Solution To The Cosmological Constant Problem Through The Holographic Principal Approach
Solution To The Cosmological Constant Problem Through The Holographic Principal Approach
Principal Approach
How does the Holographic Principle solve the discrepancy between the
Subject: Physics
Joseph Saputra
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
4. Vacuum Energy
6. Conclusion
7. Appendix A
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this essay is to answer the question “How does the Holographic Principal provide
the solution to the cosmological constant problem?”. By processing the data of Hubble Constant,
the 20 galaxies from H0KP team were chosen to uniform the characteristic of the galaxy to get the
best result of Hubble constant. To narrow the categories of the galaxy, this research applies the
calibration of the OGLE-PL relations for which V and I band cepheid data are available so that we
can figure that those galaxies were observed from the same cepheid distance. All the data of these
galaxies were acquired from the archive maintained by Lanoix et al (1999a) which have been
observed for over 20 years.12 Hence, this research would result the high-quality data that allows
Cosmological constant (also known as dark energy constant) was figured after Albert Einstein
introduced General Relativity in 1917, he tried to apply it with the model equation of the universe.
At that time, he assumed that the universe was static, meaning that the universe does neither expand
nor crunch. Therefore, to create a solution to his equation, he added a constant that can balance the
gravitational force in the universe. This constant is meant to be a repulsive force that is generated
by the vacuum energy density that keeps the universe static and not crunching in cause of the
2
Lanoix et al https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0005112.pdf P.7,8
3
Borzou, Ahmad. Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant Problem. Cham, Springer
density and pressure, Alexander Friedmann, in 1922, tried to view the universe as expanding
because of the effect of inflation during the big bang. Its expansion rate slows down as matter
attracts each other, and therefore the gravitational force decelerates the rate of expansion of the
universe. This new equation does not account for the cosmological constant that was created by
Einstein and this assumption did make sense because the universe was assumed to expand but
This assumption of slowing expansion universe was also proved by Edwin Hubble, in 1929, with
the best telescope at that time discovered the cosmic expansion of the universe by understanding
that the red shift of galaxies is proportional to the distance from the earth. Consequently, Einstein
and de-sitter recreated the model by deleting the cosmological constant from the equation and
accepting the fact that universe is expanding, spatially flat, when the matter density is equal to the
critical density.
However, in 1990, a big twist happened when two independent groups of cosmologists observed
the supernova type A1 and provided evidence of the expanding universe with a positive rate of
acceleration. The more distant the galaxy is, the faster its velocity. Therefore, to explain the
acceleration of the expanding universe, the cosmological constant in Einstein model is added and
A problem raised, after comparing between the experimental value of the cosmological constant -
which is assumed as dark energy by deriving Einstein general relativity and using the Hubble
constant – with the predicted value of the cosmological constant – which is determined by
observing the quantum fluctuation that works in vacuum space, the cosmological constant has a
big discrepancy. This big discrepancy of cosmological constant is called vacuum catastrophe.
Hence, to find a solution that can answer why such big discrepancy happens, this essay will dive
deep into calculations and provide a theory based on scientific reasoning of our observations on
Holographic principle.
This essay navigates thoroughly the derivation of Cosmological constant using the Hubble
constant that is calculated from choosing 20 spiral galaxies with the same type and same
observation distance from the earth. This essay will also discuss the vacuum energy in a Planck
scale and use the Holographic principal approach in order to resolve the big discrepancy of the
cosmological constant.
In the derivation of Einstein general relativity equation, Hubble constant is needed in order to
explain the rate of expansion of the universe. The value of the Hubble constant is so crucial in the
To calculate the value of Hubble constant, 20 spiral galaxies were chosen from New General
Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters (NGC) - as mentioned in the Introduction section. To
measure evenly and accurately, 5 data of different measurement in different periods were taken to
find the average value of distance galaxy was observed and moving velocity from the starting
position in space by considering the redshift of each galaxy. (The raw data of measurement will be
4
Data on Appendix A
Name of the 𝑑(𝑀𝑝𝑐) 𝜎𝑑 (𝑀𝑝𝑐) 𝑣(𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1 ) 𝜎𝑣 (𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1 )
Galaxy
CONSTANT
The cosmological constant needs to be interpreted on the scale of a whole universe. By getting an
area of the same density scale in space, the gravitational field force could be determined using the
Newton gravitational field equation. And hence, in order to get the equation of integrated
gravitational field force, the rearranged equation needs to be equated with the Newton second law
of motion.5
5 Partridge, Bruce. “Introduction to Cosmology Introduction to Cosmology , Barbara Ryden Addison Wesley. Ch.4
6
https://images.app.goo.gl/BsvkPLDyE2fMWyKD6 Uniform Universe
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹=−
𝑅2
𝑑2 𝑅
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑅 𝐺𝑀
2 =− 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
𝑑𝑅 𝑑 2 𝑅 𝐺𝑀 𝑑𝑅
∫ 2 = − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑅 2 𝐺𝑀
( ) = +𝑘
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑅
𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑎
𝑣= = 𝑟 = 𝑎̇ 𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 𝐻𝑅
𝑎̇ 𝑟 = 𝐻𝑎𝑟
𝑎̇
𝐻=
𝑎
4
1.) 𝑀 = 𝜌𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑅3 𝜌
𝑑𝑎
3.) 𝑎̇ = 𝑑𝑡
1 2 𝑑𝑎 2 4
𝑟 ( ) = 𝐺𝜋𝑟 2 𝜌𝑎 2 + 𝑘
2 𝑑𝑡 3
1 2 2̇ 4
𝑟 𝑎 = 𝐺𝜋𝑟 2 𝜌𝑎 2 + 𝑘
2 3
𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜌 2𝑘 1
( ) = + 2 2
𝑎 3 𝑟 𝑎
𝐸 𝑚𝑐 2
1.) 𝜀=𝑉= = 𝜌𝑐 2
𝑉
2𝑘 𝜅𝑐 2 7
2.) =−
𝑟2 𝑅02
7
When 𝜅 is the curvature of space and 𝑅0 is the radius of the curvature𝑅0
𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2 1
( ) = − 2 2
𝑎 3𝑐 2 𝑅0 𝑎
8𝜋𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2 1
𝐻2 = −
3𝑐 2 𝑅02 𝑎 2
If the curvature parameter ( 𝜅 ), is presumed as a negative, then the universe will continue to expand
forever (open universe). However, if the curvature is positive, the universe will eventually contract
(closed universe). Therefore, in order to get a scenario between the closed universe and open
8𝜋𝜀
𝐻2 =
3𝑐 2
3𝑐 2 2
𝜀𝑐 = 𝐻
8𝜋𝐺
2
3(3.00 × 108 )2 73.19 × 103
𝜀𝑐 = ( )
8𝜋(6.67 × 10−11 ) 3.09 × 1022
𝜀𝑐 = 9.03617 × 10−10
The Friedmann equation, however, cannot tell how the scale factor 𝑎̇ evolves with time. Therefore,
in the Friedmann equation, there are two variables that need to be solved as they change with time,
which are: 𝑎̇ and 𝜀 . The Friedmann equation in the Newtonian approximation is a statement of
8
Borzou, Ahmad. Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Dark Energy and the Cosmological Constant Problem. Cham, Springer
the expansion is constant. If we investigate the first law of thermodynamics. As the universe is
deemed as perfectly homogeneous (the uniform scale of the universe – Figure 1), then for a large
volume of space, the total net heat flow both into or out that region is equal to zero.
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉
Hence, the internal energy within a volume of space is equal to the energy density within that
region multiplied by the volume of that region. In the case of our universe, the volume is
considered as a sphere, based on the form of a proton during the inflation. Since the 𝑎̇ and 𝜀 are
functions of time, deriving the equation one by one will reveal the equation so that it can be used
4 3 3
𝑈(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑟 𝑎 𝜀
3
𝑑𝑈 4 3 2 𝑑𝑎 4 𝑑𝜀
= 𝜋𝑟 𝑎 𝜀 + 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 3
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑈 4𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 3 𝑎̇ 𝑑𝜀
= (3𝜀 + )
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑎
= 4𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉
4𝜋𝑟 3 𝑎 3 𝑑𝜀 𝑎̇
0= ( + 3 (𝜀 + 𝑃))
3 𝑑𝑡 𝑎
Since the universe is expanding, it follows that the scale factor must not be zero. To solve the right-
hand side of the equation to be zero, the term inside the bracket should be zero. And therefore, by
equating the term with zero, the energy density that evolves with time could be determined.
𝑎̇
𝜀̇ + 3 (𝜀 + 𝑃) = 0
𝑎
By rearranging this equation using Hubble constant term, it will tell us that the positive velocity
of the expansion of the region of space would lead to a reduction in energy density.
𝜀̇ + 3𝐻(𝜀 + 𝑃) = 0
𝜀̇
𝐻=−
3(𝜀 + 𝑃)
𝑑𝜀
𝑣∝
𝑑𝑡
This term does make sense because the more expand our universe is, the less energy density in our
space. Contrarily, the negative velocity would lead to the contraction of the universe and hence the
After figuring how the energy density is affected should such an expansional contraction occur as
such the cause of an expanding universe, by combining Fluid equation with Friedmann equation
that we discussed earlier, the cause of such expansion or contraction could be determined by
knowing the rate of expansion of the universe changes with time as well as the factors affecting
this.
To combine these two equations, Friedmann equation should be derived by slightly rearranging
𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2 1
( ) = − 2 2
𝑎 3𝑐 2 𝑅0 𝑎
8𝜋𝐺𝜀 𝜅𝑐 2
𝑎 2̇ = − 2
3𝑐 2 𝑅0
8𝜋𝐺
2𝑎𝑎̇̇ ̇ = 2 (𝜀̇𝑎 2 + 2𝜀𝑎𝑎̇ )
3𝑐
𝑎̇̇ 4𝜋𝐺 𝑎
= (𝜀̇ + 2𝜀)
𝑎 3𝑐 2 𝑎̇
Substituting the term inside the bracket with the rearranged Fluid equation:
𝑎̇
𝜀̇ + 3 (𝜀 + 𝑃) = 0
𝑎
𝑎
𝜀̇ = −3(𝜀 + 𝑃)
𝑎̇
𝑎̇̇ 4𝜋𝐺
= − 2 (𝜀 + 3𝑃)
𝑎 3𝑐
By noticing the energy density and pressure are negative, this equation indicates that the velocity
of the expansion of the universe will be reduced with time, causing the universe to slow down and
at the end will contract. According to Einstein’s general relativity, a positive value of pressure
caused by thermal motion of atoms in a gas cloud acts to slow down the expansion of the universe.
And so, it appears that the deceleration of the universe according to this equation is inevitable.
This contradicts the observation made by two independent groups – The Supernova Cosmology
Project and The High-Z Supernova Search Team – which used type 1a supernovae to measure the
Therefore, this positive acceleration of the expansion of the universe can be explained by adding
term to the deceleration of the expansion of the universe. When the cosmological constant needs
to be big enough to cancel out the negative term and transform it to the positive term.
𝑎̇̇ 4𝜋𝐺 Λ
= − 2 (𝜀 + 3𝑃) +
𝑎 3𝑐 3
To interpret and determine the value cosmological constant, the energy density is needed in the
equation. Therefore, by adding up the cosmological constant and into the modified Friedmann
equation that we arranged earlier, and rewrite the cosmological constant alongside the energy
density (as the dark energy is the part of energy in the universe), the cosmological constant could
be interpreted as a new type of energy density caused by the presence of the dark energy.
𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺𝜀(𝑡) 𝜅𝑐 2 1 Λ
( ) = 2 − 2 2 +
𝑎 3𝑐 𝑅0 𝑎(𝑡) 3
𝑎̇ 2 8𝜋𝐺 Λ𝑐 2 𝜅𝑐 2 1
( ) = 2 (𝜀(𝑡) + )− 2
𝑎 3𝑐 8𝜋𝐺 𝑅0 𝑎(𝑡)2
When,
Λ𝑐 2
𝜀Λ =
8𝜋𝐺
8𝜋𝐺𝜀Λ
Λ=
𝑐2
According to the Planck spacecraft observations on the CMB in 2013, it gave an estimation of
68.30% dark energy, 26.80% dark matter, and 4.90% visible matter. Considering this estimation,
the critical density should be divided into those parts to find the value of the cosmological constant.
𝜀Λ = 6.17432 × 10−10
Λ = 1.14923 × 10−35
Λ ∼ 1.15 × 10−35
Λ ≈ 10−35
The experimental value of cosmological constant turns out to be very small but not zero. This
indicates that the cosmological constant maintained the acceleration of the universe to be positive,
resulting in the expansion is accelerating even though the matter tries to attract the universe.
VACUUM ENERGY
Cosmological constant is the constant value of dark energy in space that works as a repulsive force
and makes the universe expand. According to quantum mechanics, empty space does have energy.
That energy is presumed to be the dark energy that repels all matter in the universe by increasing
space.
According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, there is a limit of how accurate the object can be
measured its momentum and position at the same time. A particle, based on the quantum field
theory, is a ripple of an underlying quantum field. The universe is covered with a variety of
quantum fields. However, in a vacuum space, although vacuum means that no particle at all,
resulting in no ripple and it consists of zero amplitude fields ( Δ𝑥 = 0 ), it is not consistent with
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This is forbidden because the left-hand side of Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle can never be zero, as the value of the Planck constant is neither zero nor
negative.910
ℎ
Δ𝑝Δ𝑥 ≥
2
This indicates that there is an inherent motion that contributes energy and this energy is deemed
as a vacuum energy. It turns out that the amount of vacuum energy depends on the frequency of
1
𝐸0 = ℎ𝑓
2
And therefore, the amount is determined by how the quantum field fluctuates. To measure the
energy density of vacuum, the sum of all frequencies is needed. The sum of all forms of quantum
fluctuation can be assumed as infinity. However, it means that an infinite value of frequency,
9
Carrol, Seam M. Something Deeply Hidden : Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime. Ch. 12
10
Partridge, Bruce. “Introduction to Cosmology Introduction to Cosmology , Barbara Ryden Addison Wesley. Ch. 4
resulting in an infinite value of energy density. By considering the expression of Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle that accounts with energy density and its evolution based on changing time,
the energy density could be calculated with respect to time and not frequency.
ℎ
Δ𝐸Δ𝑡 ≥
2
ℎ
Δ𝐸 ∼
2Δ𝑡
By taking account of how long such fluctuation in an empty space occurs, according to quantum
field theory, quantum fluctuation happens spontaneously and annihilate by themselves. They work
as particles and anti-particles, which are created and unraveled within an extremely short period.
Therefore, that small gap time could be deemed as Planck time, which is believed to be the shortest
duration of time. The Planck time could be used as a temporal cutoff point which limits the
2
ℎ ℎ ℎ𝑐 5
𝐸𝑝 ∼ = √ =√
𝑡𝑝 ℎ𝐺 𝐺
𝑐 5
ℎ𝐺
𝑙𝑝 ∼ √
𝑐3
By arranging the maximum energy in Planck scale over the smallest possible volume in space
(which is presumed as Planck volume), the energy density of vacuum space is therefore:
𝐸𝑝
𝜀Λ =
𝑉𝑝
5
√ℎ𝑐
𝐺
𝜀Λ = 3
ℎ𝐺
(√ 3 )
𝑐
𝑐7
𝜀Λ =
𝐺 2 ℎ
(3.00 × 108 )7
𝜀Λ =
(6.67 × 10−11 )2 (1.05 × 10−34 )
𝜀Λ = 4.68175 × 10113
8𝜋𝐺𝜀Λ
Λ=
𝑐2
Λ = 8.71704 × 1087
Λ ∼ 8.72 × 1087
Λ ≈ 1087
The value of predicted value cosmological constant is super massive and has the difference
of 10122 order compared with the experimental value one. This discrepancy is therefore called
“Vacuum Catastrophe” meaning that the vacuum energy is much higher than the experimental
value from the original practice of how the universe behaves by considering the Hubble parameter.
This large amount of energy could definitely blow up all matters in the universe, resulting in no
living beings. Hence, this predicted value of energy can be deemed as an overestimation of
vacuum energy.
The reason why it is so massive is probably because the vacuum energy accounts for any forces,
which are gravity force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear force. This
vacuum energy also takes account on a very tiny scale, which is Planck scale. Therefore, the result
is really high. However, a good notion called “Fine-tuning” can also be considered why the big
value of energy can happen. This is because there probably should be a big amount of negative
energy to cancel out that big amount of positive vacuum energy in order to be as tiny as the
estimation and it does not work with “supersymmetry principle” which indicates that those
negative and positive energies can be cancelled out only until they become zero, not a small
volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower dimensional region. In other words, the
surface: a “bit” (unit information) on the structure of space-time is a circular Planck area, which
comes from the circle with the diameter of Planck length. Therefore, as it is encoded in a 2D form,
11
“Leonard Susskind Interview youtu.be/mMgRCwzEkBQ.
which is a circle, the model could be thought as a sphere in 3D model, which still uses Planck
In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein discovered that Black holes emit radiation
overtime. Eventually, a black hole will disappear because it leaks its energy over time through the
radiation called “Hawking Radiation” which is a thermal radiation that evaporates around the event
horizon of black hole. This discovery raised a new contradiction in the terms of quantum
mechanics. Which says, if a black hole will eventually disappear, the information of all matter that
has been swallowed inside of it seemingly will also disappear. Hence, this idea violates the basic
quantum mechanics, in which all physical information in the universe cannot be destroyed. In other
words, the “bit” (unit of information) that codes a matter will remain exist. Even though their
particles are split into tiny pieces, the information does not disappear and it can still be reassembled
principally.
However, this black hole loss information problem can be solved by using Holographic principle.
According to Holographic principle, when objects are pulled into a black hole, they release the
imprint bits that are encoded on the event horizon. In other words, all matter that goes inside black
hole leaves traces of information that is stamped in the surface of the black hole, which is 2D area.
When black holes emit radiation, they contain the imprint of those bits of information of all matter
that went inside them and hence they don’t disappear out of nowhere during the evaporation. This
idea can be thought of as how a hologram works, that a three-dimensional space, somehow is
12
Stromberg, Joseph. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid..
Hawking black hole entropy equation:13
𝑘𝐵 𝑐 3
𝑆=( )𝐴
4ℎ𝐺
According to the Boltzmann’s definition of entropy, it should be possible to determine the entropy
2
𝑘𝐵 𝑐 3 𝑙𝑝
𝑆=( )𝐴 × 2
4ℎ𝐺 𝑙𝑝
ℎ𝐺
(√ )
𝑐3
𝑘𝐵 𝑐 3
𝑆=( )𝐴 ×
4ℎ𝐺 𝑙𝑝2
𝑘𝐵 𝐴
𝑆=
4 𝑙𝑝2
𝐴
𝑆∼
𝑙𝑝2
𝑆∼𝑁
It can be seen that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the number of Planck areas that
cover the area of the black hole event horizon. This indicates that the Planck size pixels can
somehow encode the information of the fallen object inside the black hole.
13
Nassim Haramein. Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass. P. 272
Taking this holographic principle to be used to think in the cosmic scale, the universe can be
By using this approach to solve the cosmological constant problem, we need to think our universe
is a sphere that has a finite volume. This is because based on the inflation that happened during
the Big-bang, all matter was blown from the tiny little source, causing a sphere form of universe.
By taking account of vacuum energy, the energy density of a vacuum space should be considered
in Planck scale. Consequently, instead of a cube - which we get from cubing the Planck length -
the volume of vacuum space in Planck scale needs to be treated as sphere volume, which uses
4 3
𝑉𝑝 = 𝜋𝑟
3
3
4 1.62 × 10−35
𝑉𝑝 = 𝜋( )
3 2
𝑉𝑝 = 2.21069 × 10−105 𝑚3
𝑉𝑝 ∼ 2.21 × 10−105 𝑚3
As cosmic inflation happens, the holographic information of the structure of space expands to
Planckian wormhole network, this can be seen in filamentary space geometry at Planck scale. This
implies that the universe works paradox inside the other bigger universe. This model was
established by Roger Penrose that is called “Conformal Cyclic Cosmology”. In this model, Penrose
14
“Solution to the Vacuum Catastrophe!” Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. , Error! Hyperlink reference not
valid..
suggests that each cycle of the universe starts as a singularity before an inflation and generates
matter, this will also create another black hole which continuously emitting Hawking radiation and
Likewise, holographic principle suggests surface tiling by considering its surface entropy as the
radius of inflation in the beginning of the Big-Bang increases from the Planck scale to the cosmic
𝐴𝑢
𝜂=
𝐴𝑙𝑝
The surface area of the universe ( 𝐴𝑢 ), can be deemed – according to the holographic model – as
an area of sphere. Therefore, the Hubble constant needs to be used in order to obtain the radius of
the Universe.
𝑐
𝑟𝑢 =
𝐻
3.00 × 108
𝑟𝑢 =
73.19 × 103
( )
3.09 × 1022
𝑟𝑢 = 1.26657 × 1026 𝑚
𝑟𝑢 ∼ 1.27 × 1026 𝑚
𝐴𝑢 = 4𝜋𝑟𝑢2
𝐴𝑢 = 4𝜋(1.27 × 1026 )2
𝐴𝑢 = 2.01589 × 1053 𝑚2
2
1.616255 × 10−35
𝐴𝑝 = 4𝜋 ( )
2
𝐴𝑝 = 8.20672 × 10−70
2.01589 × 1053
𝜂=
8.20672 × 10−70
𝜂 = 2.45639 × 10122
𝜂 ∼ 2.46 × 10122
To obtain the vacuum energy density in Planck scale, the mass on Planck scale is divided by the
𝑚𝑝
𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 =
𝑣𝑝
2.176434 × 10−8
𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐 =
2.21069 × 10−105
𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝜌𝑐 =
𝜂
9.84504 × 1096
𝜌𝑐 =
2.45639 × 10122
𝜌𝑐 = 4.00793 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
Finding the cosmological constant using the energy density of the previous calculation:
𝜀𝑐
𝜌𝑐 =
𝑐2
8𝜋𝐺𝜀Λ
Λ=
𝑐2
Λ = 4.58203 × 10−35
Λ ∼ 4.58 × 10−35
Λ ≈ 10−35
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the implication of this essay is to answer the question “How does the Holographic
Principle solve the discrepancy between the experimental value and predicted value of Dark
Energy Constant?”, this essay provides strong valid reasoning and discussion of how a theoretical
By using the Hubble constant that is calculated based on 20 different spiral galaxies from the same
cepheid distance, this essay thoroughly discusses how the experimental value of cosmological
constant is calculated and hence the value turned out to be small, and the reason that it does make
sense because it only drives the universe slowly but accelerates the expansion.
Also, by discussing the predicted value of the cosmological constant, the answer turned out to be
really big and it seems does not feel correct because such energy does not really exist in a vacuum
space. And the discussion of how negative energy could probably exist in order to cancel out such
big amount of vacuum energy seems to be incorrect, because it violates the supersymmetry
principle which says that the cancelling out energy should be zero, indicating that a tiny little
navigating the calculation of the cosmological constant according to this approach, this essay
provides a reasonable argument that the holographic principle is a correct solution to the
cosmological constant problem because it can be seen that there is no difference in the order with
our calculation of the cosmological constant using Holographic principal approach with our
somehow in a distant away, horizon of our universe contains the units of information of all objects
inside this universe. And this reality of three-dimensional space that we perceive, is somehow a
projection of that two-dimensional area of the horizon of our universe. Even though this
Holographic principle is a principle that does have solid make sense argument and mathematically
can be theorized, it is still out of today’s human capability to prove whether it is true or not. This
is because the horizon of our universe seems can never be reached by humans and it is just
impossible with today’s science. However, this approach can still be considered as one of the best
solutions to mathematically prove that cosmological constant does indeed obey this principle 1516.
CITATION
Journals
Today, vol. 57, no. 10, Oct. 2004, pp. 77–78, 10.1063/1.1825274. Accessed 12 May
2020.
15
Susskind, Leonard, and James Lindesay. An Introduction to Black Holes, Information and the String Theory Revolution : The Holographic
Universe.
16
Carrol, Seam M. Something Deeply Hidden : Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime. Ch. 14
Willick, Jeffrey A., and Puneet Batra. “A Determination of the Hubble Constant from Cepheid
Distances and a Model of the Local Peculiar Velocity Field.” The Astrophysical Journal,
vol. 548, no. 2, 20 Feb. 2001, pp. 564–584, 10.1086/319005. Accessed 14 Nov. 2019.
Books
Borzou, Ahmad. Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Dark Energy and the
Carrol, Seam M. Something Deeply Hidden : Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime.
Susskind, Leonard, and James Lindesay. An Introduction to Black Holes, Information and the
String Theory Revolution : The Holographic Universe. New Jersey ; London ; Singapore,
Websites
2022.
Stromberg, Joseph. “Some Physicists Believe We’re Living in a Giant Hologram — and It’s Not
principle-universe-theory-physics.
Video
“Leonard Susskind - How Does Dark Energy Drive the Universe?” Www.youtube.com,
youtu.be/mMgRCwzEkBQ.
Image
Images/Startswithabang/Files/2017/05/Millenium-Bare-
1200x900.Jpg?Format=Jpg&Width=960.” Www.google.com,
images.app.goo.gl/BsvkPLDyE2fMWyKD6.
APPENDIX A
Galaxy d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
Galaxy v1 v2 v3 v4 v5
4.11 − 1.98
= ±1.07 𝑀𝑝𝑐
2
170.00 − 141.00
= ±14.50 𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1
2