Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

Exothermic and Endothermic
Reactions
Balance the followings:l
Complete combustion: C6H14 + O2 ---------------→ CO2 + H2O
Incomplete combustion C7H16 + O2 ---------------→ CO + H2O
Complete combustion C8H18 + O2 ---------------→ CO2 + H2O

Energy and Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Energy – Energy stored in the
chemical bonds of a substance.
• Chemical reactions always involve energy

changes.
• Making bonds and breaking bonds

involve energy changes
Activation Energy
• The energy required to break the bonds
in the reactants for a chemical reaction
to occur.
Endothermic and Exothermic reactions
Step 1: Energy must be
SUPPLIED to break
chemical bonds of
reactants:
Step 2: Energy is RELEASED

when new chemical bonds are
made in the products:
A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is RELEASED

than SUPPLIED. If more energy is SUPPLIED than is
RELEASED then the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC
© Teachable . Some rights reserved. http://teachable.net/res.asp?r=1910
Energy of Chemical Reactions
• Based on the type of energy (heat) change
involved, chemical reactions are classified
as either exothermic or endothermic.
– Exothermic: energy is released

• Exo- = “exit”
• Burning of gasoline
– Endothermic: energy is absorbed

• Endo- = “into”
• Cooking of pancakes
Endothermic Diagram
Energy
Activation released in
Energy bond making
Energy used
in bond Energy
breaking absorbed
in
reaction
Endothermic – more energy is taken in to break the bonds

in the reactants than released by the bonds being formed
in the products. Therefore, energy is absorbed.
Endothermic
• Heat (energy) taken in
• Temperature of the substance
drops
• Products feel COLD
reaction
Endothermic Reactions
• You may see an endothermic reaction written
like this…
REACTANTS + ENERGY PRODUCTS

OR
REACTANTS + HEAT PRODUCTS
Exothermic Diagram
Activation Energy
Energy used in bond
breaking
Energy
released
in bond
making
Exothermic – More energy is released when the products

where formed than energy was used to break bonds in the
reactants. Therefore, a net release of energy.
Exothermic
• Heat (energy) given off
• Temperature of the substance
rises
• Products feel HOT
reaction
Exothermic Reactions
• You may see an exothermic reaction written
like this…
REACTANTS PRODUCTS + ENERGY

OR
REACTANTS PRODUCTS + HEAT
ENDOTHERMIC OR
EXOTHERMIC?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
ENDOTHERMIC!
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Energy
EXOTHERMIC!
Examples
Exothermic Endothermic
• Combustion of fuels • Photosynthesis

• Yeast & Hydrogen • Acedic Acid &
Peroxide Sodium Bicarbonate
• Epson salts & water
© Teachable . Some rights reserved. http://teachable.net/res.asp?r=1910

Calorimetry:
Energy can be released in chemical reactions as light,
sound or electrical energy. But it is most often released
as heat energy. Measuring heat transfers is called
calorimetry.
The diagram shows a simple calorimetry experiment to
measure the heat energy released from burning fuel:
Calorimetry method:
1.Cold water is measured into a copper calorimeter – a
small metal can.
2.The starting temperature of the water is recorded.
3.The water is heated using the flame from the burning
fuel.
4.The final temperature of the water is recorded.
The spirit burner containing the fuel is usually weighed
before and after the experiment so that the mass of the
fuel burned can be found.
Fair testing:
When comparing different fuels, it is important to carry
out a fair test. Several variables should be kept constant.
They include:
•the volume of water used
•the starting temperature of the water
•the temperature increase
•the distance of the flame from the calorimeter
More reliable results can be obtained by repeating the
experiment many times. The biggest source of error in
calorimetry is usually unwanted heat loss to the
surroundings. This can be reduced by insulating the sides
of the calorimeter and adding a lid.
Worked example – calculating energy per gram of
fuel:
3.5 g of a fuel is burned to heat 50 cm3 of water. The temperature of
the water increased from 22°C to 71°C. Calculate the energy
released per gram of fuel using the following equation.
Energy given out = mass of water × 4.2 × temperature change
Energy measured in joules, J
Mass of water measured in grams (1 cm3 = 1 g)
4.2 is the specific heat capacity of water, J/g°C
Temperature change = temperature of water after heating –
temperature of water before heating
Energy given out per gram = energy given out ÷ mass of fuel
Temperature change = 71 – 22 = 49°C
Energy given out = 50 × 4.2 × 49 = 10,290 J
Energy per gram = 10,290 ÷ 3.5 = 2,940 J/g

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

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Exothermic and Endothermic

Incomplete combustion C7H16 + O2 ---------------→ CO + H2O

Complete combustion C8H18 + O2 ---------------→ CO2 + H2O

• Chemical reactions always involve energy

• Making bonds and breaking bonds

Step 2: Energy is RELEASED

A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is RELEASED

– Exothermic: energy is released

– Endothermic: energy is absorbed

Endothermic – more energy is taken in to break the bonds

REACTANTS + ENERGY PRODUCTS

Exothermic – More energy is released when the products

REACTANTS PRODUCTS + ENERGY

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Energy

• Combustion of fuels • Photosynthesis

© Teachable . Some rights reserved. http://teachable.net/res.asp?r=1910

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