CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES

Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022 ISSN: 2660-4159

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Factors Influencing Alcohol Consumption Among Emmanuel

Alayande College of Education Students
1. Oluwadare Marcus, Abstract: This study investigates the factors influencing
2. Olugbenga Asaolu , alcohol consumption among Emmanuel Alayande
3. Ademola Ogunleye College of Education Students, Oyo State. A cross-
sectional study design was adopted for the study. A
multistage sampling method was used in selecting
faculty of science from which 450 respondents were
Received 26th Jan 2022,
Accepted 15th Feb 2022, purposively sampled. Data were collected with the aid of
Online 22nd Mar 2022 a questionnaire and were analyzed using simple
percentages (%), and frequency tables with SPSS version
21. The result shows the prevalence of alcohol
1
Obafemi Awolowo University , consumption was higher among males 60.4% than
2
Babcock University, Ilesan Remo, Ogun females 39.6%. The result further revealed that the
State , majority of the respondents admitted to the fact that they
3 cannot read their books, concentrate during lectures,
GP Registrar, Health Educator, England communicate effectively after taking alcohol, and that
alcohol consumption does not enhance their academic
performance as their grades get worse with its
consumption. The result also revealed that the
respondents 166(36.9%) agreed to drinking socially
makes the event more fun. It is obvious from the result
that students were well aware of the implication of
alcohol consumption and its effect on their academic
achievement. Most of the respondents 256(56.9%)
believe that alcohol is not good.
Keywords: Alcohol consumption, Knowledge,
Perception, College of Education students.

Also, the finding also reveals that many of the respondents 313(69.6%) agreed that alcohol causes
mental health and suicide. Also, the result reveals that there is a significant relationship between the
level of knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, family type, parental
influence, and access to alcohol at a p-value of 0.05. Also, the finding showed a significant
relationship between perception and knowledge as well as health implication with a p-value of 0.001
also logistic regression also showed a highly significant at (OR=7.292, 95% CI=0.254-1.046). Based
on the result of findings, the study recommended that there is a need to advocate and promote the

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
policies on alcohol consumption among higher learning of education in Nigeria also Drinking joints
and bars will not be allowed to operate within or around higher institutions
Background of the study
A vast majority of college students take drinking as a casual thing. They are not aware that alcohol is
more of a depressant than a stimulant and continuous consumption of alcohol even in small quantities
leads to undesirable consequences. Alcohol can be a false friend. It Plays a major part in illness,
premature death and traffics accidents (Howard 1995).
Alcohol is a type of psychoactive drug that acts to depress the central nervous system, it has a high
potential or psychological dependence and leads to irreversible tissue damage (Ramalingam, 1991).
Alcohol is one of the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world approximately 80% of the
world‟s population consumes it on a daily basis and continuous research is being carried out to
determine its health benefits and consequences (Barone & Roberts, 1996).
An early study of college problem drinking was conducted between year 1975 – 1985 Berkowitz and
Perkins (1986) showed that problem drinkers were identified as heavy drinkers if involved in weekly
drinking in excess of 5 or more drinks (bottles) per occasion. Differences were reported between male
and female where males were typically drinking more excessively than women. Factsheet for Alcohol
Concern (2011) in the United Kingdom stated that men of age group 16 – 24 are the heaviest drinking
group of the population whereas for young women alcohol consumption tend to peak in the late
teenage years. It further states that alcohol consumption declines with steady relationships, parenthood
and financial responsibilities (Alcohol Concern, 2011). Further shown in SLAN 2007 survey, one
quarter of young adults aged 18-29 said to drink nine or more standard drinks („standard drink‟ per
Ireland measure) on a typical drinking occasion (Morgan et al, 2009). In a sample of college students,
drinking behaviours were closely examined among students aged 18 – 24 (majority of students in
sample were this age) and high rates of binge drinking were found. In this group 51% were binge
drinkers of which 55% were male and 48% female students. In the same study students of all-women‟s
colleges reported significant increase in frequent binge drinking since the first surveys in 1993 which
showed a narrowing of the gap in drinking behaviour between all-women‟s colleges and coeducational
schools (Wechsler et al, 2002).
Alcohol is kind of drinks such as beer or wine that contain a substance which can make one drunk. In
Nigeria, alcohol are commonly used during burial, funeral, child dedication, thanks giving, birthdays,
political rallies, initiation ceremonies, wedding, festivals, meetings, church services and other social
gatherings. In the college of education and other institutions of higher learning, students consume
alcohol during matriculation, convocation and initiation ceremonies into clubs and societies. The types
of alcohol frequently used and abused in Nigeria are similar to other parts of Africa. The most
commonly abused substances in Africa are alcohol, cannabis and (Odejide, 2006)
Alcohol plays a major role in students involvement in violent Crime (Nwankwo, 2010) Excessive use
of alcohol (intoxication, binge drinking has been associated with the development of neuro-psychiatric
conditions, physical injuries, unsafe sexual behavior and use of other psychoactive drugs. The use and
or abuse of alcohol no doubt affect the behavior of individual positively or negatively. It however,
depends on the brain chemistry of the individual involved (Odejide, 2006).
Alcohol consumption continues to be one of the most risky behaviours engaged in by the colleges of
education students and it is one of the common habits among peer groups that cause psychological and
social problems (Arata, Stafford & Tims, 2003). The world over, alcohol consumption is increasingly
becoming a social problem of phenomenal proportions (Hewitt, 1988), Nakamyuka (1982) found that,
in Nigeria, alcohol consumption among students is on the increase and becoming a major point of
concern. She discovered that students are mostly influenced to start consuming alcohol by their

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
friends, and this may affect these students‟ attitudes towards school. So therefore findings of this study
will be significant in many respects to the college students, undergraduates, psychologists, Public
health specialist, the college management, policy-makers, and the general public in Nigeria for the
planning of appropriate educational intervention. College of Education students are future teachers of
primary and secondary schools. They are therefore expected to be role models who should not be
involved in alcoholic drinking while in training. The study will identify predisposing factors that need
to be controlled.
Research Questions
1. What is the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Emmanuel Alayande College of Education
students?
2. What factors predispose the students to alcohol consumption?
3. How do the students perceive alcohol?
4. What is the level of knowledge of the Students on health and other implication of alcohol
consumption?
Broad Objective
To investigate the factors influencing alcohol consumption among Emmanuel Alayande College of
Education Students, Oyo State.
Specific Objectives
1. To assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Emmanuel Alayande College of
Education students.
2. To identify factors that predispose the students to alcohol consumption.
3. To describe the perception of students on alcohol consumption.
4. To assess the level of knowledge of the students on health and other implication of alcohol
consumption?
Research Hypotheses
1 There is no association between Socio-demographic characteristics (Age, Family background,
Gender, and Religious) and alcohol consumption among Emmanuel Alayande College of
Education Students.
2 There is no association between parental influence and alcohol consumption among the students.
3 There is no association between access to Alcohol in school and alcohol consumption among the
students.
4 There is no association between peer influence and alcohol consumption among the students.
5 There is no association between students‟ perception of alcohol and alcohol consumption.
6 There is no association between level of knowledge on health implications of alcohol and alcohol
consumption among the students.
Materials and Method
The study was carried out in Emmanuel Alamance College of Education Oyo. Oyo State. Oyo State is
one of the 36 states of Nigeria and is located in South-Western region of the country. The State was
created in 1976 out of the old Western region. A descriptive cross-sectional designed was used to
determine the factors influencing alcohol consumption among Emmanuel Alayande College of

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
Education Student Oyo, Oyo State. Focus Group Discussion guide was developed based on the
research objectives to collect Qualitative data. The study population consists of the students of
Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, Oyo State. The sample size was calculated using
Leslie Kish‟s formula. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit subjects for the study.
Participants were interviewed as they came into the hospital. The process continued until the required
sample size (450) was obtained. Data were entered, edited, and analyzed with SPSS statistical software
(version 15). Focus Group Discussion and questionnaire were used for data collection. The frequency
tables, percentages diagrams, and graphs for these data shall be computed. Univariate analysis was
employed to calculate frequencies and distributions of each variable. A Chi-square test was used for
bivariate analyses to test the significance of the association between categorical variables.
Ethical considerations
The proposal was submitted, reviewed and approved by the Oyo State Ethical Review Committee.
Permission was taken from the Provost of the College before collecting data. Informed consent was
obtained from the respondents by giving them an informed consent form to fill by explaining it to the
best of their understanding.
RESULT
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
A completion response rate of 100% (450 out of 450) was obtained with the questionnaire among
Alayande College of Education students. The ages of the College of Education Students ranged from
15 to 30 years with a mean age of 20.5±2.4. (Fig 4.1) shows the distribution of the college of
Education students. The participants were 243 males (54.0%) and 207 females (46.0%). The
distribution of respondents by Schools (Faculties) showed as follow: 169 (37.6%) of respondents were
from school of Education, 165(36.7%) were from school of Vocation, 116 (25.8%) were from school
of Languages and the distribution of respondents by department were showed that 36(8.0%) were from
Agricultural science Department, 129(28.7%) from Business education 108 (24.0%) from Primary
education Studies , 61(13.6%) were from Early child care Education, 89 (19.8%) were from English
Language, while 27(6.0%) were from Yoruba language Department. Respondents within the 15-18
years age bracket constituted 18.9%, those aged 19-22years were 65.1%, 23-26years were 15.3% and
27-30years were 0.7%. The distribution of respondents by religion showed that More than half 262
(58.2%) were Christians, 166 (36.9%) were Islam and 22(4.9%) were Traditional. The distributions of
respondents by course-year level showed 100level were 142(31.6%), 200level 130(28.9%) and
300level were 178(39.6%). Almost half of respondents 225 (50%) were from monogamous family,
205 (45.6%) were from polygamous family and 20(4.4%) were from divorce family. Majority, 416
(92.4%) of the respondents were Yoruba, 32 (5.8%) Igbo and 8(1.8%) Hausa.
Participants’ Distribution by college categories and socio-demographic characteristics
Variable Response options Frequency Percentage
Faculties(schools) Vocation 165 36.7
Education 169 37.6
Language 116 25.8
Departments Agricultural Science 36 8.0
Business Education 129 28.7
Primary Education Studies 108 24.0
Early Child Care Education 61 13.6
English Language 89 19.8
Yoruba Language 27 6.0

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Gender Male 243 54.0
Female 207 46.0
Age group 15-18 85 18.9
19-22 293 65.1
23-26 69 15.3
27-30 3 0.7
Religion Christian 262 58.2
Islam 166 36.9
Traditional 22 4.9
Levels 100 142 31.6
200 130 28.9
300 178 39.6
Family Type Polygamy 205 45.6
Monogamy 225 50.0
Divorce 20 4.4
Ethnicity Yoruba 416 92.4
Igbo 26 5.8
Hausa 8 1.8
Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among College Students.
Table shows that the overall prevalence of lifetime use of at least one drink was 63.3% while reported
use in the last one year was 54.7% and 38.4% in the last six months. The prevalence of alcohol
consumption was higher among male 60.4% than females 39.6%. Out of 285 that were reported that
they have consumed alcoholic beverages, 160(56.2%) were reported that they consume it daily,
83(29.1%) that they consume it monthly and 42(14.7%) on yearly basis. The percentage of students
initiated to alcohol consumption was 211(74.0%) and the mean age at first initiation was 14.3±3.9
showing that while initiation occurs more between ages 10-20 years, it begins as early age. (See Table
4.2for detail)
Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption
Variable Response options Frequency Percentage
Have you ever consumed alcoholic Yes 285 63.3
beverages? N=450 No 165 36.7
If yes to Question above, how often? Daily 160 56.2
N=285 Monthly 83 29.1
Yearly 42 14.7
Have you ever consumed alcoholic Yes 246 54.7
beverages in the last one year? N=450 No 204 45.3
Have you ever consumed alcoholic Yes 173 38.4
beverages in the last six months? No 277 61.6
N=450
Age initiated group ≤10 59 20.7
N=285 11-20 211 74.0
≥21 11 3.9
No response 4 1.4
Factors influencing Alcohol Consumption among College Student.
Table 4.3 shows that the majority of the respondents 125 (27.8%) strongly agreed that drinking is an
easy way to relieve stress. Many of respondents 166(36.9%) agreed drinking socially makes the event

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more fun. Some 151(33.6%) disagreed that “I should be concerned about what my friends will think of
me if I don't drink as much as they do at parties”. Many 141(31.3%) agreed that they need to drink to
fall asleep. 132(29.3%) of respondents disagreed that “alcohol can help me to organize my thoughts
when I feel overwhelmed”. Some of the respondents 180(40.0%) agreed that “my father drinks, so I
should”. Majority 142(31.6%) agreed access to alcohol in school leads to alcohol consumption. Many
of the respondent 133(29.6%) disagreed that “I drink alcohol when I am sad”. Many 133(29.6%)
agreed that they drink alcohol to forget problems, 121(26.9%) agreed that they drink alcohol when
they feel like while 129(28.7%) of respondents agreed that they can accept alcohol drink when offered
after school with a friend and, 119(26.4%) agreed that they can accept alcohol drink when offered at
party with friends. (See table 4.3.1 for details). Slightly more than half of respondents 249(55.3%)
reported that they belong to a social club, 284(63.1%) reported that they have many friends who
drinks. (See table 4.3.1 for details).
Perceptions of College Students towards Alcohol Consumption
Respondents‟ perceptions towards alcohol consumption are presented in Table 4.4. Most of the
respondents 256(56.9%) believe that alcohol is not good. The majority of the respondents 336(74.7)
disagreed that most accidents in Nigeria are caused by Alcohol. Many of the respondents 259(57.6%)
agreed that one can be abused or laughed at if one refused to take alcohol. More than half of the
respondents 289(64.2%) believe that it is good not to drink alcohol even if one is the only one who is
not drinking among friends. The majority of the respondents 336(74.7) disagreed that one can be
discouraged by friends from drinking alcohol. Many of the respondents 243(54%) agreed that alcohol
consumption can make one look mature, Many of the respondents 247(54.9%) agreed that alcohol
consumption can make one bold. Majority 262(58.2%) agreed that alcohol drinking can remove
shyness. Also, 238(52.9%) believe that alcohol is good for health, and slightly more than half
252(56.0%) agreed that one can be influenced to drink alcohol against one‟s desire. Majority (60%) of
respondents had a positive perception and the remaining (40%) had negative perception towards
alcohol consumption. The overall mean perception score by the respondents was 5.56± 2.2.
Perceptions of college students towards alcohol consumption
Variable Frequency %
I believe alcohol is not good. Agree 256 56.9
Disagree 194 43.1
Most accidents in Nigeria are caused by Alcohol.
Agree 114 25.3
Disagree 336 74.7
One can be abused or laughed at if one refused to take
alcohol. Agree 259 57.6
Disagree 191 42.4
I believe that it is good not to drink alcohol even if one
is the only one who is not drinking among friends
Agree 289 64.2
Disagree 161 35.8
One can be discouraged by friends from drinking
alcohol. Agree 114 25.3
Disagree 336 74.7
Alcohol consumption can make one look matured.
Agree 243 54.0
Disagree 207 46.0
Alcohol consumption can make one bold Agree 247 54.9

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Disagree 203 45.1
Alcohol drinking can remove shyness. Agree 262 58.2
Disagree 188 41.8
I believe that alcohol is good for health. Agree 238 52.9
Disagree 212 47.1
One can be influenced to drink alcohol against one‟s
desire Agree 252 56.0
Disagree 198 44.0
Respondent’s knowledge of health implication on alcohol Consumption
In Table 4.5, majority of the respondents 352(78.2%) agreed that drinking alcohol causes headache.
Many of the respondents 320(71.1%) agree that drinking alcohol may lead to trouble. Three hundred
and nineteen (70.9%) agreed drinking alcohol is harmful to health. More than half of the respondents
303(67.3%) agreed that drinking alcohol causes delay in work. Majority 349(77.6%) disagreed that
alcohol is a risk factor for accident and injury. Many of the respondent 313(69.6%) agreed that alcohol
causes mental health and suicide. Three hundred and eight (68.4%) of the respondents agreed that
alcohol leads to criminal justice. Many 331(73.6%) of the respondents agreed that young adults who
misuse alcohol are more likely to suffer from appetite changes. Also, 307 (68.2) of the respondents
agreed that young adults who misuse alcohol are more likely to suffer from weight loss. Three hundred
and four (67.6%) of the respondents agreed that young adults who misuse alcohol are more likely to
suffer from eczema. 305(67.8) of the respondents agreed that young adults who misuse alcohol are
more likely to suffer from sleep disturbance.
Majority 335(74.4%) agreed that the most common impacts of alcohol intoxication are vomiting and
coma. Many of the respondent 343(76.2%) agreed that alcohol abuse in adolescence, during a
developmental sensitive period, poses a danger to the effective functioning of emerging brain faculties
and long term memory. Majority 329(73.1%) agreed that Alcohol may increase feelings of depression.
Many 305(67.8%) of the respondents agreed that Stress / anxiety based drinking is associated with
long-term and more severe negative outcomes. More than half of the respondents 313(69.6) agreed
that alcohol leads to loss of memory. Majority 322(71.6%) agreed that heavy drinking causes hepatitis.
Many 296(65.8%) of respondents agreed that heavy drinking causes cirrhosis. Majority of the
respondent 345(76.7%) agreed that alcohol interferes with the brain‟s communication pathways, and
can affect the way the brain looks and works. Three hundred and thirty-one (73.6) of the respondents
agreed that drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can damage the heart,
causing Stretching and drooping of heart muscle. Also 325(72.2%) agreed that drinking a lot over a
long time or too much on a single occasion can also damage the heart and causing Irregular heart beat.
321(71.3%)agreed that drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can damage
the heart and causing Stroke. Three hundred and eight(68.4) of the respondents agreed that drinking a
lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can damage the heart and causing high blood
pressure. Majority 332(73.8) also agree that alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances
that can eventually lead to pancreatitis. Three hundred and thirty-two (73.8) agreed that drinking too
much alcohol increases the risk of developing certain types of cancers. And also 344(76.4) agreed that
drinking too much can weaken immune system, making body a much easier target for disease. (See
Table 4.5 for details). According to the rating of knowledge, 42(9.3%) had a poor knowledge, many
147(32.7%) respondents had a fair knowledge and more than half 261(58.0%) had a good knowledge.
The overall mean knowledge score of health implication by the respondents was 17.7± 6.1.

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Respondent’s knowledge of health implication on alcohol Consumption
Variable Frequency %
Drinking alcohol causes headache. 352 78.2
Agree 98 21.8
Disagree
Drinking alcohol tends to get me in trouble. Agree 320 71.1
Disagree 130 28.9
Drinking alcohol is harmful to health. Agree 319 70.9
Disagree 131 29.1
Drinking alcohol causes delay in work. Agree 303 67.3
Disagree 147 32.7
Alcohol is a risk factor for accident and injury. Agree 101 22.4
Disagree 349 77.6
Alcohol causes Mental health and suicide. Agree 313 69.6
Disagree 137 30.4
Alcohol leads to criminal justice. Agree 308 68.4
Disagree 142 31.6
Young adults who misuse alcohol are more likely to suffer from
appetite changes. Agree 331 73.6
Disagree 119 26.4
Young adults who misuse alcohol are more likely to suffer from
weight loss. Agree 307 68.2
Disagree 143 31.8
Young adults who misuse alcohol are more likely to suffer from side
effects including eczema. Agree 304 67.6
Disagree 146 32.4
Young adults who misuse alcohol are more likely to suffer from side
effects including sleep disturbance. Agree 305 67.8
Disagree 145 32.2
The most common impacts of alcohol intoxication are vomiting and
coma.
Agree 335 74.4
Disagree 115 25.6
Alcohol abuse in adolescence, during a developmental sensitive
period, poses a danger to the effective functioning of emerging brain
faculties and long term memory. Agree 343 76.2
Disagree 107 23.8
Alcohol may increase feelings of depression. 329 73.1
Agree 121 26.9
Disagree
Stress / anxiety based drinking is associated with long-term and more
severe negative outcomes. Agree 305 67.8
Disagree 145 32.2
Alcohol leads to loss of memory. Agree 313 69.6
Disagree 137 30.4
Heavy drinking causes hepatitis. Agree 322 71.6
Disagree 128 28.4
Heavy drinking causes. Agree 296 65.8

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Disagree 154 34.2
Alcohol interferes with the brain‟s communication pathways and can
affect the way the brain looks and works. Agree 345 76.7
Disagree 105 23.3
Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can
damage the heart, causing Stretching and drooping of heart muscle.
Agree 331 73.6
Disagree 119 26.4
Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can
damage the heart, causing Irregular heart beat . Agree 325 72.2
Disagree 125 27.8
Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can
damage the heart, causing Stroke. Agree 321 71.3
Disagree 129 28.9
Drinking a lot over a long time or too much on a single occasion can
damage the heart, causing High blood pressure Agree 308 68.4
Disagree 142 31.6
Alcohol causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances that can
eventually lead to pancreatitis. Agree 332 73.8
Disagree 118 26.2
Drinking too much alcohol increase risk of developing certain
cancers. Agree 332 73.8
Disagree 118 26.2
Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your
body a much easier target for disease. Agree 344 76.4
Disagree 106 23.6
Hypotheses testing
Hypothesis one (Ho1)
There is no association between Socio-demographic characteristic (Age, family background, Gender,
religious etc.) and alcohol consumption among Emmanuel Alayande College of Education Students.
Faculty
Have you ever
consumed alcoholic
Faculty beverages? Subtotal X2 df P-value
Yes (%) No (%)
Vocation 101(35.4%) 64(38.8%) 165(36.6%)
Education 106(37.2%) 63(38.2%) 169(37.6%)

78(27.4%) 38(23.0%) 116(25.8%) 1.110 2 0.574**

Language
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%)
** is not significant *N=450
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.574 which is not statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore accepted and the alternate is rejected. This means that the faculty of the student
has no influence on alcohol consumption among college students.

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Department
Have you ever consumed
Department alcoholic beverages?
Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 Df P-value
Agricultural Science 22(7.7%) 14(8.5%) 36(8.0%)
Bussiness Education 79(27.7%) 50(30.3%) 129(28.7%)
Primary Education 72(25.3%) 36(21.8%) 108(24.0%)
Studies
Early Child Care 34(11.9%) 27(16.4%) 61(13.6%) 3.823
Education 5 0.575**
English Language 58(20.4%) 31(18.8%) 89(19.8%)
Yoruba Language 20(7.0%) 7(4.2%) 27(6.0%)
TOTAL 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%)
** Not Significant * N=450
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.575 which is not statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore accepted and the alternate is rejected. This means that department of the student
has no influence on alcohol consumption among college student.
Gender
Have you ever consumed
alcoholic beverages?
Gender Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 df P-value
Male 172(60.4%) 71(43.0%) 243(54.0%)
Female 113(39.6%) 94(57.0%) 207(46.0%)
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%)
12.621 1 0.001*
*Significant * N=450
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.001 which is statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore rejected and the alternate is accepted. This means that gender of the students
has influence on alcohol consumption among college student. Male genders (60.4%) were more likely
to consume alcohol than female genders (OR 1.93, 95% Cl 1.04-3.61) See table 4.6.15 for details.
Age Group

Have you ever

consumed alcoholic Subtotal
Age Group X2 df P-value
beverages?
Yes (%) No (%)
15-18 54(18.9%) 31(18.8%) 85(18.9%)

19-22 189(66.3%) 104(63.0%) 293(65.1%)

23-26 40(14.0%) 29(17.6%) 69(15.3%)

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27-30 2(0.7%) 1(0.6%) 3(0.7%) 1.043 3 0.791**

Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%)

** Not Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.791 which is not statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore accepted and the alternate is rejected. This means that age of the student has no
influence on alcohol consumption among college student.
Religion
Have you ever consumed
Religion alcoholic beverages?
Subtotal X2 df P-value
Christianity 155(54.4%) 107(64.8%) 262(58.2%)
Islam 116(40.7%) 50(30.3%) 166(36.9%)
Traditional 14(4.9%) 8(4.9%) 22(4.9%)
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%) 5.029 2 0.081**
** Not Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.081 which is not statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore accepted and the alternate is rejected. This means that religion of the student
has no influence on alcohol consumption among college students.
Level
Have you ever
consumed alcoholic
Level beverages? Subtotal X2 df P-value
Yes (%) No (%)
100 87(30.5%) 55(33.3%) 142(31.6%)
200 85(29.8%) 45(27.3%) 130(28.9%)
300 113(39.7%) 65(39.4%) 178(39.5%)
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%) 0.498 2 0.779**
** Not Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.574 which is not statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore accepted and the alternate is rejected. This means that level of the student has
no influence on alcohol consumption among college student.
Ethnicity
Ethnicity Have you ever consumed
alcoholic beverages?
Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 Df P-value
Yoruba 263(55.8%) 153(35.2%) 416(48.2%)
Igbo 16(40.0%) 10(61.2%) 26(47.8%)
Hausa 6(4.2%) 2(3.6%) 8(4.0%)
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%) 0.507 2 0.776**

** Not Significant

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From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.776 which is not statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore accepted and the alternate is rejected. This means that ethnicity of the student
has no influence on alcohol consumption among college student.
Family Type
Family Have you ever consumed
Type alcoholic beverages?
Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 Df P-value
Polygamy 147(55.8%) 58(35.2%) 205(48.2%)
Monogamy 124(40.0%) 101(61.2%) 225(47.8%)
Divorce 14(4.2%) 6(3.6%) 20(4.0%)
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%) 13.123 2 0.001*
* Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.001 which is statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore rejected and the alternate is accepted. This means that family that student
belongs to has influence on alcohol consumption among college student. Respondents from
polygamous family (55.8%) were more likely to consume alcohol than student from monogamous and
divorce family. In attempting to test for level of significant under regression analysis, is no longer
significant. See table 4.6.15 for details.
Hypothesis three (Ho2)
There is no association between parental influence and alcohol consumption among the students.
My father Have you ever consumed
drinks, So I alcoholic beverages?
should. Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 Df P-value
Agree 162(56.8%) 7(4.2%) 169(37.6%)
Disagree 123(43.2%) 158(95.8%) 281(62.4%) 77.036 1 0.000*
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100%)
*Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.000 which is statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore rejected and the alternate is accepted. This means that parental influence has
influence on alcohol consumption among college student. Respondents that have parent that drink
(56.8%) were more likely to consume alcohol than those that do not have. (OR 7.29, 95% Cl 6.3-10.7)
See table 4.6.15 for details.
Hypothesis Four (Ho4)
There is no association between access to alcohol in school and alcohol consumption among the
students.
Access to Have you ever
alcohol in consumed alcoholic
school leads beverages? Subtotal X2 Df P-value
to alcohol Yes (%) No (%)
consumption
Agree 190(66.7%) 71(43.0%) 261(58.0%)
Disagree 95(33.3%) 94(57.0%) 189(42.0%)
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%) 23.996 1 0.000*
*Significant

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From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.000 which is statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore rejected and the alternate is accepted. This means that access to alcohol in
school has influence on alcohol consumption among college student. Respondents that have access to
alcohol in school (66.7%) were more likely to consume alcohols that do not. (OR 2.72, 95% Cl 1.45-
5.09) See table 4.6.15 for details.
Hypothesis Five (Ho5)
There is no association between peer influence and alcohol consumption among the students.
Friends Have you ever consumed
that drink alcoholic beverages?
Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 Df P-value
Yes 227(79.6%) 57(34.5%) 284(63.1%)
No 58(20.4%) 108(65.5%) 166(36.9%)
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%) 91.314 1 0.000*

*Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.000 which is statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore rejected and the alternate is accepted. This means that peer influence has
influence on alcohol consumption among college student. Respondents that have friends that drink
(79.6%) were more likely to consume alcohol than those that do not have. (OR 4.95, 95% Cl 2.56-
9.61) See table 4.6.15 for details.
Hypothesis Six (Ho6)
There is no association between students‟ perception of alcohol and alcohol consumption
Perception Have you ever consumed
Scale alcoholic beverages?
Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 Df P-value
Negative 44(15.4%) 136(82.4%) 180(40.0%)
Positive 241(84.6%) 29(17.6%) 270(60.0%) 24.566 1 0.000*
Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100%)

*Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.000 which is statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore rejected and the alternate is accepted. This means that students‟ perception of
alcohol has influence on alcohol consumption among college student. Respondents with positive
perception towards alcohol consumption (84.6%) were more likely to consume alcohol than those with
negative perception. (OR 19.23, 95% Cl 10.20-35.71) See table 4.6.15 for details.
Hypothesis Seven (Ho7)
There is no association between level of knowledge on health implications of alcohol and alcohol
consumption among the students.
Level of Have you ever consumed
knowledge alcoholic beverages?
Yes (%) No (%) Subtotal X2 Df P-value
Poor 38(13.3%) 4(2.4%) 42(9.3%)
Fair 130(45.6%) 17(10.3%) 147(32.7%)
Good 117(41.1%) 144(87.3%) 261(58.0%)

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Total 285(100%) 165(100%) 450(100.0%) 91.702 2 0.000*
*Significant
From the result of this testing, the p-value = 0.000 which is statistically significant. The null
hypothesis is therefore rejected and the alternate is accepted. This means that knowledge on health
implications of alcohol has influence on alcohol consumption among college student. Respondents
with fair knowledge of health implication were more likely to consume alcohol than those with good
and poor knowledge. (OR 5.69, 95% Cl 2.62-12.36) See table 4.6.15 for details.
Regression Analysis
95.0% C.I. for OR

Selected covariates S.E. Df Sig. OR Lower Upper

Gender;
Male 0.319 1 0.039* 1.932 1.035 3.608
Female . 0 . . . .
Family Types:
Polygamy 0.862 1 0.913** 1.099 0.203 5.954
Monogamy 0.856 1 0.807** 0.811 0.152 4.341
Divorces 0
Social Group:
Yes 0.387 1 0.013* 2.626 1.230 5.608
No 0
Parental:
Yes 0.507 1 0.000* 7.292 6.395 10.754
No 0
Access to Alcohol
Yes 0.320 1 0.002* 2.720 1.454 5.090
No 0
Peer Influence:
Yes 0.338 1 0.000* 4.956 2.557 9.605
No
Perception:
Poor 0.322 1 0.000* 0.052 0.028 0.098
Good 0
Knowledge :
Poor 0.760 1 0.026* 5.461 1.230 24.244
Fair 0.395 1 0.000* 5.696 2.624 12.365
Good 0
*significant
Conclusion
In conclusion, the finding of this study shows that the prevalence of alcohol consumption is relatively
high among college students, and the study identified some factors influencing alcohol consumption
among college students which include; peer influence, parental influence, access to alcohol in school,
social club membership, positive perception towards alcohol consumption and knowledge of health
implication. Furthermore, the study also reviewed that more males were more likely to consume
alcohol than females. Respondents in the social clubs were more likely to consume alcohol than those
not in the social club. And respondents that have friends that drink were more likely to consume
alcohol than those that do not have. Respondents with positive perceptions were more likely to

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 02 | Mar-Apr 2022
consume alcohol than those with negative perceptions and respondents with fair knowledge of health
implications were more likely to consume alcohol than those with good and poor knowledge. Health
education strategies focusing on factors influencing perception of AC and Knowledge of Health
implication of alcohol consumption among College of Education students is hereby advocated.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made;
 There should be a continuous awareness program on the dangers of alcohol consumption on the
academic performance for students starting from freshmen to those in their final year..
 There is need to advocate and promote the policies on alcohol consumption among higher learning
of education in Nigeria.
 Drinking joints and bars will not be allowed to operate within or around higher institutions.
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