WEB ENGINEERING

1. What is protocol?
Protocol is a set of rules which are used in digital communication to connect
network devices and exchange information between them.

Types of protocols:
 TCP/IP:
TCP stands for transmission control protocol where as IP stands for internet
protocol.
TCP is used to transfer the data over the internet it, divides
the data Into small packets and send it to the destination through the network. It
is the basic protocol as compare to all.
Every protocol use TCP/up to fulfill there work where network connection and
transferring needed.
While IP is used for addressing through which data reaches the destination.

 HTTP:
Http is an application protocol that is used in the address bar of the web browser
before www. Whenever we search anything in the address bar browser so it
brings that website in front of us.

 FTP:
Ftp stands for file transfer protocol. It is used to transfer the file from server to
client machine and vice versa. It uses the TCP/IP protocol to enable data transfer.

 SMTP:
Smtp stands for simple mail transfer protocol. Is is used to send and receive
emails in the network. There are two more protocols uses with SMTP (pop &
IMAP) all these protocols work with the help of TCP/IP.

 POP:
Pop stands for post office protocol. It is a mail box which is actually a message
access protocol through which a user can fetch the email from the server.
Pop protocol works up on TCP/IP protocol and held the SMTP protocol from
end to end communication.

 IMAP:
Imap stands for internet mail access protocol. It is also a mail box which is
actually an improvement version of POP.
By use IMAP the main advantage is we can retrieve out deleted email from the
server.

 PPP
PPP stand for point to point protocol. It is used to transfer data between two
directly connected devices. In this just two devices used for direct
communication.

 UDP:
UDP stands for user datagram protocol. It is an unreliable and connectionless
protocol so in order to send the data from one machine to another machine we
did not establish any connection in compare to tcp/IP protocol.
It is used to transfer the data in a short distance.
 2. What is three – tier architecture?
Three-tier architecture is a well-established software application architecture that
organizes applications into three logical and physical computing tiers: the
presentation tier, or user interface; the application tier, where data is processed;
and the data tier, where the data associated with the application is stored and
managed.

Presentation Tier
This is the topmost level of the application. It provides user interface, handles the
interaction with the user. Sometimes called the GUI or client view or front-end. It
sends content to browsers in the form of HTML/JS/CSS. This might leverage
frameworks like React, Angular, Ember, Aurora, etc. It communicates with other
tiers by which it provides the results to the browser/client side.
Application Tier (Business Logic or Middle Tier)
This contains set of rules for processing information, business logic and able to
accommodate many users. Sometimes also called as middleware. It processes the
Inputs received from the clients and interacts with the database. The logic tier will
have the JSP, Java Servlets, Ruby, PHP, C++, Python and other programs. The logic
tier would be run on a Web server.
Data Tier
A database, comprising both data sets and the database management system or
RDBMS software that manages and provides access to the data (back-end).
It provides security, data integrity and support application. The data tier would be
some sort of database, such as a MySQL, SQLite or PostgreSQL database. All of
these are run on a separate database server.

3. What are the advantages & disadvantages of three-tier architecture?

Advantages
Maintainability – Because each tier is independent of the other tiers, updates or
changes can be carried out without affecting the application as a whole.
Scalability – Because tiers are based on the deployment of layers, scaling out an
application is reasonably straightforward.
Flexibility – Because each tier can be managed or scaled independently, flexibility
is increased.
Availability – Applications can exploit the modular architecture of enabling
systems using easily scalable components, which increases availability.
Reusability – Components are reusable
Faster development – Because of division of work web designer does
presentation, software engineer does logic, DB admin does data model.

Disadvantages
 High installation cost.
 Structure is more complex as compare to 1 & 2 tier architectures.
 The client does not maintain a persistent database connection.
 A separate proxy server may be required.
 Network traffic will be increased if a separate proxy server is used.
 The physical separation of application servers containing business logic
functions and database servers containing databases may be something
that affects performance.
 Improve complexity or effort.

4. What are the two applications of three – tier architecture?

Applications
 E-commerce Websites
 Database related Websites
 5. What is intranet, extranet & internet?
Intranet:
An intranet can be defined as a private network used by an organization. Its
primary purpose is to help employees securely communicate with each other, to
store information, and to help collaborate.

Advantages of intranet:

 In the intranet, the cost of conveying data utilizing the intranet is very low.
 Using intranet employees can easily get data anytime and anywhere.
 It is easy to learn and use.
 It connects employees with each other.
 The documents stored on the intranet are much more secure.
Disadvantages of intranet:
 The expense of actualizing intranets is normally high.
 The staff of the company or organization require special training to know
how to use the system.
 Data overloading.
 Although the intranet provides good security, but it still lacks in some
places.

Extranet:
An extranet is a private network that only authorized users can access. These
authorized users may include business partners, suppliers, and even some
customers. They can use the extranet to exchange information with each other
without having to enter the host company’s main network.
ADVANTAGES:
  Share or transfer huge amounts of data easily by using EDI (Electronic Data
Interchange).
 Store the company’s data in a secure location.
 Provide or access to the information shared by a company to all other
companies.
 Easily tracking and follow all the project’s information.
 Any company easily share all the latest news with other companies.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The extranet is costly and expensive to implement and maintain for any
organization.
 Its security and safety can be trouble when hosting important or branded
product’s information.
 It is also complicated to implement or use for an organization at the time of
commencement of business.
 Also, Companies have to careful when transferring information to avoid
controlled given in the wrong hands.
 It also decreases face-to-face meetings (personal contact) with clients,
customers, vendors, suppliers, business partners, etc.
Internet:
The internet is a widespread interconnected network of computers and
electronics devices(that support internet). It creates a communication medium to
share and get information online. If your device is connected to the Internet then
only you will be able to access all the applications, websites, social media apps,
and many more services. Internet nowadays is considered as the fastest medium
for sending and receiving information.

6. What is topology & types of topology?

Topology is derived from two Greek words topo and logy, where topo means
‘place’ and logy means ‘study’. In computer networks, a topology is used to
explain how a network is physically connected and the logical flow of information
in the network.
1. Bus Topology
Bus topology is the kind of network topology where every node, i.e. every device
on the network, is connected to a solo main cable line. Data is transmitted in a
single route, from one point to the other. We cannot transmit data in both ways.
When this topology has precisely two endpoints, it is known as Linear Bus
Topology. It is mostly used for small networks.

Benefits of Bus Topology

 It is cost-effective.
 The Cable length required is the least in comparison to other topologies.
 The working of this topology is easy to understand.
 Expansion can be done easily by linking the cables together.
Drawbacks of Bus Topology
 If the main cable collapses, the complete network collapses.
 The network performance is at stake and reduces if there are numerous
nodes and heavy network traffic.
 The main cable can only be so long. The length of the cable is limited.
  Bus Topology is not as fast as Ring Topology.
2. Ring Topology
Ring Topology is a topology type in which every computer is connected to another
computer on each side. The last computer is connected to the first, thus forming a
ring shape. This topology allows for each computer to have exactly two
neighboring computers.
In this topology, the main computer is known as the monitor station, which is
responsible for all the operations. Data transmission amongst devices is done with
the help of tokens. For transmitting data, the computer station has to hold the
token. The token is released only when the transmission is complete, following
which other computer stations can use the token to transmit data. The data
transmission is unidirectional in a Ring topology.

Benefits of Ring Topology

 The network is not affected by numerous nodes or heavy traffic, as only the
nodes possessing tokens can transfer data.
  Ring topology has cheap installation and expansion.
Drawbacks of Ring Topology

 It is a tedious task to troubleshoot in a Ring topology.

 It is difficult to add or delete nodes, as it interrupts the network activity.
 If one computer crashes, the entire network activity is disrupted.

3. Star Topology
Star Topology is the kind of network topology in which all the nodes are
connected via cables to a single node called a hub, which is the central node. The
hub can be active or passive in nature. Active hubs contain repeaters, while
passive hubs are considered non-intelligent nodes. Each node contains a reserved
connection to the central node, which the central node acts as a repeater during
data transmission
 Benefits of Star Topology

 Star topology boasts fast performance due to low network traffic.

 It is easy to upgrade the Hub as and when required.
 Setup can be done easily and can be easily modified as well.
 Star Topology is easy to troubleshoot.
 In case a node has failed, it can easily be replaced without affecting
the working of the rest of the network.

Drawbacks of Star Topology

 The installation cost is extreme, and it is costly to use.

 All the nodes are dependent on the hub.

4. Mesh Topology
Mesh topology is the kind of topology in which all the nodes are connected
with all the other nodes via a network channel. Mesh topology is a point-to-
point connection. It has n(n-1)/2 network channels to connect n nodes.
Mesh topology has two techniques for transmission of data, i.e. routing and
flooding. In the routing technique, the nodes possess a routing logic, like
the logic for the shortest distance to the destination node or the logic to
avoid routes with broken connections. In the flooding technique, all the
network nodes receive the same data. This leaves us no need for routing
logic. This technique makes the network robust but results in unwanted
load on the network.
Benefits of Mesh Topology

 Every connection has the ability to carry its particular data load.
 Mesh Topology is very robust.
 It is easy to diagnose faults.
 Mesh Topology provides privacy and security.

Drawbacks of Mesh Topology

 Mesh Topology is challenging to install and configure.

 As all the nodes are connected with each other, cabling is costly.
 Bulk wiring is essential.
5. Tree Topology
Tree topology is the topology in which the nodes are connected
hierarchically, with all the nodes connected to the topmost node or root
node. Hence, it is also known as hierarchical topology. Tree topology has at
least three levels of hierarchy. Tree topology is applied in Wide Area
Network. It is an extension of Bus topology and Star topology. It is best if
the workstations are situated in groups, for easy working and managing.

Benefits of Tree Topology

 It is easy to expand the network with more nodes.

 It is easy to maintain and manage.
 It is easy to detect an error in the network.
Drawbacks of Tree Topology

 It is profoundly cabled.
 It is expensive when compared to other topologies.
 If the root node collapses, the network will also collapse.
6. Hybrid Topology
A Hybrid Topology is basically a network topology comprising two or more
different types of topologies. It is a reliable and scalable topology, but
simultaneously, it is a costly one. It receives the merits and demerits of the
topologies used to build it.

Benefits of Hybrid Topology

 It is easy to troubleshoot and provides simple error-detecting

techniques.
 It is a flexible network topology, making it quite effective.
 It is scalable since the size can be made greater easily.
 Drawbacks of Hybrid Topology

 It isn’t very easy to design it.

 It is costly, as it involves more than one topology.

7. Difference between IPV4 & IPV6 ?

 8. What is class A and class B connection?

If the address is written in decimal format, the first number determines the address. If the
first number is between 0 and 127 inclusive, the address is class A. If the first number is
between 128 and 191 inclusive, the address is class B.

9. What is 127 network?

The class A network number 127 is assigned the “loopback” function, that is, a
datagram sent by a higher level protocol to a network 127 address should loop
back inside the host. No datagram “sent” to a network 127 address should ever
appear on any network anywhere.

10. What is an IP address?

IP address stands for internet protocol address. Every PC/Local machine is having
an IP address and that IP address is provided by the Internet Service Providers
(ISP’s). These are some sets of rules which govern the flow of data whenever a
device is connected to the Internet. It differentiates computers, websites, and
routers. Every laptop and desktop has its own unique IP address for identification.
It’s an important part of internet technology. An IP address is displayed as a set of
four-digit like 192.154.3.29. Here each number on the set ranges from 0 to 255.
Hence, the total IP address range from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.

Types of IP address:

Static IP address
A static IP address is an IP address that cannot be changed but it can be altered as
part of routine network administration. Static IP addresses are consistent, which
is assigned once, that stays the same over the years. Static IP address is provided
by the Internet Service Provider and remains fixed till the system is connected to
the network.
Dynamic IP address
Dynamic IP addresses always keep changing. It is temporary and are allocated to a
device every time it connects to the web. Dynamic IP address is provided by the
DHCP, generally a company gets a single static IP address and then generates the
dynamic IP address for its computers within the organization’s network.
Private IP address
A private IP address is a unique IP number assigned to every device that connects
to your home internet network, which includes devices like computers, tablets,
smartphones, which is used in your household. It also likely includes all types of
Bluetooth devices you use, like printers or printers, smart devices like TV, etc. With
a rising industry of internet of things (IoT) products, the number of private IP
addresses you are likely to have in your own home is growing.
Public IP address
A public IP address is an address where one primary address is associated with
your whole network. In this type of IP address, each of the connected devices has
the same IP address. This type of public IP address is provided to your router by
your ISP.

11. What is world wide web?

The worldwide web is a collection of all the web pages, web documents that you
can see on the Internet by searching their URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) on
the Internet.

12.Difference between Worldwide Web and Internet?

 World wide web is a service whereas the internet is an infrastructure.
 World wide web is a subset of the internet whereas the internet is the
superset of the world wide web.
  World wide web is software-oriented whereas the internet is hardware-
oriented.
 World wide web uses HTTP whereas the internet uses IP addresses.

13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of internet?

Advantages of the Internet:
 Online Banking and Transaction: The Internet allows us to transfer money
online by the net banking system. Money can be credited or Debited from
one account to the other.
 Education, online jobs, freelancing: Through the Internet, we are able to
get more jobs via online platforms like Linkedin and to reach more job
providers. Freelancing on the other hand has helped the youth to earn a
side income and the best part is all this can be done via INTERNET.
 Entertainment: There are numerous options of entertainment online we
can listen to music, play games can watch movies, web series, listening to
podcasts, youtube itself is a hub of knowledge as well as entertainment.
 New Job roles: The Internet has given us access to social media, and digital
products so we are having numerous new job opportunities like digital
marketing and social media marketing online businesses are earning huge
amounts of money just because the internet being the medium to help us
to do so.
 Best Communication Medium: The communication barrier has been
removed from the Internet. You can send messages via email, Whatsapp,
and Facebook. Voice chatting and video conferencing are also available to
help you to do important meetings online.
 Comfort to humans: Without putting any physical effort you can do so
many things like shopping online it can be anything from stationeries to
clothes, books to personal items, etc. You can books train and plane tickets
online.
 GPS Tracking and google maps: Yet another advantage of the internet is
that you are able to find any road in any direction, areas with less traffic
with the help of GPS in your mobile.
Disadvantages of the Internet:
 Time wastage: Wasting too much time on the internet surfing on social
media apps and doing nothing decreases your productivity rather than
wasting time on scrolling social media apps one should utilize that time in
doing something skillful and even more productive.
 Bad impacts on health: Spending too much time on the internet causes bad
impacts on your health physical body needs some outdoor games exercise
and many more things. Looking at the screen for a longer duration causes
serious impacts on the eyes.
 Cyber Crimes: Cyberbullying, spam, viruses, hacking, and stealing data are
some of the crimes which are on the verge these days. Your system which
contains all the confidential data can be easily hacked by cybercriminals.
 Effects on children: Small children are heavily addicted to the Internet
watching movies, games all the time is not good for their overall personality
as well as social development.
 Bullying and spreading negativity: The Internet has given a free tool in the
form of social media apps to all those people who always try to spread
negativity with very revolting and shameful messages and try to bully each
other which is wrong.

14.Diff between http server and web server?

A web server includes several parts that control how web users access hosted
files. At a minimum, this is an HTTP server. An HTTP server is software that
understands URLs (web addresses) and HTTP (the protocol your browser uses to
view webpages).

15.Shared server architecture?

The shared server architecture enables a database server to allow many client
processes to share very few server processes, so the number of users that can
be supported is increased. With the shared server architecture, many client
processes connect to a dispatcher.
 16.Request dispatcher?
The RequestDispatcher interface provides the facility of dispatching the request
to another resource it may be html, servlet or jsp. This interface can also be used
to include the content of another resource also. It is one of the way of servlet
collaboration.

Some definitions:
Index.html file: for getting input from the user.
Login.java file: a servlet class for processing the response. If password is servet, it
will forward the request to the welcome servlet.
WelcomeServlet.java file: a servlet class for displaying the welcome message.
Web.xml file: a deployment descriptor file that contains the information about
the servlet.