DNA Structure

AFTER SUBMITTING, PLEASE READ CHAPTER 6.
1 IN YOUR TEXTBOOK
Name: Matteo Date: March 27, 2023
Student Exploration: Building DNA

Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and
prompts in the orange boxes.
Vocabulary: double helix, DNA, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, enzyme, mutation, nitrogenous base,
nucleotide, replication
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

DNA is an incredible molecule that forms the basis of life on Earth. DNA molecules contain instructions for
building every living organism on Earth, from the tiniest bacterium to a massive blue whale. DNA also has the
ability to make copies of itself. This allows living things to grow and reproduce.
1. Look at the DNA molecule shown at right. What does it look like?
From my understanding, it looks like a ladder that is going

in to directions. I also know it’s called a double helix
This shape is called a double helix.
2. Based on this picture, how do you think a DNA molecule makes a copy of itself?
(Hint: Look at the bottom two “rungs” of the ladder.)
From the picture to the right, it appears to be two strands

and possibly a type of molecule that is connected to each
other.
Gizmo Warm-up
The Building DNA Gizmo allows you to construct a DNA molecule and go
through the process of DNA replication.
1. Look on the right side of the Gizmo. What components make up a DNA
molecule?
There are two components making up the DNA in this

diagram, which include Nucleotides and phosphates.
2. A nucleotide consists of three parts: a phosphate group (blue circle), a sugar called deoxyribose (tan
pentagon), and a nitrogenous base (shown in color).
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How many different nitrogenous bases do you see?
Note: The names of these nitrogenous bases are adenine (red), cytosine (yellow), guanine (blue), and
thymine (green).
Activity A: Get the Gizmo ready:
Build a DNA ● If necessary, click Reset to start the building
molecule process.
Question: What is the structure of DNA?

Left side Right side
1. Build: Follow the steps given in the Gizmo to
construct a molecule of DNA. (Note: For simplicity,
this DNA molecule is shown in two dimensions,
without the twist.)
Stop when the hint reads: “The DNA molecule is

complete.” In the spaces at right, list the sequence
of nitrogenous bases on the left-hand side of the
DNA molecule and the right-hand side.
2. Take a picture: 📷
Click the camera ( ) to take a
snapshot of your DNA molecule. Right-click the
image and select Copy Image. Paste the image
below, and label this image “Original DNA
molecule.”
📷
3. Explain: Describe the structure of the DNA molecule you made.
A. What makes up the sides of the DNA molecule?
B. What makes up the “rungs” of the DNA molecule?
4. Fill in: Write the name of the nitrogenous base that joins to each of the bases below:
Adenine (A) joins to Thymine (T) joins to
Cytosine (C) joins to Guanine (G) joins to
✏️
5. Practice: The left side of a DNA molecule is shown.
Draw a complementary right side of the molecule.
6. Challenge: This DNA strand consists of eight pairs of

nitrogenous bases. How many different sequences of eight
bases can you make? Explain how you found your answer.
Activity B: Get the Gizmo ready:
DNA ● Be sure the hint reads: “The DNA molecule is complete.”
replication If not, click Reset and build a new DNA molecule.
Question: How does DNA make a copy of itself?
1. Observe: An enzyme is a protein that facilitates certain cell processes. Drag the blue DNA helicase
enzyme onto the DNA strand. What does this enzyme do to the DNA molecule?
2. Observe: Drag the yellow DNA polymerase molecule onto the DNA strand. DNA polymerase adds
complementary nucleotides to create new double-stranded DNA molecules. Notice two groups of
nucleotides on the right.
A. Drag one of the nucleotides to a corresponding nitrogenous base on one of the two strands. What is
the role of DNA polymerase in this process?
B. Continue adding nucleotides to both strands. What happens to the DNA polymerase molecule each
time you add a nucleotide?
C. Complete the two DNA molecules. How do these molecules compare to each other?
3. Compare: Click the camera to take a snapshot of the DNA molecules, then paste the image into your
document. Label this image “Daughter DNA molecules.”
How do these molecules compare to the original?
Congratulations! You have completed the process of replication, where one “parent” DNA strand divides to
form two identical “daughter” DNA strands.
4. Think and discuss: Why is DNA replication such an important process?
5. Extend your thinking: Sometimes errors called mutations occur during DNA replication. What are some of
the possible consequences of mutations?

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AFTER SUBMITTING, PLEASE READ CHAPTER 6.

Name: Matteo Date: March 27, 2023

Student Exploration: Building DNA

Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

From my understanding, it looks like a ladder that is going

This shape is called a double helix.

From the picture to the right, it appears to be two strands

There are two components making up the DNA in this

Question: What is the structure of DNA?

Stop when the hint reads: “The DNA molecule is

A. What makes up the sides of the DNA molecule?

B. What makes up the “rungs” of the DNA molecule?

Adenine (A) joins to Thymine (T) joins to

Cytosine (C) joins to Guanine (G) joins to

6. Challenge: This DNA strand consists of eight pairs of

Question: How does DNA make a copy of itself?

How do these molecules compare to the original?

4. Think and discuss: Why is DNA replication such an important process?

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