Voltage, current, power and energy of capacitor

..contd

• If i is flowing into the +ve terminal of C

• Charging => i is +ve
• Discharging => i is –ve

• The current-voltage relationship of capacitor according to

above convention is

dv 1 t
iC
dt
and v
C  i d t  v(t )
t0
0

1
• The energy, w, stored in the capacitor is

1
w Cv 2

• A capacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly.

2
Example
The current through a 100 F capacitor is i(t)=50sin(120t) mA.
Calculate the voltage across it at t =1 ms and t = 5 ms.
Take v(0) =0.

1 t
v
C  i d t  v(t )
t0
0

3
 The Inductor
• There are two fundamental principles of
electromagnetics:
1. Moving electrons create a magnetic field.
2. Moving or changing magnetic fields cause
electrons to move.
• An inductor is a coil of wire through which
electrons move, and energy is stored in the
resulting magnetic field.

• Inductors are simply coils of wire.

› Can be air wound (just air in the middle of the coil)
› Can be wound around a permeable material (material that concentrates
magnetic fields)
› Can be wound around a circular form.
4
• An inductor is a passive element designed to store
energy in its magnetic field.

• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

• Like capacitors, inductors temporarily store energy.

• Unlike capacitors:
› Inductors store energy in a magnetic field, not an electric field.
› When the source of electrons is removed, the magnetic field
collapses immediately. 5
• Inductance is the property whereby an inductor
exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing
through it, measured in Henrys (H).

di
vL
dt
• Inductance is measured in Henry(s).
• A Henry is a measure of the intensity of the magnetic field
that is produced.

• Typical inductor values used in electronics are in the range

of millihenry (1/1000 Henry) and microhenry (1/1,000,000
Henry)
6
 The Inductor
The amount of inductance is influenced by a
number of factors:
› Number of coil turns.
› Diameter of coil.
› Spacing between turns.
› Size of the wire used.
› Type of material inside the coil.

7
 Inductor Performance With DC
Currents

• When a DC current is applied to an inductor, the increasing

magnetic field causes a current flow and the current flow is
at a minimum.

• Finally, the magnetic field is at its maximum and the current

flows to maintain the field.

• As soon as the current source is removed, the magnetic field

begins to collapse and creates a rush of current in the other
direction.

8
 Inductor Performance With AC
Currents
• When AC current is applied to an inductor, during the first
half of the cycle, the magnetic field builds as if it were a
DC current.

• During the next half of the cycle, the current is reversed

and the magnetic field first has to decrease the reverse
polarity in step with the changing current.

• These forces can work against each other resulting in a

lower current flow.

9
Series and Parallel Inductors
• The equivalent inductance of series-connected
inductors is the sum of the individual
inductances.

Leq  L1  L2  ...  LN

10
• The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual inductances.

1 1 1 1
   ... 
Leq L1 L2 LN

11
Example
Calculate the equivalent inductance for the inductive
ladder network in the circuit shown below:

Answer:
Leq = 25mH

12
Voltage, current, power and energy of inductor

• The current-voltage relationship of an inductor:

1 t
i   v (t ) d t  i (t 0 )
L t0
• The energy stored by an inductor:

1
w  L i2
2
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0)
and its current cannot change abruptly.
13
 Defining Equation, Integral Form, Derivation
diL
The defining equation for the inductor, vL  LX
dt

can be rewritten in another way. If we want to express the current in terms of

the voltage, we can integrate both sides. We get
t t diL
t0 vL (t )dt  t0 LX dt dt.
We pick t0 and t for limits of the integral, where t is time, and t0 is an arbitrary time value,
often zero. The inductance, LX, is constant, and can be taken out of the integral. To avoid
confusion, we introduce the dummy variable s in the integral. We get
1 t t

LX 
t0
vL ( s)ds   diL .
t0

14
 1 t t

LX t0
vL ( s)ds   diL .
t0

We can take this equation and perform the integral on the right hand side. When
we do this we get 1 t
LX t0
vL ( s)ds  iL (t )  iL (t0 ).

Thus, we can solve for iL(t), and we have two defining equations for the inductor,

1 t diL
iL (t )   vL ( s)ds  iL (t0 ), and
vL  LX .
LX t0
dt

15
 The introduction of the dummy variable s in the integral form of
this equation, below. It really doesn’t matter what variable is integrated
over, because when the limits are inserted, that variable goes away.

The independent variable t is in the limits Remember, the integral here is not a
of the integral. This is indicated by the function of s. It is a function of t.
iL(t) on the left-hand side of the equation.

This is a constant.

1 t diL
iL (t ) 
LX  t0
vL ( s)ds  iL (t0 ), and vL  LX
dt
.

16
Example
The terminal voltage of a 2H inductor is v =10(1-t) V.
Find the current flowing through it at t = 4 s and the energy
stored in it within 0 < t < 4 s.
Assume i(0) = 2 A.

17
18
• Current and voltage relationship for R, L, C

19
 Inductor Rules and Equations

• For inductors,
we have the LX= #[H]
following rules
and equations iL
which hold:
+ vL -

diL (t )
1: vL (t )  LX
dt
1 t
2 : iL (t ) 
LX t0
vL ( s )ds  iL (t0 )

3 : wL (t )  1  2 LX  iL (t ) 
2

4: No instantaneous change in current through the inductor.

5: When there is no change in the current, there is no voltage.
6: Appears as a short-circuit at dc.

20
 Capacitor Rules and Equations

• For capacitors, CX = #[F]

we have the
following rules + vC -
and equations
which hold:
iC
dvC (t )
1: iC (t )  C X
dt
1 t
2 : vC (t ) 
CX 
t0
iC ( s)ds  vC (t0 )

3 : wC (t )  1  2C X  vC (t ) 
2

4: No instantaneous change in voltage across the capacitor.

5: When there is no change in the voltage, there is no current.
6: Appears as a open-circuit at dc.

21
 Inductors & Energy
• Recall that capacitors store energy in an
electric field i
• Inductors store energy in a magnetic field.
di
E  iR  L
dt
Example 10 W
• The switch has been in position “a” for a long
time.
• It is now moved to position “b” without 9 V
breaking the circuit.
10 H
• What is the total energy dissipated by the
resistor until the circuit reaches equilibrium?

• When switch has been in position “a” for long time, current through inductor
= (9V)/(10W) = 0.9A.
• Energy stored in inductor = (1/2)(10H)(0.9A)2 = 4.05 J
• When inductor “discharges” through the resistor, all this stored energy is
dissipated as heat = 4.05 J. 22
 40 W
Example 3V

Immediately after the switch is 10 W 10 H

closed, what is the current i
through the 10W resistor?
(a) 0.375 A
(b) 0.3 A • Immediately after switch is closed, current
through inductor = 0
(c) 0 • Hence, current through battery and through
10W resistor is i = (3 V)/(10W) = 0.3 A

Long after the switch has been closed, what is the

current in the 40W resistor?
(a) 0.375 A
(b) 0.3 A • Long after switch is closed, potential across
(c) 0.075 A inductor = 0.
• Hence, current through 40W resistor = (3
V)/(40W) = 0.075 A
23
Exercise

E=120V, R1=10W, R2=20W, R3=30W, L=3H.

1. What are i1 and i2 immediately after closing the switch?

2. What are i1 and i2 a long time after closing the switch?
3. What are i1 and i2 1 second after closing the switch?
4. What are i1 and i2 immediately after reopening the switch?
5. What are i1 and i2 a long time after reopening the switch?

24
Passive and Active Sign Convention for Inductors
The sign of the equation that we use for inductors depends
on whether we have used the passive sign convention
or the active sign convention.

LX= #[H] LX= #[H]

iL iL
+ vL - + vL -
diL
vL  LX diL
dt vL   LX
dt
Passive Sign Convention Active Sign Convention

25
 Presentation Questions
1. Group Yourselves in 5s (5 people per group). That will make 17 groups
(Class president share the list on email by Monday 5:00pm).

2. Questions on the next slides. Each group will answer the question
corresponding to its number.

3. We shall have the first 8 groups presenting next week. The next groups
shall work on the next presentation assignment and the alternating shall
continue. Please read even when it’s not your turn to present.

4. Each presentation shall be graded out of 10.

5. The purpose of this work is to get everybody doing some reading so that
you share knowledge, & to enhance team work.

26
 Group 1
1. Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the terminals
of the circuit in the circuit shown below:

2. Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in the

circuit shown below:

27
 Group 2
An initially uncharged 1mF capacitor has the current
shown below across it. Calculate the voltage across it at
t = 2 ms and t = 5 ms.

28
 Group 3
1. An air-filled parallel plate capacitor has a
capacitance of 50pF. If the region between the
plates is now filled with material having a
dielectric constant of =2, what is the capacitance?

2. A parallel-plate air-filled capacitor has a

capacitance of 50 pF. If each of the plates has an
area of A=0.35 m2, what is the separation?
0=8.85 10-12 C2/Nm2

29
 Group 4
1. Discuss the derivation for energy in an inductor
explaining the steps involved.

2. With the aid of labelled diagrams, distinguish

between RC and RL circuits.

30
 Group 5

Determine vc, iL, and the energy stored in the

capacitor and inductor in the circuit shown below
under dc conditions.

31
 Group 6

The voltage pulse applied to the 100 mH inductor

is 0 for t < 0 and is given by the expression
for t > 0.

a) Find the inductor current as a function of time.

b)Sketch the voltage as a function of time.

32
 Group 7
The current in a capacitor is 0 for t < 0 and
3cos(50,000t) A for t≥0. Find
a) v(t)
b) The maximum power delivered to the capacitor at
any one instant of time.
c) The maximum energy stored in the capacitor at any
one instant of time.

33
 Group 8
The switch in the circuit below has been closed for a long
time before it is opened at t = 0. Find;

34