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Module-1-FLUID PROPERTIES

1. This document discusses key fluid properties including density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and capillary action. 2. It defines these properties and provides equations to calculate properties like density, specific weight, specific volume, bulk modulus, and kinematic viscosity. 3. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating various fluid properties using different equations and given values.

Uploaded by

Ferry Caballas
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
99 views

Module-1-FLUID PROPERTIES

1. This document discusses key fluid properties including density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and capillary action. 2. It defines these properties and provides equations to calculate properties like density, specific weight, specific volume, bulk modulus, and kinematic viscosity. 3. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating various fluid properties using different equations and given values.

Uploaded by

Ferry Caballas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit FLUID PROPERTIES

Module 1 – Fluid Properties


Learning After finishing this module, you are expected to:
Objectives

1. Define system, boundary, surroundings, state,


process, and property.
2. Define density, specific gravity, and specific weight.
3. Relate these properties using calculations.
4. Explain the meaning of a constant density fl ow and
discuss the relevant issues.
5. Look up fluid properties; document the results.
6. Define viscosity, shear stress, shear force, velocity
gradient, velocity profile, the no-slip condition, and
kinematic viscosity.
7. Describe surface tension; solve relevant problems.

Topics 1.1 Introduction


1.2 Mass Density
1.3 Specific Weight/Unit Weight
1.4 Specific Volume
1.5 Specific Gravity
1.6 Bulk Modulus
1.7 Viscosity
1.8 Kinematic Viscosity
1.9 Surface Tension
1.10 Capillary

Engineering Fluid Mechanics 9th Edition, Crowe C., Elger D., Williams B., Roberson J.
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, Dit Gillesania
Hydraulics, Besavilla

1.1 Introduction
Mechanics is the field of science focused on the motion of material bodies. Mechanics
involves force, energy, motion, deformation, and material properties. When mechanics applies to
material bodies in the solid phase, the discipline is called solid mechanics. When the material
body is in the gas or liquid phase, the discipline is called fluid mechanics. In contrast to a solid, a
fluid is a substance whose molecules move freely past each other. More specifically, a fluid is a
substance that will continuously deform—that is, flow under the action of a shear stress.
Alternatively, a solid will deform under the action of a shear stress but will not flow like a fluid.
Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz| Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges 1


Unit FLUID PROPERTIES
1

PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1.2 Mass Density
Mass Density is defined as the ratio of mass to volume at a point, given by.
𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽
Where:
𝝆=mass density units (English slugs/ft3, SI kg/m3)
m=mass, kg or slugs
V=Volume, m3 or ft3
For ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and ideal gas law:

𝒑
𝝆=
𝑹𝑻
Where:
𝝆=mass density units (English slugs/ft3, SI kg/m3)
p=absolute pressure of gas in Pa
R=gas constant Joule/kg.°K
T=absolute temperature, K

1.3 Specific Weight/Unit Weight, 𝜸


The gravitational force per unit volume of fluid, or simply the weight per unit volume, is
defined as specific weight.
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz| Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges 2


Unit FLUID PROPERTIES
1
1.4 Specific Volume
𝟏
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 =
𝝆
1.5 Specific Gravity
The ratio of the specific weight of a given fluid to the specific weight of water at the standard
reference temperature 4°C is defined as specific gravity, S:
𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑺𝑮 =
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Specific Weight of Water @ 20°C = 9.79kN/m3
Specific Weight of Water @ 4°C = 9.81kN/m3
EXAMPLE: CE BOARD NOV. 1995
If 5.6m3 of oil weighs 46,000 N, calculate the following:
a. Unit Weight
b. Density
c. Specific Gravity

EXAMPLE:
A certain liquid has a unit weight of 55 kN/m3.
a. Compute the mass density.
b. Calculate its specific volume.
c. Compute its specific gravity.

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz| Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges 3


Unit FLUID PROPERTIES
1
EXAMPLE:
A gas having a volume of 40 liters has a pressure of 0.25MPa at 24C. If the gas constant
R is equal to 210 MN/kg.k. Compute:
a. Density of the gas
b. Mass of the gas
c. Weight of gas

1.6 Bulk Modulus


−∆𝑷
𝑬=
∆𝑽
𝑽
Where:
E=bulk modulus
∆P=change in pressure
∆V=change in volume
COEFFICIENT O COMPRESSIBILITY
𝟏
𝜷=
𝑬

Where:
E=bulk modulus
𝜷=Coefficient of compressibility

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz| Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges 4


Unit FLUID PROPERTIES
1
EXAMPLE:
A liquid which is compressed in a cylinder . If it has a volume of 1000cu.cm.(1 liter)
at 2 MPa and a volume of 990 cu.cm. at 2.6MPa.
a. Compute the bulk modulus of elasticity.
b. Compute the percentage of volume decreased.
c. Compute the coefficient of compressibility.

1.7 Viscosity, 𝝁
(also called dynamic viscosity, or absolute viscosity) is a measure of a fluid’s resistance
to deformation under shear stress.

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz| Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges 5


Unit FLUID PROPERTIES
1
𝝉
𝝁=
𝒅𝑽/𝒅𝒚
Where:
𝜏=shear stress in lb/ft2 or Pa
𝜇=absolute viscosity in lb sec/ft2 (poises) or Pa-sec
y=distance between the plates in ft or m.
V=velocity in ft/s or m/s
1.8 Kinematic Viscosity, 𝝂
Kinematic Viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity 𝜇 of fluid, to its mass density 𝜌.

𝝁
𝝂=
𝝆
Where:
𝜇= absolute viscosity
𝜌 =density in kg/m3
EXAMPLE:
If the viscosity of water at 70°C is 0.00402 poise and its specific gravity is 0.978
determine its absolute viscosity in Pa-s and its kinematic viscosity in m2/s and in stokes.

1.9 Surface Tension, 𝝈


Surface Tension is a material property whereby a liquid at a material interface, usually
liquid-gas, exerts a force per unit length along the surface. According to the theory of
molecular attraction, molecules of liquid considerably below the surface act on each other
by forces that are equal in all directions.

Pressure inside a droplet of liquid


𝟒𝝈
𝒑=
𝒅
Where:
𝜎= surface tension in N/m
d=diameter of the droplet in meter
p=gage pressure in Pascals

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz| Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges 6


Unit FLUID PROPERTIES
1
1.10 Capillary
Capillary (Capillary action) is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore
tube. The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by surface tension and
depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the
liquid to the walls of the containing vessel.

𝟒𝝈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒉=
𝜸𝒅
For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle is 0.
Hence the formula becomes
𝟒𝝈
𝒉=
𝜸𝒅
Where:
h=capillary rise or depression in m
𝜎= surface tension in Pa
d=diameter of the droplet in meter
𝜸=gage pressure in Pascals
EXAMPLE:
Determine the surface tension of water in a tube with 0.2m radius and wetting
angle 0° and capillary rise of 5mm. Determine the surface tension in lb/ft. If wetting angle
θ=80°, determine the surface tension.

Engr. Christian Karl B. Villaluz| Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges 7

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