Lec. 12

Lecture 13
Fluid Mechanics
Statics and Dynamics with
Fluids
 Fluid Statics
 Describes fluids at rest
 Fluid Dynamics
 Describes fluids in motion
 The same physical principles that have
applied to statics and dynamics up to this
point will also apply to fluids
Pressure
 The pressure P of the fluid
at the level to which the
device has been submerged
is the ratio of the force to
the area
F
P
A
Pressure, cont
 Pressure is a scalar quantity

 Because it is proportional to the magnitude of
the force
 Unit of pressure is pascal (Pa)
1 Pa  1 N/m 2
Variation of Pressure with
Depth
 Fluids have pressure that varies with depth

 If a fluid is at rest in a container, all parts of the fluid
must be in static equilibrium
 All points at the same depth must be at the same
pressure
 Otherwise, the fluid would not be in equilibrium
Pressure and Depth
 Examine the darker region, a
sample of liquid within a cylinder
 It has a cross-sectional area A
 Extends from depth d to d + h

below the surface
 Three external forces act on the
region
Pressure and Depth, cont
 The liquid has a density of r
 The three forces are:
 Downward force on the top, P0A
 Upward on the bottom, PA
 Gravity acting downward, Mg
 The mass can be found from the
density:
M  rV  r Ah
Pressure and Depth, final
 Because the part is at rest and remains
at rest, so that the net force
 acting on it must be zero:
 Solving for the pressure gives

 P = P0 + rgh
 The pressure P at a depth h below a

point in the liquid at which the pressure
is P0 is greater by an amount rgh
Atmospheric Pressure
 If the liquid is open to the atmosphere,
and P0 is the pressure at the surface of
the liquid, then P0 is atmospheric pressure
 P0 = 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

Problem
 The mattress of a water bed is 2 m long by 2 m
wide and 30 cm deep.
(A) Find the weight of the water in the mattress.
(B) Find the pressure exerted by the water bed
on the floor when the bed rests in its normal
position.
Solution
(A)
(B)
Problem
Estimate the force exerted on your
eardrum due to the water when you
are swimming at the bottom of a
pool that is 5 m deep. Knowing that
the surface area of the eardrum to
be approximately 1 cm2.
Solution
Because a force of this magnitude on the eardrum is extremely uncomfortable, swimmers often “pop their ears”
while under water, an action that pushes air from the lungs into the middle ear. Using this technique equalizes
the pressure on the two sides of the eardrum and relieves the discomfort.
Pascal’s Law, cont
A change in the pressure applied to a fluid is
transmitted undiminished to every point of the fluid
and to the walls of the container
P1  P2
F1 F2

A1 A2
Pascal’s Law, Example
 Diagram of a hydraulic
press (right)
 A large output force can
be applied by means of
a small input force
 The volume of liquid
pushed down on the
left must equal the
volume pushed up on
the right
Pascal’s Law, Example cont.
 Since the volumes are equal,
 A1x1  A2 x2,
 from eq.1
Combining the equations,


F1x1  F2 x2
which means W1 = W2
 This is a consequence of
Conservation of Energy
Problem
In a car lift used in a service station,
compressed air exerts a force on a
small piston that has a circular cross
section of radius 5 cm. This pressure is
transmitted by a liquid to a piston that
has a radius of 15 cm.
(A) What force must the compressed
air exert to lift a car weighing 13300 N?
(B) What air pressure produces this
force?
Answer
Pressure Measurements:
Barometer
 Invented by Torricelli
 A long closed tube is filled with mercury
and inverted in a dish of mercury
 The closed end is nearly a vacuum
 Measures atmospheric pressure as
P0  r Hg gh
 One 1 atm = 1.013x105 Pa
So,
Pressure Measurements:
Manometer
 A device for measuring the
pressure of a gas contained in
a vessel
 One end of the U-shaped tube
is open to the atmosphere
 The other end is connected to
the pressure to be measured
 Pressure at B is P0+ρgh
Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure
P = P0 + rgh
P is the absolute pressure
The gauge pressure is P – P0
 This is also rgh
 This is what you measure in your tires

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Lecture 13

 Pressure is a scalar quantity

 Fluids have pressure that varies with depth

 Extends from depth d to d + h

 Upward on the bottom, PA

 Gravity acting downward, Mg

 The mass can be found from the

 Solving for the pressure gives

 The pressure P at a depth h below a

 P0 = 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa

Combining the equations,

 Measures atmospheric pressure as

 This is what you measure in your tires

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