.
Fig 4.5 Compressive strength development of control and ternary mixes

Fig 4.6 shows the variation of 90 days compressive strength with percentage of cement replaced. From the figure
it may be noted that maximum compressive strength is obtained for ternary blend F(15)S(10), with a cement
replacement level of 25%. When the replacement level is increased beyond 25% the compressive strength
decreases.
Fig 4.6 Compressive strength Vs percentage of cement replaced

4.5. FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Beam specimens of size 40mm x 40mm x 160 mm were tested for determining the flexural strength of the nine
mixes. Fig 4.7 shows the variation of flexural strength for all the mixes. From the figure it can be seen that all
the ternary mixes gives superior performance when compared to the control and binary mixes. It may be due to
the filler effect and increased pozzolanic action by the addition of silica fume and fly ash. Maximum flexural
strength of 12.85MPa is obtained for mix F(15)S(10).From the figure it is evident that better performance of
ternary mixes is evident at later ages, because the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash is a slow process and hence its
contribution to strength development occurs only at later ages.
Fig 4.8 shows the rate of strength development in different mixes. From the Fig 4.8 it can be clearly seen that
rate of strength development in ternary mixes is greater than the control and binary mixes, and maximum value
is obtained for F (15)S(10).
Fig 4.7Flexural strength of various mixes
Fig 4.8Rate of increase in flexural strength with age

4.6. SULPHATE ATTACK TEST
The resistance of mortar specimens against sulphate attack was determined on cube specimens of size 50mm x
50mm x50mm, immersed in sulphate solution. After exposure to sulphate solution, white patches were found on
the surface of mortarspecimens. The compressive strength variation of the specimens subjected to sulphate
attack is as shown by Fig 4.9, Fig 4.10 and Fig 4.11. From Fig 4.9it can be seen that compressive strength of
sulphate cured samples increases as fly ash content increases. Similarly from Fig 4.10 it is seen that an increase
in silica fume content results in increase in compressive strength of sulphate cured samples. From Fig 4.11 it can
be seen that all the ternary mixes show better sulphate resistance when compared to the OPC control mix.
The superior performance of blends may be due to reduced permeability and pozzolanic action. When
supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and silica fume are added, particles pack more tightly, hence
there will be lesser voids, which in turn reduce permeability and improve sulphate resistance. Moreover
pozzolanic reaction of silica fume and fly ash produces additional C-S-H gel or bond which grows into the
capillary spaces that remain after hydration and improves the strength of matrix against sulphate attack.
Maximum sulphate resistance is observed for F(15)S(10) mix. The 90 days strength of F(15)S(10) mix is
41.86MPa, which is about 15% greater than OPC control mix.
Table 4.3 Compressive strength of different mixes exposed to sulphate attack
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mix
F(0)S(0) 18.00 26.40 31.20 36.27
F(15)S(0) 22.40 30.40 35.20 36.60
F(30)S(0) 24.80 30.40 36.00 37.00
F(0)S(5) 20.53 28.00 37.00 38.93
F(0)S(10) 20.00 28.00 39.20 41.06
F(15)S(5) 22.67 26.80 36.00 35.73
F(30)S(5) 23.20 29.86 34.40 36.00
F(15)S(10) 23.73 33.60 37.60 41.86
F(30)S(10) 20.26 29.60 36.00 36.53
Fig 4.9 Compressive strength development of control and OPC+FA mixes subjected to sulphate attack
Fig 4.10 Compressive strength development of control and OPC+SF mixes subjected to sulphate
attack
Fig 4.11Compressive strength of control and ternary mixes subjected to sulphate attack
The reduction of compressive strength due to acid attack was expressed in the form of strength deterioration
factor (SDF).Fig 4.12 shows the SDF of different mixes when immersed in sulphate solution for 90 days.The
results indicate that at higher levels of fly ash, strength deterioration under sulphate attack is less. It mayalso be
noted that SDF value of all ternary mixes were less than the control mix. This higher resistance to sulphate
attack might be because of the dense impermeable nature of the ternary mixes, due to the reduction of micro
pores in the matrix on the addition of FA and SF. The binary mix F(30)S(0) suffers minimum strength loss when
subjected to sulphate attack.
Fig 4.12 SDF values for various mixes when subjected to sulphate attack
4.7. SULPHURIC ACID ATTACK TEST
Table 4.4 shows the compressive strength of different mixes subjected to sulphuric acid attack. Fig 4.13 shows
the compressive strength of control and binary mix containing fly ash after sulphate exposure. From the figure it
can be seen that at 7, 28 and 56 days there is no commendable increase or decrease in the compressive strength
with the addition of fly ash i.e. Binary blends give almost same result as that of OPC control mix. This may be
due to the slow reaction rate of fly ash. At 90 days, mix with 15% fly ash shows better acid resistance when
compared to the control mix; it may be attributed to the reduced permeability due to the addition of fly ash. But
when fly ash content is increased further to 30% the strength decreases. This reduction in strength at 30% fly ash
content may be due to deficiency of ordinary Portland cement in the mix.
Fig 4.14 shows the compressive strength development of control mix and binary blends of OPC and SF. From
the figure it can be seen that incorporation of silica fume does not improve the acid resistance. When subjected
to acid attack the binary blends of silica fume showed reduced strength when compared to OPC mix. Fig 4.15
shows the behavior of ternary blends under acid attack. It can be seen that at later ages (56 days onwards) ternary
mix F(15)S(10) showed better acid resistance than the control mix. All other ternary mixes showed poor acid
resistance when compared to the control mix.
Table 4.4 Compressive strength of various mixes subjected to acid attack
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
Mix
F(0)S(0) 22.93 29.60 32.80 37.86
F(15)S(0) 22.93 28.53 32.80 43.20
F(30)S(0) 23.20 28.00 32.00 36.20
F(0)S(5) 24.00 27.20 30.40 34.26
F(0)S(10) 23.20 28.00 32.00 36.00
F(15)S(5) 21.86 22.40 31.20 34.93
F(30)S(5) 22.40 17.87 29.60 36.40
F(15)S(10) 25.06 24.80 34.93 43.20
F(30)S(10) 18.93 34.93 33.60 35.46
Fig 4.13 Compressive strength of control and OPC+FA mixes subjected to acid attack
Fig 4.14 Compressive strength of control and OPC+SF mixes subjected to acid attack
Fig 4.15Compressive strength of control and ternary mixes subjected to acid attack
The reduction of compressive strength due to acid attack was expressed in the form of strengthdeterioration
factor (SDF).Fig 4.16 shows the SDF of different mixes when immersed in acid solution for 90 days. It may be
noted that the binary mix F(15)S(0) suffers minimum strength loss when subjected to sulphuric acid attack. The
SDF value of all ternary mixes was less than the control mix. This higher resistance to sulphate attack might be
due to reduced permeability of ternary mixes due to denser microstructure. It may also be noted that binary
blends of SF suffered maximum strength loss.
Fig 4.16 SDF values for various mixes when subjected to sulphuric acid attack
4.8. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT)
The details of charge passed through different mixes are shown in Table 4.5.Fig 4.17 shows the variation of total
charge passed with fly ash content and Fig 4.18 shows variation of total charge passed with silica fume content.
It can be seen that an increase in fly ash content and silica fume content, in respective binary blends of fly ash
and silica fume, results in increase of resistance to chloride ion penetration.
Fig 4.19 shows the variation of total charge passed in different mixes. It may be noted that ternary blends
showed higher resistance to chloride ion penetration when compared to both control and binary mixes. Highest
amount of charge is passed through control mix and least charge is passed through ternary blend F(30)S(10) mix.
Thus the results clearly indicate that addition of fly ash and silica fume in mortar mixes reduces the chloride
permeability. The reduced charge in the ternary and binary blends may be attributed to finer pore sixe
distribution when compared to control mix. This results in decreased capillary porosity, which in turn increases
resistance against chloride ion penetration.
Table 4.5Chloride Permeability of Different Mixes at 90 days
Mix Total charge passed (Coulombs)
F(0)S(0) 751.86
F(15)S(0) 653.67
F(30)S(0) 383.58
F(0)S(5) 647.46
F(0)S(10) 501.66
F(15)S(5) 364.77
F(30)S(5) 274.95
F(15)S(10) 201.51
F(30)S(10) 141.84
Fig 4.17 Total charge versus Percentage of fly ash
Fig 4.18 Total charge versus Percentage of silica fume
Fig 4.19 Total charge passed through different mixes

Fig 4.20 shows the variation of total charge passed through the specimens with the initial current observed
during the commencement of the test.
Fig 4.20Total Charge passed vs. Initial Current at 90 days

4.9. SORPTIVITY TEST
Sorptivity test was conducted on 100mm x 50mm disc specimens after 28 days of water curing, as explained in
the previous chapter. Absorption of water (I) by all the mixes, in the first six hours was measured. Absorption
measurements are then plotted as a function of square root of time. Sorptivity is taken as the slope of the curve (I
vs.√t) during first six hours. The sorptivity values of all the nine mixes are presented in Table 4.6.
From Fig 4.21 it can be seen that binary and ternary mixes gave superior performance when compared to the
control mix. Control mix exhibited a maximum sorptivity of 0.0085mm/s1/2, and minimum sorptivity of
0.0041mm/s1/2 was obtained for ternary mix F(30)S(5). On an average sorptivity of binary blends of fly ash was
36% lesser than control mix and sorptivity of binary blends of silica fume were 32% lesser than control mix.
Sorptivity of ternary blends decreased on an average of 41% over the control mix.
Thus the results indicate that inclusion of fly ash and silica fume reduces the water absorption of mortar
specimens. This may be due to the filler effect of fine fly ash and silica fume particles, which makes the water
passage harder. When fly ash and silica fume are added particles pack more tightly with lesser voids, thereby
reducing permeability and sorptivity.
Table 4.6Sorptivity of various mixes
Mix Sorptivity (mm/s1/2 )
F(0)S(0) 0.0085
F(15)S(0) 0.0052
F(30)S(0) 0.0056
F(0)S(5) 0.0066
F(0)S(10) 0.0049
F(15)S(5) 0.0045
F(30)S(5) 0.0041
F(15)S(10) 0.0043
F(30)S(10) 0.0042
Fig 4.21Sorptivity of various mixes
4.10. QUANTIFICATION OF SYNERGY
The theoretical values of the strength and durability properties of ternary mixes were calculated using the
equation described in the previous chapter and the magnitude of synergistic effect (S.E) was calculated using the
equation:
Where SE is the synergistic effect (%), P actual is a measured value of a given property, P theoris a theoretical value
of a given property and j = 1 for properties to be maximized (compressive strength) and j = -1 for properties to
be minimized (rapid chloride permeability and initial sorptivity).
Figure 4.22 shows the synergistic effect in the development of 90 days compressive strength of the ternary
blends. From the figure it may be noted that the ternary mix F(15)S(0) which gave superior compressive strength
when compared to the control and binary mixes showed a maximum synergy of 5.3%. The SE values for all
other ternary blends are typically negative, implying lack of any synergistic effect.
Fig 4.22 Synergistic Effect Vs Mix for 90 days compressive strength

Fig 4.23 shows the values of S.E for 90 days flexural strength of various ternary blends. It can be seen that all
the ternary blends showed positive synergy. F(30)S(5) mix showed a Maximum S.E value of 82%.
Fig 4.23Synergistic Effect Vs Mix for 90 days Flexural strength

Figure 4.24 shows the synergistic effect in the development of 90 days compressive strength of the ternary
blends subjected to sulphate attack and acid attack. It can be seen that when the ternary mixes were subjected to
sulphate attack only mix F(15)S(10) showed positive synergy. Under acid attack all the ternary mixes except
F(15)S(5) showed positive synergy.
Fig 4.24Synergistic Effect versus Mix

Figure 4.25 shows the values of S.E for resistance to chloride ion penetration (RCP) of various ternary blends. It
may be noted that all the ternary blends gave a positive S.E value. This implies that the excellent resistanceto
chloride ion penetration observed for the ternary mixes is attributable to the synergistic interaction taking place
between fly ash and silica fume. Maximum S.E value is obtained for F(15)S(10) mix.
Fig 4.25 Synergistic Effect versus Mix for RCP

Fig 4.26 shows the values of S.E for sorptivity of various ternary blends. It may be noted that the ternary blend
with least sorptivity showed maximum positive synergy of 7.2%. All other ternary blends showed negative
synergy.
This however, does not necessarily imply that these mixes performed poorly. Quite the opposite the mix
F(15)S(5) performed better than the control and binary mixes.
Fig 4.26 Synergistic Effect versus Mix for sorptivity
5. CONCLUSION  Increase in fly ash content and silica fume content
5.1. GENERAL increases the compressive strength of mortar
An investigation was carried out on the strength and specimens subjected to sulphate attack.
durability properties of mortars with binary and  Under sulphate attack all ternary blends
ternary blended cementitious materials. Two kinds of outperformed control mix, they suffered
supplementary cementitious materials namely fly ash minimum strength deterioration when compared
and silica fume were blended with ordinary Portland to control mix. Maximum compressive strength
cement to produce mortar for testing. The effects of was obtained for F(15)S(10) mix.
binary and ternary blending of fly ash and silica fume
with ordinary Portland cement were studied. A  The compressive strength of control mix and
subsequent objective of the study was to verify and binary blends of fly ash, subjected to acid attack
quantify synergistic effects in a ternary cementitious are comparable at 7, 28 and 56 days of acid
system containing fly ash, silica fume and ordinary exposure. At 90 days binary mix with 15% fly ash
Portland cement. The conclusions drawn from the showed greater compressive strength when
present investigation based on the limited compared to control mix.
observations made during the study period and the  Incorporation of silica fume does not improve
scope for the future work are presented in this acid resistance.
chapter.
 Addition of fly ash and silica fume increases the
5.2. CONCLUSIONS resistance to chloride ion penetration. Maximum
Test results have shown that the ternary blended resistance to chloride ion penetration was reported
mixtures overall improved the mortar performance by for ternary mix F(30)S(10) mix.
improving the workability, strength and durability,
therefore are applicable. Ternary mixtures overall  Inclusion of SCMs like fly ash and silica fume
performed in accordance with their ingredients; reduces the water absorption of mortar specimens.
however the degree of improvement that they Minimum sorptivity was obtained for ternary mix
contribute varies based on the selected dosage and F (30)S(5).
type of SCMs. The following conclusions are made 5.3. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORKS
based on the results:  Effect of variation in mix composition can be
 At constant water binder ratio, superplasticiser studied by changing the fly ash content and the
demand decreases with increase in fly ash content silica fume content.
and increases with increase in silica fume content,  Effect of variation of water binder ratio on the
i.e. fly ash improves workability and silica fume strength and durability properties of ternary
decreases workability. blends may be studied.
 Maximum dry unit weight is obtained for control  Additional tests may be conducted to determine
mix. The unit weight of the mortars with binary the effect of ternary blending on carbonation rate.
and ternary blends decreased with an increase in
FA and SF content.  The investigation may be extended to ternary
blending of ordinary Portland cement, fly ash and
 Fly ash improves the compressive strength only at silica fume in concrete.
low replacement level and at later ages.
 Petrographical study on the mineral formation of
 Increase in silica fume content increases different ternary blends during hydration may be
compressive strength at all ages. studied.
 Maximum compressive strength was obtained for  The effect of quaternary blends on strength and
ternary mix F(15)S(10). It showed a 14.3% durability parameters can be investigated.
increase in 90 days compressive strength when
compared to control mix. 6. REFERENCES
[1] Ahmed, S., K. Obada and A. Wendy (2009),
 When the cement replacement level is increased Evaluation of binary and ternary blends of
beyond 25%, compressive strength decreases. pozzolanic materials using rapid chloride
 All ternary mixes showed better flexural strength penetration test, Journal of materials in civil
when compared to control and binary mixes. engineering ASCE, 21, 446-453
Maximum flexural strength was obtained for [2] Antihos, S. K., V. G. Papadakis and E.
ternary mix F (15) S(10). Chaniotakis (2007) Improving the performance
of blended cements by mixing different types of
fly ashes, Cement and Concrete Research, 37, [10] Mohammad, I. K and R. Siddique(2011) “
877-885 Utilization of silica fume in concrete : review
of durability properties” Conservation and
[3] Appa, G. R. (2003) Investifgation on the
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performance of silica fume incorporated cement
pastes and mortars, Cement and Concrete [11] Nehdi, M., S. Mindess and P. C. Aitcin (1996),
Research, 33, 1765-1770 Optimisation of triple blended composite
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fineness on strength, drying shrinkage, and
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[5] Chindaprasirt, P., S. Rukzon (2008) strength,
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blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and fly [13] Olek, J. and M. Radlinski, (2012), Investigation
ash mortar, Construction and Building into the synergistic effects in ternary
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Moraes(2003) Physical and pozzolanic action
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Synergistic Effect On Ternary Blended Cementitious System

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Synergistic Effect On Ternary Blended Cementitious System

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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious System

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Jasir

Figure 3.3 Silica fume

Fig 3.1 Fly ash

Fig.3.3. Gradation curve of fine aggregate

Fig 3.6 Mortar mixer

Fig 3.7 Curing of mortar specimens

Figure 3.8 Flow Test

Figure 3.9 Compression Testing Machine

Figure 3.10 Third Point loading method

Fig 3.11 Flexural strength test on mortar beam

Fig 3.12 Mortar specimens subjected to sulphate attack

Fig 3.13 Mortar specimens subjected to acid attack

Figure 3.14 RCPT set up

Fig 3.15 RCPT specimen

Fig 3.16 RCPT setup in the laboratory

Fig 3.17 ASTM C 1585-04 standard test setup

Figure 4.1 Superplasticiser demand for various mixes

Fig 4.3 Compressive strength development of control and OPC+FA mixes

Fig 4.4 Compressive strength development of control and OPC+SF mixes

Fig 4.5 Compressive strength development of control and ternary mixes

Fig 4.6 Compressive strength Vs percentage of cement replaced

Fig 4.7Flexural strength of various mixes

Fig 4.8Rate of increase in flexural strength with age

Fig 4.17 Total charge versus Percentage of fly ash

Fig 4.18 Total charge versus Percentage of silica fume

Fig 4.19 Total charge passed through different mixes

Fig 4.20Total Charge passed vs. Initial Current at 90 days

Fig 4.21Sorptivity of various mixes

Fig 4.22 Synergistic Effect Vs Mix for 90 days compressive strength

Fig 4.23Synergistic Effect Vs Mix for 90 days Flexural strength

Fig 4.24Synergistic Effect versus Mix

Fig 4.25 Synergistic Effect versus Mix for RCP

Fig 4.26 Synergistic Effect versus Mix for sorptivity

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