MICOM P44x

Line Distance
P74x
Protection

JULY 2016
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Approximate Guidance: Characteristics
MICOM Distance Protection :
Characteristics Available
MICOM P44X Series :
Product Selector
P441/P442/P443 Summary
Typical HV/EHV Product Selection
Overview of Protection Features
MICOM P44x Functional Diagram
MICOM P442/P444 Relay Front view
MICOM P444 Hardware Description
MICOM P444 Hardware Description
MICOM P444 Hardware Description
MICOM P441&P442 Architecture
MICOM P444 Architecture
MICOM P44x Distance protection : Integrated Functions
Distance Protection Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms:
Delta Algorithm
Distance Protection Algorithms:
Delta Algorithm
Distance Protection Algorithms:
Conventional Algorithm
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
Gauss-Seidel
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Earth Fault
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Earth Fault
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Earth Fault
 Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Earth Fault

The angle for each zone x

is equal to :

Zxo : Homopolar impedance

for zone x

Z1 : Direct impedance
Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4 Zones limits
R1G, R2G, R3G, RpG Resistance extremity for zones Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp (earth default)
K01, K02, K03, K0p Residual compensation factor for zones Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp

Zones 1, 2, 3 and P could have different resistance extremity and residual

compensation factors. Zones 3 and 4 have the same ones.
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Phase Fault
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Phase Fault
Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Phase Fault
 Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
R and X Measurements for Phase to Phase Fault

Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4 Zones limits

R1Ph, R2Ph, R3Ph, RpPh Resistance extremity for zones Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp (bi-phase default)

For the bi-phase characteristic, all zones have the same angle : argument of Z1
(direct impedance )
Distance Protection Algorithms:
Full Scheme Distance Protection
 Distance Protection Algorithms:
Full Scheme Distance Protection

The MiCOMho P443 has 5 zones of phase fault protection. It is

possible to set all zones either with quadrilateral (polygon)
characteristics, or with mho circles.

The choice of mho or quadrilateral is independent of the general

characteristic selection for the phase fault elements.

All fault distance elements are directionalized and use residual

compensation of the corresponding phase fault reach.
 Distance Protection Algorithms:
Full Scheme Distance Protection

Z1 = 80% of the hole line length

tZ1 = 0s

Z2 = 120% of the hole line length ≤ line length (100 %)

+50% of the hole next line
tZ2 = 300ms

Z3 = 100% of the hole line length + 120% of the hole next line
tZ3 = 800ms

Z4 = 20% of the hole previous line length

tZ4 = 1s
 Distance Protection Algorithms:
Full Scheme Distance Protection

The protection elements are

directionalized as follows:

 Zones 1, 2 and 3 - Directional

forward zones, as used in
conventional three zone distance
schemes. Note that Zone 1 can be
extended to Zone1X when required
in zone 1 extension schemes.

 Zone P - Programmable
directionality. Selectable as a
directional forward or reverse zone.

 Zone 4 - Directional reverse zone.

Impedance Measurement Algorithms:
Algorithm Chaining
 Distance Protection Algorithms:
Full Scheme Distance Protection

 Distance operation settable (21P, 21G, both)

 Zone operation settable (Z1, Z2, Zp, Z3, Z4)

 Zp direction programmable

 Zone overlapping or zone selection

 Single or three pole tripping

 Relay settings configuration P44x

The relay is a multi-function device that supports numerous different

protection, control and communication features.

In order to simplify the setting of the relay, there is a configuration settings

column which can be used to enable or disable many of the functions of the
relay.
The settings associated with any function that is disabled are made invisible;
i.e. they are not shown in the menu. To disable a function change the
relevant cell in the ‘Configuration’ column from ‘Enabled’ to ‘Disabled’.
The configuration column controls which of the four protection settings
groups is selected as active through the ‘Active settings’ cell.
 Relay settings configuration P44x

A protection setting group can also be disabled in the configuration column,

provided it is not the present active group.

Similarly, a disabled setting group cannot be set as the active group.

The column also allows all of the setting values in one group of protection
settings to be copied to another group.
To do this firstly set the ‘Copy from’ cell to the protection setting group to be
copied, then set the ‘copy to’ cell to the protection group where the copy is
to be placed.

The copied settings are initially placed in the temporary scratchpad, and will
only be used by the relay following confirmation.
 Protection settings

The protection settings include all the following items that become active
once enabled in the configuration column of the relay menu database:

 Protection element settings

 Programmable Scheme logic (PSL) that also includes InterMiCOM
signals mapping
 Protection Schemes
 Auto-reclose and check synchronization settings
 Fault locator settings.

There are four groups of protection settings, with each group containing the
same setting cells. One group of protection settings is selected as the active
group, and is used by the protection elements.

The settings for group 1 is shown. The settings are discussed in the same
order in which they are displayed in the menu.
 Line Parameters

The column “GROUP x LINE PARAMETERS” is used to enter the characteristics

of the protected line or cable.

These settings are used by the fault locator as the base data for input to the
distance to fault algorithm, and also as the reference for all distance zones
when the Distance set up is preferred in the ‘Simple’ setting mode.

It also accommodates the system phase rotation and defines the single or
three pole tripping mode.
 Distance setup

The column “GROUP x DISTANCE SETUP” is used to:

 Select the Distance setting mode (Simple or Advanced)
 Select the operating characteristic (Mho or Quad) for phase and
ground measuring loops independently
 Enable or Disable each phase and ground zone independently
 Define the reach (in Ohms) for each phase and ground zone
independently by simply setting the percentage required reach with
reference to the line impedance (taken as the 100% reference basis)
 Other settings related to application of the “Basic” distance scheme
Distance setup
 Distance elements

The column “GROUP x DISTANCE ELEMENTS” is used to individually set

reaches, line angles, neutral compensation factors, minimum current
operating levels and line tilting for resistive phase faults for each zone if the
setting mode is set to ‘Advanced’.

In ‘Simple’ setting mode, ‘Distance Elements’ setting can be viewed, but not
edited here.
Distance elements
Distance elements
 Scheme logic (basic and aided scheme logic)

Only in models with distance option

The column “GROUP x SCHEME LOGIC” is used to:

 Set operating mode and associated timers for each distance zone
when distance operates in the Basic scheme
 Select aided schemes via one or two available signaling channels
 Define operating zone during Trip On Close (TOC)
Scheme logic (basic and aided scheme logic)
Scheme logic (basic and aided scheme logic)
 Power Swing:
Definition

Power systems are operated with such tight stability margins that when a power system
experiences a fault or disturbance, the generator rotors are subject to severe oscillations.
These oscillations in the generator rotor angle translate into severe power flow
oscillations (or power swings) across the system. The occurrence of a power swing
condition on a power system must be detected, and the appropriate protective action
needs to be taken.

For a stable power swing, it is possible that the positive- sequence impedance trajectory
will traverse the operating region of a distance element. In this case, the distance element
needs to be blocked from operating using power swing blocking (PSB); otherwise, an
unwanted operation of a distance element can occur, further weakening an already
weakened system. Therefore, it is important that all power swing conditions be detected
as rapidly as possible to prevent any unwanted operation of the protection system.

The main purpose of the PSB function is to differentiate between power faults and power
swings, and block distance or other relay elements from operations during a power swing.
 Out Of Step
Definition

Out-of-Step (OOS) phenomena, which is same as an unstable power swing.

Uncontrolled tripping of circuit breakers during an OOS condition could cause
equipment damage, pose a safety concern for operating personnel, and further
contribute to cascading outage and shutdown of larger areas of the power
system. So, the main purpose of the Out-of-Step Trip (OST) function should be
taken into account to accomplish differentiation stable from unstable power
swings, and separation to system areas at the predetermined network locations
and at the appropriate source-voltage phase-angle difference between systems,
in order to maintain power system stability and service continuity.

Stability studies determine the locations where it is best to detect the out-of-step
conditions and separate the network into islands. All other locations need to
implement PSB so as not to separate the system at unwanted locations.
OST comes with its own challenges, such as when a trip command should be
issued or if the system can regain stability after experiencing a pole slip.
Power Swing Detection
Stable swing / Out of step
Unblocking for faults during Power Swing
Unblocking for faults during Power Swing
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Channel Aided Distance Schemes
Zone1 Extended
Switch on to Fault (SOTF)
Switch on to Fault (SOTF)
Trip on Reclose (TOR)
Directional/Non-Directional Overcurrent
Directional/Non-Directional Overcurrent
Directional/Non-Directional Overcurrent
Autoreclose and Check Synchronism
 Autoreclose :
Time delayed and high speed auto-reclosing

The MiCOMho P443 will initiate auto-reclosure following any Zone 1, or

distance-aided scheme trips which occur.

In addition, the user can selectively decide to auto-reclose for trips from
time-delayed distance zones, overcurrent and earth (ground) elements, and
DEF aided schemes.
The auto-reclose function offers multi-shot auto-reclose control, selectable
to perform up to a four shot cycle.

Dead times (Note 1) for all shots (Note 2) are independently adjustable.

Note 1 - “Dead Time” denotes the open (dead) interval delay of the CB.
Note 2 - A “Shot” is a reclosure attempt
 Autoreclose :
Time delayed and high speed auto-reclosing

Should the CB close successfully at the end of the dead time, a “Reclaim
Time” starts.

If the circuit breaker does not trip again, the auto-reclose function resets at
the end of the reclaim time.

If the protection trips again during the reclaim time the relay advances to
the next shot in the programmed cycle, or, if all programmed reclose
attempts have been made, goes to lockout.
 Autoreclose :
Auto-reclose logic inputs

The auto-reclose function uses inputs in the logic, which can be assigned and
activated from any of the opto-isolated inputs on the relay via the
programmable scheme logic (PSL).

Contacts from external equipment may be used to influence the auto-

recloser via the optos, noting that the CB Status (open/closed) must also be
available via auxiliary contact inputs to the relay.

These logic inputs can also be assigned and activated from other sources.

The function of these inputs is described below, identified by their DDB

signal text.

The inputs can be selected to accept either a normally open or a normally

closed contact, programmable via the PSL editor.
 Autoreclose :
Auto-reclose logic inputs

CB Healthy :
The majority of circuit breakers are only capable of providing one trip-close-
trip cycle. Following this, it is necessary to re-establish sufficient energy in
the circuit breaker before the CB can be reclosed.

The CB Healthy input is used to ensure that there is sufficient energy

available to close and trip the CB before initiating a CB close command.

If on completion of the dead time, sufficient energy is not detected by the

relay from the CB Healthy input for a period given by the CB Healthy time
timer, lockout will result and the CB will remain open.

BAR :
The “BAR” input will block auto-reclose and cause a lockout if auto-reclose is
in progress. It can be used when protection operation without auto-reclose is
required.
 Autoreclose :
Auto-reclose logic inputs

Reset lockout :
The “Reset Lockout” input can be used to reset the auto-reclose function
following lockout and reset any auto-reclose alarms, provided that the
signals which initiated the lockout have been removed.

Enable 1 pole AR:

The “En 1 Pole Reclose” input is used to select the single phase auto-reclose
operating mode.

Enable 3 pole AR:

The “En 3 Pole Reclose” input is used to select the three phase auto-reclose
operating mode.
 Autoreclose :
Auto-reclose logic inputs

Pole discrepancy :
CBs with independent mechanisms for each pole normally incorporate a
‘phases not together’ or ‘pole discrepancy’ protection device which
automatically trips all three phases if they are not all in the same position i.e.
all open or all closed.
During single pole auto-reclosing a pole discrepancy condition is deliberately
introduced and the pole discrepancy device must not operate for this
condition. This may be achieved by using a delayed action pole discrepancy
device with a delay longer than the single pole autoreclose dead time, ‘1
Pole Dead Time’. Alternatively, a signal can be given from the relay during the
single pole auto-reclose dead time, “AR 1 Pole In Progress”, to inhibit the
pole discrepancy device.
The “Pole Discrepancy” input is activated by a signal from an external device
indicating that all three poles of the CB are not in the same position.
The “Pole Discrepancy” input forces a 3 pole trip which will cancel any single
pole auto-reclose in progress and start three pole auto-reclose in progress.
 Autoreclose :
Auto-reclose logic inputs

External trip:
The “External Trip 3Ph” input and the “External Trip A”, “External Trip B” and
“External Trip C” inputs can be used to initiate three or single phase auto-
reclose.
Note, these signals are not used to trip the CB but do initiate auto-reclose. To
trip the CB directly they could be assigned to the trip contacts of the relay in
the PSL.

Trip initiate signals:

The “Trip Inputs A”, “Trip Inputs B” and “Trip Inputs C” signals are used to
initiate signals or three phase auto-reclose.
Note, for single phase auto-reclose these signals must be mapped in the PSL
as shown in the default.
 Autoreclose :
Auto-reclose logic inputs

Circuit breaker status :

The “CB Open 3 ph”, “CB Open A ph”, “CB Open B ph” and “CB Open C ph”,
signals are used to indicate if a CB is open three or single phase. These are
driven from the internal pole dead logic and the CB auxiliary inputs.

The “CB Closed 3 ph”, “CB Closed A ph”, “CB Closed B ph” and “CB Closed C
ph”, signals are used to indicate if a CB is closed three or single phase. These
are driven from the internal pole dead logic and the CB auxiliary inputs.
 Check Synchronism

In some situations it is possible for both “bus” and “line” sides of a circuit
breaker to be live when the circuit breaker is open, for example at the ends
of a feeder which has a power source at each end. Therefore, when closing
the circuit breaker, it is normally necessary to check that the network
conditions on both sides are suitable, before giving a CB Close command.
This applies to both manual circuit breaker closing and auto-reclosure.

If a circuit breaker is closed when the line and bus are both live, with a large
phase angle, frequency or magnitude difference between them, the system
could be subjected to an unacceptable shock, resulting in loss of stability,
and possible damage to connected machines.

System checks involve monitoring the voltages on both sides of a circuit

breaker, and, if both sides are live, performing a synchronism check to
determine whether the phase angle, frequency and voltage magnitude
differences between the voltage vectors, are within permitted limits.
Check Synchronism
PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic)
PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic)
PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic)
InterMICOM
InterMICOM
InterMICOM
 Exercise 1

Line characteristics :
Rd = 0.0613 Ω/km
Xd = 0.295 Ω/km

R0 = 0.184 Ω/km
X0 = 0.885 Ω/km

Line length = 40km

CT : 600/1A

VT : 132000/100V

 Calculate the direct and Homopolar line impedance Zd? and Z0 ?

Zd = (Rd + jXd) Ω /km

Z0 = (R0 + jX0) Ω /km
 Exercise 2

 Calculate the line Impedance ZL

ZL = Zd x Length (HV side)

ZL = Zd x Length x ( CT ratio / VT ratio ) (LV side : at protection level)

with Zd = √(Rd² + Xd²)

 Calculate zone impedance Z1, Z2

Z1 = ZL x 0.8
Z2 = ZL x 1.2