Lecture 3 Geometric Optics PDF

Photonics
Geometric Optics: Short Review

Dr. rer. nat. Muldarisnur
JURUSAN FISIKA UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

Wavefronts and Rays, Huygen’s Principle
❑ Huygens assumed that light is a form of wave motion rather than a

stream of particles
❑ Huygens’s Principle is a geometric construction for determining the
position of a new wave at some point based on the knowledge of the
wave front that preceded it
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Construction of Plane Waves

Reflection of Light: Specular and Diffuse Reflection

The Laws of Reflection
• The normal is a line

perpendicular to the surface
– It is at the point where
the incident ray strikes
the surface
• The incident ray makes an
angle of θi with the normal
• The reflected ray makes an
angle of θr with the normal
Laws of Reflection
❑ The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence θi = θr
❑ The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal are all in the
same plane
The Refraction of Light: Snell’s Law
❑ Light may refract into a material

where its speed is lower
❑ The angle of refraction is less than
the angle of incidence
– The ray bends toward the normal

Snell’s Law – Example
❑ Light is refracted into a crown

glass slab
❑ θ1 = 30.0o, θ2 = ?
❑ n1 = 1.00 and n2 = 1.52
• From Table 23.1 (page 844)
❑ θ2 = sin-1(n1 / n2) sin θ1 = 19.2o
❑ The ray bends toward the
normal, as expected

Physics at Home

Mirages

Dispersion in a Prism
❑ For a given material, the index of refraction varies with the wavelength
of the light passing through the material
❑ This dependence of n on λ is called dispersion
❑ Snell’s law indicates light of different wavelengths is bent at different
angles when incident on a refracting material
Total Internal Reflection

Double Rainbow
❑ The secondary rainbow is

fainter than the primary
❑ The secondary rainbow arises
from light that makes two
reflections from the interior
surface before exiting the
raindrop
❑ Higher-order rainbows are
possible, but their intensity is
low

Partial and Total Internal Reflection
❑ There is a particular angle of incidence that will result in an

angle of refraction of 90°
– This angle of incidence is called the critical angle, θC

Fiber Optics
• An application of internal reflection
• Plastic or glass rods are used to “pipe” light from one place to another
• Applications include:
• medical use of fiber optic cables for diagnosis and correction of medical problems
• Telecommunications

Polarization by Reflection: Brewster’s Angle
A 2-component unpolarized Light:

At some angle, the reflected and refracted rays would be perpendicular to
each other => qB + qt = 90o
The reflected beam is fully polarized: one component only.

Formation of Images Through Reflection or Refraction

Notation for Mirrors and Lenses
• The object distance is the distance from the object to the mirror or lens:
• Denoted by p
• The image distance is the distance from the image to the mirror or lens:
• Denoted by q
• Images are formed at the point where rays actually intersect or appear to
originate
• The lateral magnification of the mirror or lens is the ratio of the image height to the
object height:
• Denoted by M
• A real image is one in which light actually passes through the image point: Real
images can be displayed on screens
• A virtual image is one in which the light does not pass through the image point
• Virtual images cannot be displayed on screens
• The light appears to diverge from that point
• To find where an image is formed, it is always necessary to follow at least two rays
of light as they reflect from the mirror

Plane Mirrors

Convex Spherical Mirrors
The focal point of a convex mirror is on the principal axis

a distance R/2 behind the mirror
Convex Spherical Mirrors: How do they work?

Concave Spherical Mirrors

Concave Spherical Mirrors: How do they work?

The Mirror Equation

Objects Located at Infinity or at Large Distances

Sign Conventions

Thin Lenses

Focal Points and Principal Rays

Shapes of Some Diverging & Converging Lenses

Forming Real Images

Forming Virtual Images

The Magnification & Thin Lens Equation

Sign Conventions for Mirrors and Lenses

Lens and Mirror Aberrations
❑ One of the basic problems is the imperfect quality of the images

• Largely the result of defects in shape and form
❑ Two common types of aberrations exist

• Spherical aberration
• Chromatic aberration

Spherical Aberration
• Results from the focal

points of light rays far from
the principle axis are
different from the focal
points of rays passing near
the axis
• For a mirror, parabolic
shapes can be used to
correct for spherical
aberration

Chromatic Aberration
❑ Different wavelengths of
light refracted by a lens
focus at different points
• Violet rays are refracted more
than red rays
• The focal length for red light
is greater than the focal
length for violet light
❑ Chromatic aberration can be
minimized by the use of a
combination of converging
and diverging lenses

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Photonics

Geometric Optics: Short Review

JURUSAN FISIKA UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS

❑ Huygens assumed that light is a form of wave motion rather than a

Photonics Dr. rer. nat. Muldarisnur 2

Photonics Dr. rer. nat. Muldarisnur 3

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• The normal is a line

❑ Light may refract into a material

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❑ Light is refracted into a crown

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❑ The secondary rainbow is

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❑ There is a particular angle of incidence that will result in an

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A 2-component unpolarized Light:

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The focal point of a convex mirror is on the principal axis

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❑ One of the basic problems is the imperfect quality of the images

❑ Two common types of aberrations exist

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• Results from the focal

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