,ay; - 1 - nkhop

md;id nkhopNa - ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;

jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk; - NjtNeag; ghthzh;
,ul;Lwnkhopjy; - re;jf;ftpkzp jkpoofdhh;
ciueilapd; mzpfyd;fs;- vop;y; Kjy;td;
,yf;fzk; - vOj;J> nrhy;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
md;id nkhopNa - ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
gyTs;; njhpf:
1.ve;jkpo;eh vd;gijg; gphpj;jhy; ,t;;thW tUk;
m. ve; +jkpo; +eh M. ve;j + jkpo; +eh ,. vk;+jkpo; +eh <. ve;jk; +
jkpo; +eh
tpil: ,. vk;+jkpo; +eh

2. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ,aw;ngah; ---------

m. go. Kj;ijah M. Jiu.khzpf;fk; ,. rz;Kf Re;juk; <. jkpoofdhh;
tpil: M. Jiu.khzpf;fk

3. „md;idnkhopNa‟ vd;w ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; -----

m. fdpr;rhW M. vz;Rit vz;gJ ,. cyfpay; E}W <. E}whrphpak;
tpil: m. fdpr;rhW

4. njd;nkhop>jkpo;rr
; pl;L ,jo;fspd; thapyhfj; jkpOzh;it cynfq;Fk;
gug;gpath;
m. ghujpahh; M. rr;rpjhde;jd; ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; <. jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;

5. jkpOf;Ff; fUT+ykhf mike;j ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; E}y;

m. jpUf;Fws; nka;g;nghUSiu M. fdpr;rhW ,. vz;Rid <.
ghtpaf;nfhj;J
tpil: m. jpUf;Fws; nka;g;nghUSiu

6. „rhFk;NghJk; jkpo; gbj;Jr; rhfNtz;Lk;‟ vd;W ghbath;

m. ghujpahh; M. rr;rpjhde;jd; ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; <. jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh

7. fy;Nghd;w kdj;ijAk; fw;fz;lhf;Fgts;

m. fiykfs; M. kiykfs; ,. miykfs; <. jkpod;id
tpil: <. jkpod;id

8. ghtyNuW vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLgth;

m. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; M. jkpoofdhh; ,. thzpjhrd;; <. fz;zjhrd;
tpil: m. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh

9. „ew;fzf;Nf‟ vd;gJ
m.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F M. gjpndz;Nkw;fzf;F ,. rpyg;gjpfhuk; <.
kzpNkfiy
tpil: m.gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F

10. „njd;dd; kfNs‟ vd;W ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ghbajpy; ‘njd;dd;’ vd;Nghd;

1
 m. Nrud; M. Nrhod; ,. gy;ytd; <. ghz;bad;
tpil: <. ghz;bad

11. „,d;dWk; ghg;gj;Nj! vz;njhifNa” ,t;tbfspy; gj;Jk;vl;Lk;

Fwpg;git
m. rq;f,yf;fpaq;fs; M.mw,yf;fpaq;fs; ,. fhg;gpaq;;fs; <.
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
tpil: m. rq;f,yf;fpaq;fs;

12. „jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;J> Ke;Jw;Nwhk; ahz;Lk;‟ vDk; jiyg;gpy; cs;s

ghly;fs;
,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m. fdpr;rhW M. vz;Rit ,. cyfpay; E}W <. E}whrphpak;
tpil: m. fdpr;rhW

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf:
1. khz;GfNo> nre;jkpNo> NguuNr> jdpj;jkpNo – tpspj;njhlh;fs;
2. Kfpo;j;j> nfhz;l – nganur;rq;;fs;
3. mhpa – Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
4. ce;jp> jho> Fbj;J> ghb> Koq;f– tpidnar;rq;fs;
5. nre;jkpo;> eWq;fdp> nre;jhkiu> vz;njhif> NguuR –
gz;Gj;njhif
6. Njid - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik tphp
7. ciutphpf;Fk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf :
1. Kfpo;j;j – Kfpo +; j; + j; +; m 3. Fbj;J - Fb + j; + j;
+ c
Kfpo; - gFjp Fb - gFjp
j; - re;jp j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; - ,we;jfhy
,ilepiy
m - nganur;rtpFjp c - tpidnar;r
tpFjp

2. ghb - ghL + ,
ghL - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp
FWtpdh:
1. ‘kd;Dk; rpyk;Ng! kzpNk fiytbNt!
Kd;Dk; epidthy; Kbjho tho;j;JtNk!
,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fisj; jtpu
vQ;rpAs;s
fhg;gpaq;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.
 rPtf rpe;jhkzp
 tisahgjp
 Fz;lyNfrp vd;gd vQ;rpAs;s fhg;gpaq;fshFk;..

2. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jkpod;idia vt;thnwy;yhk; miof;fpwhh;?

ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;> md;idnkhopNa> nre;jkpNo>eWq;fdpNa>
NguuNr> khz;GfNo> ew;fzf;Nf> jdpj;jkpNo vd;nwy;yhk;
miof;fpwhh;.

2
 3. jkpod;idapd; ngUikia Koq;Ftjw;Fg; ghtyNuW $Wk;
ctikia vOJf.
tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfbj;Jg; ghLtJ
Nghd;W jkpod;idiar;Ritj;J cs;sj;jpy; fdy; %s> jkpopd;
ngUikia vq;Fk; Koq;FNthk; vd;W ghtyNuW $Wfpwhh;.

4. “,d;dWk; ghg;gj;Nj”- ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs;

ahit?
Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; :
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil>
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil>
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil(kiygLflhk;)
mfE}y;fs;: Ky;iyg;ghl;L> FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> neLey;thil
GwE}y;fs;: kJiuf;fhQ;rp> gl;bdg;ghiy

5. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs; ahit?

mfE}y;fs;: ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif>Iq;FWE}W>
fypj;njhif>mfehD}W
GwE}y;fs;;:gjpw;Wg;gj;J> GwehD}W
mfg;GwE}y;;:ghpghly;
vd;gd vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;.
rpWtpdh:
1. jkpod;idia tho;j;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshfg; ghtyNuW Rl;Ltd
ahit?
jkpopd; njhd;ik:
goikf;Fk; goikaha;j; Njhd;wpa eWq;fdp.
jkpo; epiyj;j ,lk;:
fly; nfhz;l Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J murhz;l
kz;Zyfg; NguuR
“fd;dpf; Fkhpf; fly;nfhz;l ehl;bilapy;
kd;dp murpUe;j kz;Zyfg; NguuNr”
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfs;> jpUf;Fwspd; ngUik ngWk;
GfOf;Fhpats;.
gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F kw;Wk;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L ePz;l
epiyj;j Gfiog; ngw;Ws;sjhy; jkpod;idiaj; jiygzpe;J
tho;j;JNthk; vd;W ghtyNuW $Wfpwhh;.

2. ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;judhh; Fwpg;G tiuf:

ngah; : ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
,aw;ngah; : Jiu. khzpf;fk;
rpwg;Gg; ngah; : ghtyNuW
elj;jpa ,jo;fs; : njd;nkhop> jkpo;rr
; pl;L
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : cyfpay; E}W>ghtpaf;nfhj;J>E}whrphpak;>
fdpr;rhW
vz;Rit vz;gJ>kfGFtQ;rp>gs;spg;
gwitfs;.
rpwg;Gfs; : ,th; vOjpa jpUf;Fws; nka;g;nghUSiu
jkpOf;Ff; fUT+ykha;
mike;jJ.
,tuJ E}y;fs; ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

3
 3. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; jkpopd; rpwg;igAk; jkpopd; ngUikiaAk; vt;thW
Koq;Ftjhff; $Wfpwhh;?
jkpopd; rpwg;G:
vkf;F capuhd nrOik kpf;f jkpNo!
vkJ jkpo; ehf;fhy; tphpj;Jiuf;f ,ayhj mhpangUikfis
cila
jkpNo!
goikahd ngUikAk;> jdf;nfdj; jdpj;jd;ikAk;> ,yf;fpa
tsKk; ngw;Wr; rpwf;Fk; jkpNo! vd;W jkpopd; rpwg;igg;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ghLfpwhh;

jkpo;g;gw;W:
Nghg;> tPukhKdpth;> fhy;Lnty; Nghd;w Ntw;Wnkhopahsh;
jkpiog; Nghw;wp ciuj;j GfOiuAk; cyfkf;fs; midtUk;
tpaf;fj;jf;f mjd;; ePz;l epiyj;j jd;ikAk; jdf;F nkhopg;
gw;Wzh;it vOg;gpajhff; $Wfpwhh;.
jkpopd; ngUik:
tz;lhdJ nre;jhkiuj; Njidf; Fbj;Jr; rpwfirj;Jg; ghLtJ
Nghd;W jdpj; jkpior; Ritj;J> cs;sj;jpy; jkpo;f; fdy;
%z;ljhy; jkpopd; ngUikia vq;Fk; Koq;Ftjhfg; ghLfpwhh;.

neLtpdh
1. kNdhd;kzPak; Re;judhhpd; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;Jg; ghliyAk;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd; jkpo;tho;j;ijAk; Xg;gpl;L Nkilg;Ngr;R xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.
midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;!
“jpq;fnshLk; nrOk;ghpjp jd;NdhLk; tpz;NzhLk;
cLf;fNshLk;
kq;Fy;fly; ,tw;NwhLk; gpwe;j jkpOld; gpwe;Njhk; ehq;fs;”
vd;W jkpopd;
Gfo; ghLk; Gyth;fs; vz;zw;Nwhh; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. mth;fSs;
kNdhd;kzPak; ng.Re;judhUk; ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhUk; jkpod;idia
tho;j;jpa tpjj;ijg; ghh;gN
; ghk;.
miyfliy Milahf cLj;jpapUf;Fk; ,e;j mofhd G+kpg; ngz;zpw;Fg;
ghuj ehNl Kfkhk;; njd;wpir mjd; new;wpahk;: mjpy; jpyfnkdj; jpfo;tJ
jpuhtplj; jpUehlhk;: me;jj; jpyfj;jpd; kzj;ijg; Nghy; midj;JyfKk;
,d;gk; fhz vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; Gfo; kzf;f ,Uf;Fk; jkpNo!” vdr;
Re;judhh; cynfq;Fk; jkpod;id tpahgpj;jpUf;Fk; epiyiag; ghl>
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhNuh>„fly; nfhz;l Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; epiyj;J>
murhz;l kz;Zyfg; Nguurdhfpa ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfshf tsh;e;jtNs‟
vdj; jkpod;id gpwe;J tsh;e;j vy;iyiaj;„njd;dd; kfNs‟ vdr;
RUf;fkhfg; ghbtpl;L>„jpUf;Fwspd; ngUk;ngUikf;FhpatNs! gj;Jg;ghl;Nl!
vl;Lj;njhifNa! gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;Nf! epiyj;j rpyg;gjpfhuNk! mofpa
kzpNkfiyNa! vdr; rpwg;gpj;J> gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fshy; ,d;GWk; ,dpa
jkpo;> juzpnaq;Fk; Gfo; ngw;wikf;Fj; jiygzpe;J‟ tho;j;Jtjhfg;
ghbAs;shh;.
njhd;WNjhd;wpatsha;g; ngUtho;T tho;e;jtsha; ,Ue;jhYk; ,d;Wk;
,sikNahL jpfo;tjha;r; Re;judhUk;> goikf;Fk; goikahf Kfpo;j;j
eWq;fdp vdg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhUk; ghbAs;sdh;. ,q;Fg; goik vd ,UtUk;
$wpdhYk; „jd;dpiy khwhjts;‟ vdr; Re;judhUk;>„fdpNghy ,dpats;‟ vdg;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhUk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wpAs;sdh;.

4
 „cd; moiff; fz;L tpae;J> nra;Ak; nraiyAk; kwe;J
tho;j;JfpNwhk;‟ vdj; jkpoplj;J Mo;e;J> jd;id kwe;j epiyiar; Re;judhh;
ghl>„vk;KapNu nrhy;Yjw;fhpa epd; ngUikjid vk; jkpo; eh vt;thW
tphpj;Jiuf;Fk;‟ vd nkhop NgRk; ehthy; jkpopd; ngUikjidg; ghl
,ayhJ vd;W ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; $wpAs;shh;.
„jpyfj;jpd; thrid vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; guTtJ Nghy; cd; Gfo;
vy;;yhj; jpirfspYk; gutp ,Uf;fpwJ‟ vdr; Re;judhh; ghl>„nre;jhkiuapy;
Njd; Fbj;j tz;L rpwfhh;j;Jg; ghLtJ Nghy; cd; ,dpikiar; Ritj;J
cd; Gfo; ghl tpUg;gk;‟vdg; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; ghLfpwhh;. ,UtUk;
ctikiaf; ifahz;ltpjj;jpy; mth;fSila ftpj;jpwd; ntspg;gLfpwJ
,q;qdk; ,UtUk; jj;jk; ftpj;jpwdhy; jkpo;nkhopapd; moifAk;
tsj;ijAk; jpwj;ijAk; rpwg;igAk; mzpAwg; gjpT nra;Js;sdh;. jkpopd;
jz;zpir juzpiaAk; jiyahl;l itf;Fk;. gdpnkhopahk; ige;jkpo;g;gh
ghiytplr; Ritgaf;Fk;. NghJnkd;W epidj;jhYk; NghjhJ> jkpo;gw;wpg;
Gfo;tjw;F> NeuKk; NghjhJ vdf;F> gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil tUk; vd
kiof; fhyj;jpy; vjph;g;ghh;g;gijg; Nghy jkpiog; gw;wpg; NgRtjw;F ehDk;
xU ehs; fhj;jpUf;fpNwd; cq;fNshL. ed;wp. tzf;fk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W
xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F ghpghly;
fw;wwpe;jhh; Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;Gwk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif
,r;nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fisg; ngah;f;
fhuzj;Jld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ew;wpiz – ed;ik + jpiz (mfj;jpiz)
„ey;‟ vDk; milnkhopNahL ew;wpiz vDk; ngah;ngw;W ehD}W
mfj;jpizg; ghly;fs; nfhz;l njhFg;G.
FWe;n;jhif – FWik + njhif (mfj;jpiz)
ey;y vDk; milnkhop nfhz;l FWfpa mbfshy; (4 – 8) ghlg;gl;l
ghly;fspd; njhFg;G.
Iq;FWE}W - Ie;J + FWik + E}W (mfj;jpiz)
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSs; Fiwe;j mbfisf; (3- 6) nfhz;l
ghly;fshyhd njhFg;G
fypj;njhif - fypg;ghf;fshy; Js;sNyhir nfhz;L ghlg;gl;l
mfj;jpiz E}y;
mfehD}W - mfk; + ehd;F + E}W (mfj;jpiz)
mfj;jpiz gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. „mfk;‟
vd;Dk; ngaiug; ngw;w rpwg;GilaJ. „neLe;njhif‟ vd;w NtW ngaUk;
cz;L.
GwehW}W - Gwk;+ ehd;F + E}W (Gwj;jpiz)
Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y;
gjpw;Wg;gj;J - Nru kd;dh;fs; gjpd;kiug; gw;wpg; gj;Jg;
Gyth;fs; ghba
(gj;Jg; gj;jhf) E}W ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ
ghpghly; - mfKk; GwKk; fye;jJ. ghp (Fjpiu) Nghy; fhy;fshy;
ghpe;J
eilNghLk; gz;zpirg; ghly;fisf; nfhz;l E}y; ghpghly; vDk;
ghtifiar; rhh;e;jJ. ,J „ghpghl;L‟ vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

5
 1. “ve;jkpo;eh ep;d; ngUik vLj;Nj ciu tphpf;Fk;” vd;w
ghlybiaf; nfhz;L tFg;giwapy; Ie;J epkpl ciu epfo;j;Jf
ngz;izg; “Ngij Ngij” vd;wioj;Jg;
Ngijikahf;fpa
rKjhaj;jpy;> Nfhtyidf; fhg;gpaj;jpd; “Nfh”thf;fhky;>
fz;zfpiaf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; fz;zhf Mf;fp> Kjw;fhg;gpaNk
Gul;rpf;fhg;gpakha; mike;J> fhypy; mzpAk; rpyk;igNa
fUthf;fp> gpd;dhspy; mr;rpyk;igNa(E}y;) Gyth; ngUkf;fs;
jiyNky; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhLk;gb ,sq;Nfhtbfs; ahj;j
jkpioj; jtpu vd; jkpo; eh gpwpnjhd;iwg; NgrhJ.
xU E}iyg; Nghw;wNt gpwpnjhU E}y; Njhd;wpaJ. mjd;
Gfiog; cyfNk Nghw;Wk; tz;zk; gilj;j nja;tg; Gythpd;
jpUf;Fwisj; jtpu ve;jkpo;eh gpwpnjhd;iwg; NgrhJ.
rkaj;ijj; jhq;fp mjd; cz;ikia Cl;b kz;zhd
neQ;irg; gz;gl;l epykha;r; rikj;Jj; je;j rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk;
jkpio ve;jkpo;eh NgRNknahopa gpwpnjhd;wpy;iy. rpw;wpyf;fpakha;
,Ug;gpDk; ngUk;gilg;Gfshfj; jlk; gjpj;j ; njhz;Z}w;whW
tiffisAk; njhFj;J ve;jkpo;eh NgRNknahopa
gpwpnjhd;Wkpy;iy.
GytiuAk; GutyiuAk; je;j: rpj;jiuAk; gpj;jiuAk; je;j:
E}yhrphpaiuAk; ciuahiuAk; je;j: mwj;ijAk; kwj;ijAk;
je;j: mfj;ijAk; Gwj;ijAk; je;j: md;igAk; gz;igAk; je;j
jkpioj; jtpu ve;jkpo;eh gpwpnjhd;iwAk; NgrhJ.

ciueil - jkpo;r; nrhy; tsk; -

NjtNeag;ghthzh;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. „fha;e;j ,iyAk; fha;e;j NjhifAk;‟ epyj;Jf;F ey;y cuq;fs;.
,j;njhlhpy; mbf;Nfhbl;l gFjp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m. ,iyAk;rUFk; M. NjhifAk;rz;Lk; ,. jhSk;XiyAk; <.
rUFk;rz;Lk;
tpil: <. rUFk;rz;Lk;

2. Nth;ff
; liy> kpsfha; tpij> khq;nfhl;il Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;
gaph;tif
m. Fiytif M. kzp tif ,. nfhOe;Jtif <. ,iy tif
tpil: M. kzp tif

3. „ehLk; nkhopAk; ekJ ,U fz;fs;‟ vd;W ghbath;

m. ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; M. jkpoofdhh; ,. ghujpahh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu
tpil: ,. ghujpahh

4. nre;jkpo; nkhopapy; midj;J tsKk; cz;nld;W tpil gfh;tJ

m. ,yf;fpa tsk; M. jkpo;rn ; rhy; tsk; ,. ,yf;fztsk; <. nghUs;
tsk;
tpil: M. jkpo;rn; rhy; tsk;

5. jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpay; ,yf;fzk; vDk; E}iy vOjpath;

m. fhy;Lnty; M. [p.A. Nghg; ,. tPukhKdpth; <. ghthzh;
tpil: m. fhy;Lnty;

6
6. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;F mUfpYs;s my;Y}hpy; “jpUts;Sth; jtr;rhiy”ia
mikj;jth;
m.ghthzh; M.f.mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh; <.jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh;

7. nrhy;yhuha;rr
; papy; ghthzUk; tpae;j ngUkfdhh;
m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;

8. ghthzh; E}yfj;ij cUthf;fpath;

m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;

9. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh>; ,ikfis %bf;nfhz;Nl vOJk; Mw;wiyf;

fw;Wf;nfhs;sf; fhuzkhdth;
m.jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f M.ghujpahh; ,. ghthzh; <. jkpoofdhh;

tpil: m.jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f

10. tpopfis ,of;f Nehpl;lhy;$lj; jha;j;jkpopid ,oe;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;W

vz;zpath;
m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh

11. cyfj;jpNyNa xU nkhopf;fhf cyfkhehL elj;jpa Kjy;ehLk; Kjy;

nkhopAk; --
m. jkpo;ehL M. ,e;jpah ,. kNyrpah <. rpq;fg;G+h;
tpil: ,. kNyrpah

12. gd;nkhopg; Gyth; vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;

m. ghthzh; M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; < jkpoofdhh;
tpil: M. f. mg;ghj;Jiu

13. nkhopQhapW vd;wiof;fg;gLgth;

m. NjtNeag;ghthzh; M.mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; <
jkpoofdhh;
tpil: m. NjtNeag;ghthzh;

14. jkpo;r; nrhy;yhuha;r;rpapy; cr;rk; njhl;lth;

m. NjtNeag;ghthzh; M.mg;ghj;Jiu ,. ,uh.,sq;Fkudhh;
<.jkpoofdhh;
tpil: m. NjtNeag;ghthzh;

15. ,e;jpankhopfspNyNa fly;fle;;J Nkiyehl;L vOj;JUtpy; Kjypy;

mr;Nrwpa nkhop
m. jkpo; M. kiyahsk; ,. rk];fpUjk; <. fd;dlk;
tpil: m. jkpo

16. 1554,y; „fhh;byh‟ vd;Dk; E}iy Kjd;Kjyhfj; jkpo;nkhopapy;

nkhopngah;j;j ehL
m. Nghh;rR
; fPR ehL M. lr;R ,. mnkhpf;fh <. ,q;fpyhe;J

7
tpil: m. Nghh;r;RfPR ehL

17. nghUj;Jf.
m. ,iy - 1. gid
M. jsph; - 2. fUk;G
,. fop - 3. Ntk;G
<. Xiy - 4. ney;
m. 3>1>4>2 M. 3>4>2>1 ,. 3>2>1>4 <. 3>4>1>2
tpil: M. 3>4>2>1

18. nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfuKjypj; jpl;l,af;Feuhfg; gzpahw;wpath;

m. ,sq;Fkudhh; M. nkhopQhapW ,. jkpoofdhh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu
tpil: M. nkhopQhapW

19. cyfj; jkpo;f; fofj;ij epWtpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;jth;

m. rr;rpjhde;jd; M. mg;ghj;Jiu ,. jkpoofdhh; <. ghthzh;
tpil: <. ghthzh;

tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikf;f

1. ghthzh; E}yfj;ij cUthf;fpath; ,sq;Fkudhh;.
ghthzh; E}yfj;ij cUthf;fpath; ahh;?
2. jkpo;j;jpU vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;wth; ,sq;Fkudhh;.
jkpo;j;jpU vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngaiug; ngw;wth; ahh;?
3. xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa> me;ehl;L kf;fspd;
mwpnthOf;fq;fSk; mikj;jpUf;Fk;.
xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgb mike;jpUg;gd ahit?
4. tuF> fhilf;fz;zp> Fjpiuthyp Kjypad rpW$yq;fs;.
rpW$yq;fs; ahit?;

ciueilg; gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

xU nkhop nghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak; Gykf;fshYk;
mikag;ngWk;. jkpo;g; nghJkf;fs; cah;e;j gFj;jwpTilah;. vj;JizNah
Muha;r;rp ele;JtUk; ,f;fhyj;jpYk; vj;JizNah nkhopfspdpd;W
fld;nfhz;l Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f Leaf vd;Dk;
xNu nrhy; cs;sJ. Mq;fpy E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg;
ghFghL nra;jdNuad;wp> jkpo;g;nghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj;
jhs;> ,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jhhpy;iy. ,j;jifa ghFghL
Vida cWg;GfSf;Fs;Sk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs;
tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd; tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
1. xU nkhopAk; mjd; ,yf;fpaKk; vt;thW mikAk;?
xUnkhop nghJkf;fshYk; mjd; ,yf;fpak; Gykf;fshYk;
mikag;ngWk;.
2. jkpo;kf;fs; ,iyfis vt;thW ghFghL nra;jdh;?
jkpo;g;nghJkf;fs; ,iyapd; td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;>
,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jdh;.
3. jkpo;ehl;bd; nghUs;tsj;jpid vt;tpjk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;?
jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs; tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd;
tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
4. nkhop Muha;rr ; pf;F Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf
vj;JizNah nkhopfspdpd;W fld;nfhz;l Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
,iyiaf; Fwpf;f Leafvd;Dk; xNu nrhy; cs;sJ. Mq;fpy
E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg; ghFghL

8
 nra;jdNuad;wp> jkpo;g;nghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik
gw;wpj; jhs;> ,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jhhpy;iy
5. ,g;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G xd;W jUf
jkpo;nkhop tsk;.

FWtpdhf;fs;:
1. xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; rhpahd njhlh;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b vQ;rpa gpioahd
njhlhpYs;s gpiof;fhd fhuzj;ij vOJ:
rhpahd thf;fpaq;fs;:
xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
xU rPg;gpy; gy thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
jtwhd thf;fpak;:
gpio: xU rPg;gpy; gy jhW thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.
jpUj;jk;: xU jhw;wpy; gy rPg;G thiog;goq;fs; cs;sd.

2. jkpo;r;nrhy; tsk; gw;wpa fhy;Lnty; fUj;Jfs;; ahit?

“jkpoy;yhj jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; mfuhjpfis MuhAk;NghJ> jkpopYs;s
xUnghUs; gynrhy; thpirfs; mtw;wpy; ,y;yhf;Fiw ve;jj; jkpowpQUf;Fk;
kpfj; njspthfj; Njhd;Wk;. jkpopy; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lj; jkpOf;Nf
rpwg;ghf chpadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;;fs; kl;Lkd;wpj; njYq;F> fd;dlk;
Kjypa gpw jpuhtplnkhopfSf;F chpadthff; fUjg;gLk; nrhw;fSk; jkpopy;
cs” vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lnty;.

3. fpisg;gphpTfspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

fit - mb kuj;jpdpd;W gphpAk; khngUk; fpis
nfhk;G my;yJ nfhg;G - fitapd; gphpT
fpis - nfhk;gpd; gphpT
rpid - fpisapd; gphpT
Nghj;J - rpidapd; gphpT
Fr;R - Nghj;jpd; gphpT
,Zf;F - Fr;rpapd; gphpT

4. fha;e;j mbAk; fpisAk; ngWk; ngah;fs; ahit?

Rs;sp - fha;e;j Fr;R (Fr;rp)
tpwF - fha;e;j rpWfpis
ntq;fop - fha;e;j fop
fl;il - fha;e;j nfhk;Gk; fitAk; mbAk;

5. ,iytiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fis vOJf.

,iy - Gsp> Ntk;G
jhs; - ney;> Gy;
Njhif - Nrhsk;> fUk;G
Xiy - njd;id> gid
rz;L - fha;e;j jhSk;>NjhifAk;
rUF - fha;e;j ,iy

6. g+tpd; epiyfisf; $Wf:

mUk;G - G+tpd; Njhw;w epiy
NghJ - G+ tphpaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy

9
 kyh;(myh;) - G+tpd; kyh;e;j epiy
tP - kuQ;nrbapdpd;W G+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy
nrk;ky; - G+ thba epiy

7. jhtuj;jpd; (nfhOe;J) Edpg; gFjpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
Jsph; my;yJ jsph; - ney;> Gy;
Kwp my;yJ nfhOe;J - Gsp> Ntk;G
FUj;J - Nrhsk;> fUk;G> njd;id> gid
nfhOe;jhil - fUk;gpd; Edpg;gFjp

8. jhtuj;jpd; Fiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nfhj;J : mtiu> Jtiu Kjypatw;wpd; Fiy
Fiy : nfhb Ke;jphp Nghd;wtw;wpd; Fiy
jhW : thiof; Fiy
fjph; : Nfo;tuF> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; fjph;
myF my;yJ Fuy; : ney;> jpid Kjypatw;wpd; fjph;
rPg;G : thioj; jhw;;wpd; gFjp

9. goj;Njhy; tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fis vLj;;njOJf.

njhyp -: kpf nky;ypaJ
Njhy; : jpz;zkhdJ
NjhL : td;ikahdJ
XL : kpf td;ikahdJ
FLf;if: Riuapd; XL
kl;il : Njq;fha; new;wpd; Nkw;gFjp
ckp : ney;> fk;G Kjypatw;wpd; %b
nfhk;ik: tuF> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; ckp

10. ,sk; gaph; tiffisf; $Wf:

ehw;W -: ney;> fj;jhp Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy
fd;W : kh> Gsp> thio Kjypatw;wpd; ,sepiy
FUj;J : thioapd; ,sepiy
gps;is : njd;idapd; ,sepiy
Fl;b : tpshtpd; ,sepiy
tlyp my;yJ klyp: gidapd; ,sepiy
igq;$o; : ney;> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; gRk;gaph;

11. jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ vJ? Vd;?

jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ nkhop.
mJNt xU ehl;lhhpd; my;yJ ,dj;jhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij
mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j topahFk;. nghUisf;; $h;e;J Nehf;fp
Ez;ghFghL nra;J mtw;wpw;Nfw;gg; gUg;nghUl;nrhw;fSk;
Ez;nghUl;nrhw;fSk; mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk;
gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;Nf ,aYk;.

12. jkpo;j; jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhhpd; jkpo;g;gzpiaj; juKah;j;jpa

ey;Kj;Jf;fs; ahit?
,yf;fz tuyhW> ghthzh; tuyhW> jkpopir ,af;fk;>
jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk;> Fz;lyNfrpciu> ahg;gUq;fyk; ciu> Gwj;jpul;L
ciu> jpUf;Fws; jkpo; kuGiu> fhf;ifg; ghbdpahh; ciu> NjtNeak;

10
 Kjypad jkpo;j; jpU. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhhpd; jkpo;g;gzpiaj;
juKah;j;jpa ey;Kj;Jf;fs; MFk;.

rpWtpdh:
1. “Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ” ,JNghy; ,sk;gaph; tif
Ie;jpd; ngah;fisj; njhlh;fspy; mikf;f:
ehw;W – ehw;W eLk; fhyk; te;jJ.
gps;is – New;W ehd; njd;dk;gps;is thq;fp te;Njd;.
fd;W – vq;fs; Njhl;lj;jpy; khq;fd;Wfs; cs;sd.
igq;$o; - vq;fs; CUf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ Nrhsg;igq;$opd;
kzk; kdj;ij
<h;f;Fk;.
FUj;J - thiof; FUj;J clYf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

2. jhtuj;jpd; mbg; gFjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fis vOJf.

jhs; - ney;> Nfo;tuF Kjypatw;wpd; mb
jz;L - fPiu> thio Kjypatw;wpd; mb
Nfhy; - nel;b> kpsfha;r; nrb Kjypatw;wpd; mb
J}W - Fj;Jr; nrb> Gjh; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
jl;L my;yJ jl;il – fk;G> Nrhsk; Kjypatw;wpd; mb
fop - fUk;gpd; mb
fio - %q;fpypd; mb
mb - Gsp> Ntk;G Kjypatw;wpd; mb

3. jhtuj;jpd; gpQ;R tifg; ngah; ahit?

G+k;gpQ;R - G+NthL $ba ,sk;gpQ;R
gpQ;R - ,sk; fha;
tL - khk;gpQ;R
%R - gyhg;gpQ;R
ft;it - vs;gpQ;R
FUk;ig - njd;id> gid Kjypatw;wpd; ,dk;gpQ;R
Kl;;Lf; FUk;ig - rpW FUk;ig
,sePh; - Kw;whj Njq;fha;
Eoha; - ,sk;ghf;F
fr;ry; - thiog; gpQ;R
fUf;fy; - ,sney;
-
4. nfl;Lg;Nghd fha;fdp tiffSf;fhd ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
#k;gy ; - Edpapy; RUq;fpa fha;
rptpay; - RUq;fpa gok;
nrhj;ij - GOG+r;rp mhpj;j fha; my;yJ fdp
ntk;gy; - #l;bdhy; gOj;j gpQ;R
mspay; - FSFSj;j gok;
mOfy; - FSFSj;J ehwpa gok; my;yJ fha;
nrhz;L - gjuha;g; Nghd kpsfha;
Njiuf;fha; - Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;lfha;
my;ypf;fha; - Njiu mkh;e;jjpdhy; nfl;l Njq;fha;
xy;ypf;fha; - njd;idapy; nfl;l fha;
Nfhl;lhd;fha; my;yJ $iff;fha; -Nfhl;lhd; cl;fhh;e;jjpdhy;
nfl;l fha;.

5. jhdpaq;fSf;F toq;Fk; nrhw;fisr; rhd;Wld; vOJf.

11
 $yk; - ney;> Gy;(fk;G) Kjypa jhdpaq;fs;
gaW - mtiu. cSe;J Kjypait
fliy - Nth;f;fliy> nfhz;ilf; fliy Kjypait
tpij - fj;jhp> kpsfha; Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
fho; - Gsp> fhQ;rpiu(er;R kuk;) Kjypatw;wp;d; tpij
Kj;J - Ntk;G> Mkzf;F Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
nfhl;il - kh> gid Kjypatw;wpd; tpj;J
Njq;fha; - njd;idapd; tpj;J
Kjpiu - mtiu> Jtiu Kjypa gaWfs;.

6. jkpo;ehl;bd; nghUs;tsj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.

jkpo;ehL vj;Jizg; nghUs;tsKilanjd;gJ> mjd;
tpisnghUs; tiffis Nehf;fpdhNy tpsq;Fk;.
NfhJik tiffs;:
rk;ghf;NfhJik> Fz;Lf;NfhJik>thw;NfhJik Kjypa
rpytiffNs cz;L.
ney; tiffs;:
jkpo;ehl;L ney;ypNyh nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;> fhh;ney; vd;Wk;
rk;gh> kl;il> fhh; vd;Wk; gy tiffs; cz;L.
rk;gh tiffs;:
Mtpuk;g+r;rk;gh> Midf;nfhk;gd; rk;gh>Fz;Lr; rk;gh>
Fjpiuthypr; rk;gh>rpWkzpr; rk;gh>rPufr;rk;gh Kjypa mWgJ
cs;tiffs;; cs;sd.
rpW$yq;fs;:
tuF> fhilf; fz;zp> Fjpiuthyp Kjypa rpW$yq;fs;
jkpo;ehl;byd;wp Ntnwq;Fk; tpistjpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;Ls;Sk;
njd;dhl;bNyNa mit tpisfpd;wd. ,itNa jkpo;ehl;bd;
nghUs;tsj;jpw;fhd rhd;WfshFk;.

neLtpdh:
1. jkpopd; nrhy;tsk; gw;wpAk; Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit
Fwpj;Jk; jkpo; kd;wj;jpy; NgRtjw;fhd ciuf; Fwpg;Gfis vOJf.
“nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r; nrhy;Ny - mijj;
njhOJ gbj;jplb ghg;gh” – ghujpahh;.
xU ehl;L tsj;jpw;Fj; jf;fgbNa> me;ehl;L kf;fspd;
mwpnthOf;fq;fSk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ
nkhopahjypd;> mJNt xU ehl;lhhpd; my;yJ ,dj;jhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij
mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j topahFk;. nghUisf; $h;e;J Nehf;fp Ez;ghFghL
nra;J mtw;wpw;Nfw;gg; gUg;nghUl;nrhw;fSk; Ez;nghUl;nrhw;fSk;
mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ> rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;Nf ,aYk;.
mj;jifa kjpEl;gk; cilatNu jkpoh;.
jkpo;g; nghJkf;fs; cah;e;j gFj;jwpTilah;. vj;JizNah Muha;r;rp
ele;JtUk; ,f;fhyj;jpYk; vj;JizNah nkhopfspdpd;W fld;nfhz;l
Mq;fpy nkhopapYk; E}ypYk; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f „Leaf‟ vd xNu nrhy;
cs;sJ. Mq;fpy E}y;fspYk; NtW gy tiffspy; ,iyfisg; ghFghL
nra;jdNuad;wp> jkpo;g; nghJkf;fisg; Nghy td;ik nkd;ik gw;wpj; jhs;>
,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL nra;jhhpy;iy. jkpopy; G+tpd;
epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fisf; fhz;Nghk;
mUk;G : G++tpd; Njhw;wepiy
NghJ : G+ tphpaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy
kyh;(myh;) : G+tpd; kyh;e;j epiy
tP : kuQ;nrbapdpd;W G+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy

12
 nrk;ky; : G+ thbd epiy
nrhy;tsk; ,yf;fpar; nrk;nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; nghJNtDk;> jkpo;
kl;Lk;mjpy; jiyrpwe;jjhFk;. jkpo;rn ; rhy; tsj;ijg; gyJiwfspYk;
fhzyhk;.
“ntspAyfpy; rpe;jidapy; GjpJ> Gjpjhf
tpise;Js;s vtw;wpDf;Fk; ngah;fnsyhq;fz;L
njspTWj;Jk; glq;fNshL Rtbaha;r; nra;J
nre;jkpior; nrOe;jkp oha;r; nra;jplTk; Ntz;Lk;”
vd;w ghNte;jdpd; ghly;thpfNs Gjpa nrhy;yhf;fj;ij
typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
„nrhy;gtd; fUjpa nghUisf; Nfl;gtd; vspjpy; czu ty;yjha;g; gioad
fope;Jk; Gjpad GFe;Jk; jpUj;jk; va;jp epw;wNy jpUe;jpa
gz;ngdg;gLk;‟vd;gJ nrk;nkhopapd; ,yf;fzf; $Wfspy; xd;whFk;.
,f;$w;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ek;Kila NjitfSf;Nfw;whw;Nghyg; Gjpa Gjpa
nghUl;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L ehl;NlhWk; cyfpy; cytp tUfpd;wd. cytp
tUk; mg;nghUl;fSf;Fg; Gjpa nrhw;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Njitiar;
nrk;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop ,g;G+Tyfpw;F thhptoq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
rhd;W:
Facebook - KfE}y;> Whatsapp - Gydk;> website - tiyj;jsk;>
mouse - Rl;;b> touch screen – njhLjpiu.

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. gpd;tUk; epytiffspd; ngah;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J
tFg;giwapy; gfph;f.
jhpR - tpisr;ry; ,y;yhj epyk;
rpty; - rptg;G kz; epiwe;j epyk;
fhpry; - mjpfkhd ePiu cwpQ;Rk; jd;ik cila epyk;
Kuk;G – twz;l epyk;. gUf;iff; fw;fshyhfpa Nkl;Lepyk;
Gwk;Nghf;F - ,iwapyp epyk;
Rty; - Nkl;L epyk;
mty; - tpis epyk;.

2. xU nghUs; jUk; gy nrhw;fisg; gl;baypLf.

nrhy;Yjy; - NgRjy;> tpsk;Gjy;> nrg;Gjy;> ciuj;jy;> $wy;>
,ak;gy;>
nkhopjy;
ngz; - eq;if> tdpij> Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij>
mhpit>
njhpit> ijay;> khJ
ahid – thuzk;> Ntok;> gpb> fspW> fhp
moF - ftpd;> tdg;G> vopy;
fly; - Mop> ngstk;> Ntiy> rKj;jpuk;> guit
%q;fpy; - fio> Nta;> mik.

nra;As; - ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; - re;jf;ftpkzp

jkpoofdhh;
gyTs; njhpf.
1. ‘nkj;j tzpfyd;’ vd;Dk; njhlhpy; jkpoofdhh; Fwpg;gpLtJ
m. tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk;
M. ngUk; tzpfKk; ngUk;fyd;fSk;

13
 ,. Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
<. tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; mzpfyd;fSk;
tpil: m. tzpff; fg;gy;fSk; Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSk;

2. tpz;NzhLk; KfpNyhLk; cLf;fNshLk; fjputNdhLk; flNyhLk;

,izj;Jg; Ngrg;gLtJ
m. lr;R M. jkpo; ,. Mq;fpyk; <. njYq;F
tpil: M. jkpo

3. fly; jUk; rq;Ffspd; tiffs;

m. ehd;F M. ,uz;L ,. %d;W <. Ie;J
tpil: ,. %d;W

4. Mop> Nkty; vd;gdtw;wpd; nghUs;

m. fly;> ngWjy; M. jkpo;>ngUFjy; ,. Nkfk;>miljy; <. Kfpy;>tUjy;
tpil: m. fly;> ngWjy;

5. jkpoofdhhpd; ghly;fspd; njhFg;G

m. jkpo;f;fly; M. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L ,. jdpnkhop <. jdpj;jkpo;
tpil: M. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L

6. re;jf;ftpkzp vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgth;

m. ghthzh; M. ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh; ,. jkpoofdhh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu
tpil: ,. jkpoofdhh;

7. jkpoofdhhpd; ,aw;ngah;
m. mg;ghj;Jiu M. ,sq;Fkudhh; ,. NrhkRe;juk; <. rz;KfRe;juk;
tpil: <. rz;KfRe;juk

8. jkpoofdhh; gilj;j rpw;wpyf;fpa E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if

m. gd;dpuz;L M. gjpndhd;W ,. gj;J <. xd;gJ
tpil: m. gd;dpuz;L

9. “epj;jk; mizfple;Nj rq;fj;jth; fhf;f”,t;tbfis xj;jpUf;Fk; flypd;

nray;
m. flypy; Njhd;Wk; rq;Ffisf; fiufhzhjthW mizj;jy;;
M. ePuiyiaj; jLj;J epWj;jpr; rq;fpidf; fhj;jy;
,. %tifr; rq;fpidj; jUk; fliyf; fhj;jy;
<. fly; jd; miyfshy; rq;fpid ntspNa js;Sjy;
tpil: M. ePuiyiaj; jLj;J epWj;jpr; rq;fpidf; fhj;jy;

10. fhf;f vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G

m. nganur;rk; M. tpidnar;rk; ,. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W <. njhopw;ngah;
tpil: ,. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf.
1. Kj;jkpo;> Kr;rq;fk; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;
2. fhf;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
3. fple;jJ> Ja;g;gJ> fz;lJ – xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;Wf;fs;.

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;:

14
 1. Ja;g;gJ - Ja; + g; + g; +m + J
Ja; - gFjp
g; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
m - rhhpia
J - xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.

ghliyg; gbj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

“Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy; Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;
nkj;j tzpfyKk; Nktyhy; - epj;jk;
mizfple;Nj rq;fj; jth;fhf;f Mopf;F
,izfple;j Njjkpo; <z;L.
1. ,g;ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}y; -------
m. ew;wpiz M. Ky;iyg;ghl;L ,. FWe;njhif <. jdpg;ghly; jpul;L
2. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzp
m. jPtf mzp M. tQ;rg;Gfo;rr ; p mzp ,. ,ul;Lwnkhopjy mzp <.epuy;epiw
mzp
3. jopOf;F ,izaha;g; ghlypy; nghUj;jg;gLtJ
m. rq;fg; gyif M. mzpfyd; ,. Gyth;fs; <. fly;
4. njhopw;ngah; my;yhj nrhy;
m. Ja;g;gjhy; M. Nktyhy; ,. fz;ljhy; <. mzpfyd;
5. ,g;ghliy ,aw;wpath;
m. ghthzh; M. jkpoofdhh; ,. ,sq;Fkudhh; <. mg;ghj;Jiu

FWtpdh:
1. jw;fhy ciueilapy; rpNyil mikAk; eaj;jpw;F Xh;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf
xU nrhy;Nyh> nrhw;nwhlNuh ,U nghUs;gl tUtJ rpNyil
vdg;gLk;.
jpU. fp.th.[. eifr;RitahfTk; rpNyilahfTk; NgRtjpy;
ty;yth;. mth; xU
Kiw GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; jk; ez;gh; tPl;by; czT cz;Zk;NghJ>
urk; Cw;wpa NghJ> vd;d ,J gourkh? vdf; Nfl;f> clNd
ez;gh;> ,J GJurk;jhd; vd;whh;. mjw;Ff; fp.th.[. ,J jf;fhsp
urkh? vdf; Nfl;Nld; vd;whh;.
,jpy; „gourk;‟ vd;gJ gioa urk;> jf;fhspg;go urk; vd;W
rpNyilahf mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.

2. jkpo;> flNyhL xj;jpUj;jiy ,ul;Lwnkhoptjd; %yk; ngWk;

gaidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jkpo;> flNyhL xj;jpUj;jiy ,ul;Lw nkhoptjd; %yk; jkpopd;
ngUik Mog;gLfpwJ: tphpTgLfpwJ.

3. ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzp - nghUs; jUf

xU nrhy;Nyh> nrhw;nwhlNuh ,UnghUs;gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw
nkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; rpNyil mzp vd;Wk;
miog;gh;. nra;AspYk; ciueilapYk; Nkilg;Ngr;rpYk;
rpNyilfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

rpWtpdh:
1. jkpoofdhh; jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;LwnkhopAk; ghq;fpid tpsf;F.
“Kj;jkpo; Ja;g;gjhy; Kr;rq;fk; fz;ljhy;

15
 nkj;j tzpfyKk; Nktyhy; - epj;jk;
mizfple;Nj rq;fj; jth;fhf;f Mopf;F
,izfple;j Njjkpo; <z;L.
jkpo; : jkpo;> ,ay; ,ir ehlfk; vd Kj;jkpoha; tsh;e;jJ. Kjy;>
,il> fil
Mfpa Kr;rq;fq;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Ik;ngq;fhg;gpaq;fis
mzpfyd;fshfg; ngw;wJ@ rq;fg; gyifapy; mkh;e;jpUe;j rq;fg;Gyth;fshy;
fhf;fg;gl;lJ.
fly;: fly;> Kj;jpidAk; mkpo;jpidAk; jUfpwJ. ntz;rq;F> ryQ;ryk;>
ghQ;rrd;ak; Mfpa %d;W tifahd rq;Ffisj; jUfpwJ. kpFjpahd
tzpff; fg;gy;fs; nry;Yk;gb ,Uf;fpwJ. jd; miyahy; rq;fpidj; jLj;J
epWj;jpf; fhf;fpwJ.,t;thW jkpioAk; fliyAk; ,ul;Lwnkhope;Js;shh;
jkpoofdhh.;

Jizg;ghlk; - ciueilapd;mzpeyd;fs; -
vopy;Kjy;td;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. vopy;Kjy;tdpd; ,aw;ngah;
m. ,uhkypq;fk;gps;is M. kh. ,uhkypq;fk; ,. ,uhkypq;f
mbfs;
tpil: M. kh. ,uhkypq;fk;
2. „ciueilapd; mzpfyd;fs;‟ vd;Dk; fl;Liu ,lk;ngWk; E}y;
m. ,dpf;Fk; epidTfs; M. Gjpa ciueil ,. vq;nfq;F
fhzpDk;
tpil: M. Gjpa ciueil
3. vopy;Kjy;tdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp ghpR ngw;w E}y;
m. ,dpf;Fk; epidTfs; M. Gjpa ciueil ,. vq;nfq;F
fhzpDk;
tpil: M. Gjpa ciueil

neLtpdh
1. xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vOJf.
#oy; - ntspehl;bypUe;J cq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk;
cwtpdhpd; kfSf;Fj; jkpo;nkhopiag; Ngr kl;LNk njhpAk;.
Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; gbj;j mthplk; jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gg;
gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
,lk;: fz;zd; tPL
ciuahLgth;fs;:; fz;zd;> Nfhij
fz;zd;: tzf;fk;. vq;fs; tPl;bw;F te;jjpy; kfpo;rr ; p.
Nfhij: tzf;fk;. ehd; fy;Y}hp tpLKiwapy; cs;Nsd;.
mjdhy; ehd; fw;Fk;
Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;NjhL jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; xg;gpl;Lf;
fw;Fk; gapw;rppiaj; njhlu te;Njd;.
fz;zd;: ed;W. nrd;wKiw jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;jha;
my;yth?
,d;W ciueil gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;.
Nfhij: jkpopy; ciueilah?
fz;zd;: Mk;. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; jkpopy;
ciueil
E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. rpWfij> Gjpdk;> fl;Liu Nghd;wit
ciueil tbtq;fNs. ePAk; ehDk; Ngrpdhy;

16
 ciuahly;> vOjpdhy; ciueil. ,d;W ngUk;ghd;ik
,yf;fpaq;fs; ciueil tbtpy;jhd; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Nfhij: jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gfisf; $Wq;fs;.
fz;zd;: czh;r;rpfisf;fhl;l ctik nfhz;l nkhopeilNa
Vw;w fUtp.
,jw;Fr; rhd;whf> eh.ghh;j;jrhujpapd; „FwpQ;rp kyh;‟
E}iyr; nrhy;yyhk;. ciueilapy; ctikiatpl
cUtfNk czh;Tfisj; J}z;b vOg;Gtjpy;
ntw;wpngWfpwJ. ,jw;F>
“Kfepytpy; tpah;it Kj;Jfs; Jsph;j;jd” vd;gNj
rhd;W.
Nfhij: mUik. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia ciueilapy;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wduh?
fz;zd;: Mk;. ,jid ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; “,iz
xg;G”vd;fpNwhk;. ,e;eilf;F t. uhkrhkpapd; “kioAk;
GaYk;”vDk; E}ypy; cs;s>“|GNuhfpjUf;fhf mkhthir
fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy”vd;w thpiar; nrhy;yyhk;. NkYk;>
m/wpizg; nghUl;fis cah;jpizahff; fUjp
fw;gidapy; vOJk; “,yf;fiz”ciueilapy; cz;L.
,e;eilapy; jpU.tp.f. vOjpAs;shh;.
Nfhij: ciueilapy; nra;Aisg; Nghd;W Xirapd;gk; cz;lh?
fz;zd;: Nkhid vJif eaq;f; is ciueilapy;
gad;gLj;JNthh; gyUz;L.
mth;fSs; nrhy;ypd;nry;th; ,uh.gp.NrJg;gps;isapd;
“jkpopd;gk;” rhd;whfpwJ.
Nfhij: mUik! czh;T ntspg;ghl;bw;Fk; nrhy;yg;gLk;
fUj;jpw;F mOj;jk; juTk; NtW cj;jpfs; cz;lh?
fz;zd;: nrhy;iyNah fUj;ijNah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;YjYk;
nrhw;fis
msthfg; gad;gLj;jYk; ciueilf;F moF Nrh;f;Fk;.
K.tujuhrdhhpd;>„ek; ehl;Lg;gw;W‟vd;Dk; fl;Liu
,e;eilapy; moFw mike;Js;sJ.
Nfhij: NtNwJk; cj;jpfs; ,Uf;Fkhapd; nrhy;Yq;fs;.
fz;zd;: gbg;gtUf;F Kuz;gLtJ Nghy ,Uf;Fk;: cz;ikapy;
Kuz;glhj nka;k;ikiar; nrhy;YtJ> “Kuz;gL
nka;k;ik (Paradox)”. Kuz;gl;l nrhw;fis vOJTj
“nrhy; Kuz; (oxymoron)”. nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy;
mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk;GjpUkhd Kuz;gLk;
fUj;Jf;fis mikj;J vOJtJ “vjphpiz ,irT
(Antithesis)”. ,itNa Kuz;Ritfs;.
Nfhij: Nfl;Fk;NghjpNyNa rpyph;gG ; cz;lhfpwNj!
fz;zd;: ,itkl;Lkh! tpiljuNtz;ba Njitapy;yhky;
Nfs;tpapNyNa gjpy; jUk; czh;r;rp ntspg;ghl;L
eilAk; cz;L. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf mwpQh; mz;zh
nghpahiug; gw;wp nkhope;j ciuapidr; nrhy;yyhk;.
Nfhij: czh;r;rpapd; cr;repiy(Climax) vd;d?
fz;zd;: nrhy;iyNah fUj;ijNah mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk;
Kiwapy; cs;s rpwg;Ng czh;r ; ;rpapd; cr;repiy.
ghujpapd; ehl;L;g; gw;W ciuapy; ,jidf; fhzyhk;.
Nfhij: kpf;f kfpo;rr ; p! ePq;fs; jkpo; ciueilr; nrOikiar;
rpwg;Gwf; $wp. jkpo;g; gbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ij NkYk;
J}z;btpl;Bh;fs;. ed;wp.

17
 fz;zd;: tzf;fk;!

2. ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs; gw;wpa vopy;Kjy;td;

fUj;Jf;fis vOJf.
Kd;Diu:
rq;f ,yf;fpak; ek; ghl;ldhh; Njhg;G @ ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek;
je;ijahh; Njhl;lk;. ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; g+q;fh. Njhg;G <e;j gad;fisAk;
Njhl;lk; je;j eaq;fisAk; g+q;fhtpd; mofpidAk; xd;W Nrh;j;J>
vopy;Kjy;td; jhd; vOjpa “Gjpa ciueil” vd;Dk; E}ypy;
“ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; je;Js;shh;. ,J
Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspd; epuy;:
,f;fhyj;jpy; Gjpa ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; Njhd;wpapUf;fpd;wd. rq;fg;
ghly;fSf;Fg; gpd; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; mw ,yf;fpaq;fshfp> fhg;gpaq;fshfp>
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fshfp> re;jf; ftpijfshfp> GJf; ftpijfshfp ,g;NghJ etPd
ftpijfspy; te;J epw;fpwJ. ciueilapd; tsh;r;rpNah mstw;wjhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cUtfj;jpd; rpwg;G:
ehk;> ek; ,yf;fpaq;fis Ma;e;Njhkhdhy; ctik> cUtfk; ,y;yhg;
ghlNy ,y;iy. mt;tifapy;>
“jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpd; moifg; ghhg;gjw;nfd;Nw
,aw;if gjpj;J itj;j ,uz;L nghpa
epiyf;fz;zhbfisg; Nghy; tlGwKk;>
njd;GwKk; ePh;epiwe;j fz;kha;fs;” vd;W
FwpQ;rp kyh; vd;Dk; E}ypy; eh. ghh;j;jrhujp gad;gLj;jpa ctik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. NkYk;>
„ctikAk; nghUSk; Ntw;Wik xoptpj;J
xd;nwd khl;bd;
m/J cUtfkhFk;” vd;W
cUtfj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jth; jz;b. ek; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ctikia
tpl cUtfNk czh;Tfisj; J}z;b vOg;Gtjpy; ntw;wp ngWfpd;wJ.
m/wpizg; nghUs; cah;jpizahjy;:
ek; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; m/wpizg; nghUs;fisAk; cah;jpizahff;
fUjpf; fw;gid nra;J vOjpAs;sdh;. ,yf;fzj;jpYk; >
njhy;fhg;gpah;>“QhapW> jpq;fs;> neQ;rk; Nghd;w m/wpizg; nghUs;fs;>
“nrhy;Ye NghyTk;> Nfl;Fe NghyTk; nrhy;ypahq;F mikAk;” vd;W vOJk;
jpwj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whh;. caph; ,y;yhj nghUs;fis caph; cs;sd
NghyTk;> czh;T ,y;yhj nghUs;fis czh;Tilad NghyTk; fw;gid
nra;tJz;L vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;.
ciueilapy; vJif Nkhid:
ghf;fs; ,aw;Wk; NghJ ,dpa Xirapd;gj;jpw;fhf vJif> Nkhid
gad;gLj;JtJ cz;L. mJNghy; ciueilapYk; vJif> Nkhid
gad;gLj;jpj; jd;Dila eilapy; ntw;wp fz;lth; nrhy;ypd; nry;th;. ,uh.
gp. NrJg;gps;is mth;fs;.
v.fh: njd;wy; mire;JtUk;> njd;jkpo; ehl;by; mike;j
jpUf;Fw;whyk;>
kiytsk; gilj;j gok;gjpahFk;.
ciueilapy; K.t. tpd; moF:
czh;T ntspg;ghl;bw;Fk;> nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;jpw;F mOj;jk; juTk;>
nrhy;iyNah> fUj;ijNah jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;tJz;L. ,ijj; jd;
fl;Liuj; njhFg;gpy; ntspg;gLj;jp ntw;wpf;fy; ehl;bath; K.tujuhrdhh;.
v.fh.: tho;f;if elj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUsfs;gy Ntz;Lk;

18
 mhprp fha;>fdp Kjypait Ntz;Lk;
cil> tPL Kjypait Ntz;Lk;
fhRk; fhfpj Nehl;Lk; Ntz;Lk;
,tw;iw MSk; mwpTk; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W $Wtjpy; ciueilapy; mth; fhl;ba Nghf;F nefpo;rr ; piaj; jUfpwJ.
czh;rr ; papd; cr;repiy:
czh;r;rpapd; cr;repiy vd;gJ nrhy;iyNah> fUj;ijNah
mLj;jLj;J itf;Fk; KiwapNy cs;s rpwg;G.
v.fh.: “,e;jpahjhd; vd;Dila Nkhl;rk;>
,e;jpahtpd; ed;ikjhd; vd; ed;ik>
,e;jpahjhd; vd; ,sikapd; nkj;ij
vd; nastdj;jpd; ee;jtdk;
vd; fpof;fhyj;jpd; fhrp” vd;W
jkpo;f;ftpQh; ghujp ek; ehl;il cah;j;jpf; $Wtjpy; czh;r;rp cr;rk;
njhLtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
KbTiu:
,t;thW rq;fg;GytUk; ,izaj;jkpoDk; elj;jpa ciuahlypy;>
ctik> cUtfk; ghf;fspy; mike;j tpjk;> czh;r;rpapd; cr;repiy kw;Wk;
ciueilapy; vJif> Nkhidapd; mikg;G Mfpad Fwpj;J NkYk; gy
nra;jpfisr; rhd;WfSld; fz;Nlhk;.

,yf;fzk; - vOj;J> nrhy;

gyTs;:
1. „Nfl;lth; kfpog; ghba ghly; ,J‟ njhlhpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s njhopw;ngaUk;
tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; KiwNa
m.ghba>Nfl;lth; M.ghly;> ghba ,.Nfl;lth;> ghba <.ghly;> Nfl;lth;
tpil: <.ghly;> Nfl;lth;

2. rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vd;git
m. xd;wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tUgit
M. %tif msngilfis kl;Lk; rhh;e;J tUgit
,. KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tUgit
<. xU nkhopiar; rhh;e;J tUgit
tpil: ,. KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tUgit

3. msngil vd;gjd; nghUs;

m. FWfp xypj;jy; M. jphpjy; ,. ePz;L xypj;jy; <. XirkhWglhJ
xypj;jy;
tpil: ,. ePz;L xypj;jy;

4. msngilapd; tiffs;
m. 3 M. 4 ,. 2 <. 5
tpil: ,. 2

5. nra;Aspy; nra;Aspir msngil (,irepiw msngil) ,lk;ngWk; ,lk;

m. Kjy; M. ,il ,. ,Wjp <. ,it %d;Wk;
tpil: <. ,it %d;Wk;

6. nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf msngLg;gJ

m. ,d;dpirasngil M. nrhy;ypirasngil ,. nra;Aspirasngil <.
xw;wsngil

19
tpil: m. ,d;dpirasngil

7. xw;wsngilahf tUk; vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

m. 10 M. 11 ,. 3 <. 2
tpil: M. 11

8. nt//Fthh;f;fpy;iy> vLg;gJ}ck; - ,r;nrhw;fspy; cs;s msngilfs;

m. xw;wsngil>nrhy;ypirasngil M. ,d;dpirmsngil>
nrhy;ypirmsngil
,. xw;wsngil> ,d;dpir msngil <. xw;wsngil nra;Aspirasngil
tpil: ,. xw;wsngil> ,d;dpir msngil

9. nrhy; vd;gJ
m. Xh; vOj;Jj; jdpj;J cr;rhpf;fg;gLtJ
M. gy vOj;Jf;fs; Nrh;e;J nghUs; jUtJ
,. ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fs; Nrh;e;J nghUs; jUtJ
<. Xh; vOj;Jj; jdpj;Njh gy vOj;JfNshL Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ
tpil: <. Xh; vOj;Jj; jdpj;Njh gy vOj;JfNshL Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ

10. nghJnkhopf;Fr; rhd;W

m. fz;zd; M. ghLfpwhd; ,. vl;L <. rpwg;G
tpil: ,. vl;L

11. jhkiu vd;gJ

m. nghJnkhop M. jdpnkhop ,. njhlh;nkhop <. jkpo;nkhop
tpil: m. nghJnkhop

12. njhopiyr; nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf; Fwpg;gJ

m. njhopw;ngah; M. Kjdpiyjphpe;j njhopw;ngah; ,. Kjdpiyj;
njhopw;ngah; <.tpidahyizAk; ngah;
tpil: <.tpidahyizAk; ngah;

13. el - ,t;tpidabapd; njhopw;ngah; tpFjp my;yhJ te;j nrhy;

m.elj;jy; M. elthik ,.elj;j <. Eil
tpil: ,.elj;j

14. „tpFjp ngwhky; tpidg; gFjpNa njhopw;ngauhjy;‟ vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W

m. ciu M. ciuj;jy; ,. ciuahik <. ciuahly;
tpil: m. ciu

15. elthik vd;Dk; nrhy;

m. njhopw;ngah; M. vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;
,. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; <. Kjdpiyj; jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
tpil: M. vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;

16. #L vd;gJ
m. njhopw;ngah; M. vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;
,. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; <. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
tpil: <. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;

20
 17. nghUj;Jf.
1. nrhy;ypir msngil - m. ,aw;wpath;
2. nghJnkhop - M. Xxjy; Ntz;Lk;
3. tpidahyizAk;ngah; - ,. cudir,
4. nra;Aspir msngil - <. Ntq;if
m. 1-<> 2-,> 3-m> 4-M M. 1-,> 2-<> 3-m> 4-M
,. 1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-, <. 1-m> 2-<> 3-M> 4-,
tpil: M. 1-,> 2-<> 3-m> 4-M

18. nghUj;Jf
1. tpidKw;W - m. ngW> nfL
2. njhopw;ngah; - M. fl;L> ciu
3. Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah;- ,. va;jy;><jy;
4. tpidab - <. va;Jk;> ele;jhd;
m. 1-<> 2-,> 3-M> 4-m M. 1-,> 2-m> 3-<> 4-M
,. 1-<> 2-,> 3-m> 4-M <. 1-m> 2-,> 3-M> 4-<
tpil: m. 1-<> 2-,> 3-M> 4-m

FWtpdh:
1. „Ntq;if‟ vd;gijj; njhlh;nkhopahfTk; nghJnkhopahfTk; NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lf.
 Ntq;if – kuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
Ntk; + if vdj; njhlh;nkhopahfg; gphpe;J epd;W Ntfpd;w if
vdg; nghUs; jUk;.
Ntq;if vDk; nrhy; ,UnghUs;fSf;Fk; nghJtha; miktjhy;
nghJnkhopahfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

2. “cLg;gJ}ck; cz;gJ}ck; fhzpd; gpwh;Nky;

tLf;fhz; tw;whFk; fPo;” - ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s msngilapd;
tifiar; Rl;b mjd; ,yf;fzk; jUf.
cLg;gJ}ck;> cz;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpirasngilfs;
,r;nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa Xirf;fhf
msngLj;Js;sjhy; ,d;dpirasngil mike;Js;sJ.

3. ,yf;fzk; vd;why; vd;d?

nkhopiaj; njspTwg; NgrTk; vOjTk; cjTtJ ,yf;fzk;.
nkhopapd;
rpwg;Gfis mwpaTk; ,yf;fzk; Jiz nra;Ak;.

4. rhh;ngOj;Jfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit>
caph;nka;>Ma;jk;>capusngil>
xw;wsngil>Fw;wpaYfuk;>Fw;wpaypfuk;> Ifhuf;FWf;fk;>
xsfhuf;FWf;fk;>
kfuf;FWf;fk;> Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd;gd MFk;.

5. msngil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?

msngil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit>
capusngil
xw;wsngil vd;gd MFk;.

21
6. capusngil vd;why; vd;d?
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ> mjid epiwT nra;a> nkhopf;F
KjypYk;>,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epw;fpw caph; nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk;
jj;jk; mstpy; ePz;L xypf;Fk;. mijf;Fwpf;f nel;nlOj;Jfspd; ,dkhd
Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; mtw;wpd; gpd;dhy; tUk;. ,t;thW tUtJ capusngil
vdg;gLk; v.L: cwhmh;f;F

7. nra;Aspir msngil vd;why; vd;d?

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ mjid epiwT nra;a>
nel;nlOj;Jfs; msngLj;jiyr; nra;Aspir msngil vd;gh;. ,jid
,irepiw msngil vd;Wk; $Wth;.
v.fh: Xxjy; Ntz;Lk; - nkhop Kjy;
cwhmh;f;F cWNeha; - nkhopapil
ey;y glhm giw - nkhopapWjp

8. nrhy;ypir msngil vd;why; vd;d?

nra;Aspy; xU ngah;r;nrhy; vr;rr; nrhy;yhfj; jphpe;J msngLg;gJ
nrhy;ypir msngil MFk;.
v.fh: cudir,
eir – tpUg;gk;: tpUk;gp vd;Dk; nghUs; jUtjw;fhf eir,
vd;W msngLj;jJ. ngah;r;nrhy;> tpid milahf khwpaJ.

9. xw;wsngil vd;why; vd;d?

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; NghJ mij epiwT nra;a
nka;naOj;Jf;fshd q;>Q;>z;>e;>k;> d;>t;>a;>y;>s; Mfpa gj;Jk;> / vd;Dk; Ma;j
vOj;Jk; msngLg;gJ xw;wsngil MFk;.
v.fh: nt//Fthh;f;fpy;iy tPL

10. nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?

Xh; vOj;J jdpj;Njh> gy vOj;Jfs; Nrh;e;Njh nghUs; jUtJ nrhy;
MFk;. mJ> ,U jpizfisAk; Ie;J ghy;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk;. %tif
,lq;fspYk; tUk;: cyf tof;fpYk; nra;As; tof;fpYk; tUk;.
ntspg;gilahfTk; Fwpg;ghfTk; tUk;.
v.fh.– if> jpd;wJ
11. %tif nkhopfs; ahit?
%tif nkhopfs;>
 jdpnkhop
 njhlh;nkhop
 nghJ nkhop vd;gdthFk;.

12. jdp nkhop vd;why; vd;d?

xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ jdpnkhop MFk;.
 v.fh. fz;> gb – gfhg;gjk;
 fz;zd;> gbj;jhd; - gFgjk.;

13. njhlh;nkhop vd;why; vd;d?

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdpnkhopfs; njhlh;e;J te;J
nghUs; jUtJ
njhlh;nkhop MFk;.
v.fh. fz;zd; te;jhd;.

14. nghJnkhop vd;why; vd;d?

22
 xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk;> mr;nrhy;Ny gphpe;J
epd;W NtW
nghUisAk; je;J jdpnkhopf;Fk;> njhlh;nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha;
miktJ nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: vl;L – vz;> vs; J – vs;is cz;.

15. njhopw;ngah; vd;why; vd;d?

xU tpid my;yJ nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ngauhdJ vz;>
,lk;> fhyk;>
ghy; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;ghfNth> ntspg;gilahfNth
czh;j;jhky; tUtJ njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.: tho;f;if> fhl;rp.

16. tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngah;> vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; - tpsf;Ff.

tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngah;:
tpidabAld; tpFjp Nrh;tjhy; cUthFk; njhopw;ngah;
tpFjpngw;w njhopw;ngah; MFk;. v.fh.: Msy;
vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;:
vjph;kiwg; nghUspy; tUk; njhopw;ngah; vjph;kiwj;
n;jhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;. rhd;W: elthik> nfhy;yhik.

17. Kjdpiyj; njhopw;;ngah;> Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; -

tpsf;Ff.
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;:
njhopw;ngahpy; tpFjp ngwhky; tpidg;gFjpNa njhopw;ngauhjy;
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.: jl;L> mb
Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;:
njhopw;ngah;r;nrhy; tpFjp ngwhky;> gFjpahfpa Kjdpiy
jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh.: #L

18. tpidahyizAk; ngah; vd;why; vd;d?

xU tpidKw;W ngahpd; jd;ikia mile;J Ntw;Wik
cUG Vw;Wk;
Vw;fhkYk; NtnwhU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ
tpidahyizAk; ngah vdg;gLk;. ,J ji;ik> Kd;dpiy>
glh;f;if> Mfpa %d;W ,lq;fspYk; %d;W fhyq;fspYk; tUk;.
v.fh: nghWj;jhh; G+kpahs;thh;.

rpWtpdh:
1. „mwpe;jJ> mwpahjJ> Ghpe;jJ> GhpahjJ> njhpe;jJ> njhpahjJ>
gpwe;jJ> gpwthjJ‟
,it midj;ijAk; ahk; mwpNthk;. mJgw;wp ckJ mwpTiu
vkf;Fj; Njit ,y;iy. vy;yhk; vkf;Fj; njhpAk;.
,f;$w;wpy; tz;z vOj;Jfspy; cs;s tpidKw;Wfisj;
njhopw;ngah;fshf
khw;wp vOJf.
tpidKw;Wfs; - njhopw;ngah;
mwpe;jJ – mwpjy;
mwpahjJ – mwpahik
Ghpe;jJ – Ghpjy;

23
 GhpahjJ – Ghpahik
njhpe;jJ – njhpjy;
gpwe;jJ – gpwj;jy;
gpwthjJ – gpwthik.

5. njhopw;;ngah;f;Fk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;Fk; cs;s

NtWghl;il vOJf.

njhopw;ngah; tpidahyizAk;
ngah;
tpid>ngah;j;jd;ikahfp njhopiyr;
tpidiaNa czh;j;jp nra;Ak; fUj;jhitf; Fwpf;Fk;
epw;Fk;
fhyk; fhl;lhJ fhyk; fhl;Lk;
glh;f;iff;Nf %tplj;jpw;Fk;
chpaJ chpaJ
v.fh. ghLjy;> v.fh. ghbats;>
gbj;jy; gbj;jth;

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. Njd;> E}y;> ig> kyh;> th – ,j;jdpnkhopfSld; nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;Jj;
njhlh;nkhopfshf;Ff.
m) Njd; clYf;F ey;yJ.
M) E}y; gy fy;.
,) ig epiwa fdpfs; ,Ue;jd.
<) kyh; kzk; epiwe;jJ.
c) th> Xb tpisahLNthk;.

2. tpid mbia tpFjpfSld; ,izj;Jj; njhopw;ngah;fis cUthf;Ff.

fhz; - fhl;rp> fhZjy;> fhzy;> fhzhik
rphp - rphpg;G> rphpj;jy;> rphpf;fhik
gb - gbg;G> gbj;jy;> gbf;fhik
jL – jLg;G> jLj;jy;> jLf;fhik
eb – ebg;G> ebj;jy;> ebf;fhik

3. jdpnkhop> njhlh;nkhop Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L ciuahliyj; njhlh;f.

mz;zd; : vq;Nf nry;fpwha;? (njhlh;nkhop)
jk;gp : filf;F (jdpnkhop)
mz;zd; : filapy; vd;d thq;Ffpwha;? (njhlh;nkhop)
jk;gp : goq;fs; thq;FfpNwd; (njhlh;nkhop)
mz;zd; : khJisah? (jdpnkhop)
jk;gp : ,y;iy. nfha;ahf;fdp (njhlh;nkhop)
mz;zd; : fpNyh vd;d tpiy? (njhlh;nkhop)
jk;gp : &gha; Ik;gJ (njhlh;nkhop)

4. kiy vd;id mbf;fb miof;Fk;. kiykPJ VWNtd;: Xhplj;jpy; mkh;Ntd;:

NkYk;
fPOk; ghh;g;Ngd;: Rw;WKw;Wk; ghh;g;Ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;.
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s tpidKw;Wfisj; jdpNa vLj;njOjpj;
njhopw;ngah;fshf khw;Wf.
miof;Fk; - mioj;jy; : VWNtd; - VWjy;: mkh;Ntd; - mkh;jy;:

24
 ghh;g;Ngd; - ghh;j;jy;: va;Jk; - va;Jjy;

5. fl;L> nrhl;L> topghL> NfL> Nfhwy; - ,j;njhopw;ngah;fis

tifg;gLj;Jf.
fl;L> nrhl;L> topghL - Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;fs;
NfL - Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
Nfhwy; - tpFjp ngw;w njhopw;ngah.;

nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
gbj;Jr; Ritf;f
ghlypy;> kuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;> ,lj;jpw;Nfw;gg; nghUs; jUtjha; 11
,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jpg; gbj;Jr; Ritf;f.
“kukJ1 kuj;jpy;2 Vwp
kukijj;3 Njhspy; itj;J
kukJ4 kuj;ijf5; fz;L
kuj;jp6 dhy; kuj;ijf;7 Fj;jp
kukJ8 topNa nrd;W
tskidf; NfFk; NghJ
kukJ9 fz;l khjh;
kuKld;10 kuk;11 vLj;jhh;”
jdpg;ghly; jpul;L – Re;juftpuhrh;
murd;> FjpiukPJ Vwp Nty; jhq;fpa NjhNshL Ntl;ilf;Fr; nrd;W>
Ntq;ifg; Gypiaf;fz;L> Ntypdhy; Fj;jpdhd;. Ntl;il Kbj;Jj; jpUk;gp>
muz;kidia mile;jNghJ> mq;fpUe;j ngz;fs; Muj;jp vLj;J
tuNtw;whh;fs; vd;gjid eak; Njhd;wg; ghbg; Gyth; Re;juftpuhah; tpaf;f
itf;fpwhh;.

nkhopngah;g;G
1. If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his
head. If you talk to him in his own language that goes to his heart –
Nelson Mandela.
xU kdpjdplk; mtd; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; nkhopapy; Ngrpdhy;
m/J mtDila mwpitr; nrd;wilAk;. mJNt jha;nkhopapy;
Ngrpdhy; m/J mtDila kdj;ijNa nrd;wilAk; - ney;rd;
kz;Nlyh.
2. Language is the road Map of culture. It tells you where its people
come from and where they are going – Rita Mae Brown.
nkhop vd;gJ xU fyhr;rhuj;jpd; topfhl;b. mk;nkhopNa
me;j kdpjd;> vq;fpUe;J te;jhd;> mtd; vq;Nf nry;fpwhd;
vd;gij ekf;Fg; Ghpa itf;Fk;
-
hPl;lh Nk gpuTd;.
re;jf; ftpijapy; te;j gpiofisj; jpUj;Jf
“NjzpNy Chpa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjUk; rpyg;gjp fhwkij
CdpNy vk;Kaph; cy;yyTk; - epjk;
Xjp Adh;e;jpd; GUNthNk” - ftpkzp Njrpf
tpehafdhh;
tpil:
“NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; - Rit
NjWk; rpyg;gjp fhukij

25
 CdpNy vk;Kaph; cs;ssTk; - epjk;
Xjp Azh;e;jpd; GWNthNk”

fPo;f;fhZk; nrhw;fspd; $l;lg;ngah;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J vOJf

(Ftpay;> Fiy> ke;ij> fl;L)
nrh $l;lg;nga nrh $l;lg;ng
y; h; y; ah;
fy; fw;Ftpay; Gy; Gw;fl;L
gok; gof;Fiy ML Ml;Lke;
ij
rht rhtpf;nfh gR gRepiu
p j;J
vW vWk;Gr;rh tPuh; tPuh;gg
; i
k;G iu l

tpidKw;iw tpidahyizAk; ngauhf khw;wpj; njhlh;fis ,izj;J

vOJf.
1. fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mtiu mioj;J
thUq;fs;.
fiyauq;fj;jpy; vdf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpwtiu mioj;J thUq;fs.;
2. Cl;lkpF czT cz;lhh;. mth; ePz;l tho;ehs; ngw;whh;.
Cl;lkpF czT cz;lth; ePz;l tho;ehs; ngw;whh;.
3. New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jhh;. mth; vd; ez;gh;.
New;W vd;idr; re;jpj;jth; vd; ez;gh;.
4. nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jhh;. Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy;
ntd;whh;.
nghJ mwpT E}y;fisj; Njbg; gbj;jth; Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy;
ntd;whh;.

njhlh;fspy; cs;s tz;zr; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mNj nghUSila

NtWnrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlh;fis kPs vOJf.
1. cyfpy; thOk; kf;fspy; rpyh; fdpapUf;ff; fha; Grpj;jiyg;
Nghy> ,d;nrhy; ,Uf;f td;nrhy; Ngrp ,d;dw;gLfpd;wdh;.
Gtpapy; thOk; khe;jhpy; rpyh; gok; ,Uf;ff; fha; cz;Zjiyg;
Nghy> ,d;nrhy; ,Uf;f td;nrhy; Ngrp ,lh;gLfpd;wdh;.
2. ts;sy; Fkzd; tWikahy; thbte;j GytDf;Fj; jdJ
jiyiaf; nfhLj;J kq;fhg; Gfo; ngw;whd;.
ts;sy; Fkzd; Vo;ikahy; thbte;j ftpQDf;Fj; jdJ
jiyiaj; je;J kq;fhf; fPh;j;jp ngw;whd;.
3. esDk; mtdJ JiztpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L>
me;ehl;L kf;fs; kioKfpy; fz;l kQ;iQ Nghyf; fsp
nfhz;ldh;.
esDk; mtdJ kidtpAk; epljehl;Lf;F te;jijf; fz;L>
me;ehl;L kf;fs; kioNkfk; fz;l kapy; Nghy kfpo;rr ; p
nfhz;ldh;.
4. Nrhiyapw; G+j;j kzkyh;fspy; RUk;Gfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghb
kJTz;ld.
tdj;jpw; G+j;j kzkyh;fspy; tz;Lfs; nkha;j;Jg; gz;ghbj;
NjDz;ld.
5. gRg;Nghy; rhe;jKk; Gyp Nghy; jPuKk; ahid Nghy ciog;Gk;
kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.
ngw;wk;Nghy; mikjpAk; Ntq;if Nghy; tPuKk; fspW Nghy
ciog;Gk; kdpjDf;F Ntz;Lk;.
26
fl;Liu vOJf:
Fkhpf; fly;KidiaAk; Ntq;fl kiyKfl;ilAk; vy;iyahff;
nfhz;l njd;dth; jpUehl;bw;Fg; Gfo; Njbj; je;j ngUik> jifrhy;
jkpod;idiar; rhUk;. vopy;Nrh; fd;dpaha; vd;Wk; jpfOk; mt;td;idf;F>
gps;isj; jkpo; Ngrp> rjfk; rikj;J> guzp ghb> fyk;gfk; fz;L> cyh
te;J> me;jhjp $wp> Nfhit ahj;J> mzpahfg; G+l;b mo$l;b mfk;kpf
kfpo;e;jdh; nre;ehg; Gyth;fs;.
,f;fUj;ijf; fUthff; nfhz;L „rhd;Nwhh; tsh;j;j jkpo;‟ vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOJf.
Kd;Diu:
jkpo;> kpfg; goikahd tuyhw;iwAk; ePz;l ghuk;ghpaj;ijAk; nfhz;L>
vd;Wk; mopahj ,sikNahL $ba Kj;jpiur; rpd;dkhfj; jkpoUf;F
tpsq;FfpwJ. ,j;jkpopd; goikiaAk; rhd;Nwhuhy; tsh;e;j epiyapidAk;
mwpNthkh!
rpw;wpyf;fpa tsh;r;rp:
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tpj;J rq;ffhyj;jpy;
Kistpl;L fhg;gpaj;jpd; xU $whfp> gpd; jdpr; rpw;wpyf;fpakhf tsh;e;jJ.
rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;gJ mstpy; rpwpajhf> mfg;nghUs; my;yJ
Gwg;nghUspy; xU Jiwiag; gw;wpajhf> ghlg;ngWk; flTs; my;yJ kd;dd;
my;yJ ts;sy; MfpNahUila tho;tpd; xU $W kl;LNk nfhz;ljhf>
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vDk; ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fSs; VNjDk;
xd;iwf; nfhz;ljhf miktJ MFk;.
rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y;fs; ghl;bay; E}yfs;;.
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; 96 vd tifg;gLj;jpath; tPukhKdpth; Mthh;. rpw;wpyf;fpa
Nte;jh; „FkuFUguh;” Mthh;.
“gps;isf; ftpKjy; Guhzk; <whfj;
njhz;Zw; whW vd;Dk; njhifajhk;”– gpuge;j kugpay;
gps;isj; jkpo;:
flTisNah> jiytidNah Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J mjd; gj;Jg;
gUtq;fis>
gUtj;Jf;Fg; gj;J tpUj;jg;ghly;fshfg; ghLtJ gp;si ; sj; jkpo; MFk;.
,jw;Fg; gps;isf;ftp> gps;isg;ghl;L vd;w NtWngah;fSk; cz;L. ,/J
Mz;ghw;gps;isj; jkpo;> ngz;ghw;gps;isj;jkpo; vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
gps;isj; jkpohy; jkpo; tsh;j;Njhh;> FkuFUguh; (kPdhl;rpak;ikg;
gps;isj;jkpo;> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;);> mofpa nrhf;fehjh;
(fhe;jpkjpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;)> rptQhdKdpth; (mKjhk;gpif
gps;isj;jkpo;)> kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is (Nrf;fpohh;
gps;isj;jkpo;) Nghd;Nwhh;.
rjfk;:
mfg;nghUs; my;yJ Gwg;nghUspid E}Wghly;fshy; ghLtJ rjfk;
vdg;gLk;.
gonkhopfs;> goq;fijfs>; ePjpfs;> N[hjplf; Fwpg;Gfs;> clypay; fUj;Jfs;>
cstpay; fUj;Jfs; kpFe;j ,yf;fpak; rjfk; MFk;. ,/J Mrphpa
tpUj;jj;jpy; ghlg;gLk;.; Kjy; rjf E}y; Miwf;fpohh; ,aw;wpa „fhh; kz;ly
rjfk;‟ MFk;.
Mj;kehjNjrpfh; (Nrhokz;lyr;rjfk;)> gbf;fhRg;Gyth; (njhz;il
kz;lyr;rjfk;)> FkuFUguh; (FkNurrjfk;) rjhrptk; gps;is (VRehjh;
jpUr;rjfk;) Nghd;Nwhh;> rjfk; ghba ngUikf;Fhpah;.
guzp:
Mapuk; ahidfisg; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; nfhd;W ntw;wp ngw;w tPudpd; rpwg;igg;
ghLtJ guzp vdg;gLk;. guzp 13 cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. tPur;

27
RitAilajhf ,uz;lbj;jhopirahy; ghlg;gLtJ guzp ,yf;fpak;. Kjy;
guzp ,yf;fpak; raq;nfhz;lhhpd; „fypq;fj;Jg;guzp‟ MFk;. ,tiug;;
gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjh;>„guzpf;Nfhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh;‟ vdg; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.
xl;lf;$j;jh; - jf;fahfg; guzp> jj;Jtuhah; – Nkhftijg; guzp;> itj;jpa
ehj Njrpfh; - ghrtijg; guzp vd;Nghh; guzp ghbg; Gfo; ngw;wdh;
fyk;gfk;:
gy tifg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L gytifg; ghf;fs;> gh ,dq;fs;
mikag;ghlg;gLtJ fyk;gfk; MFk;. fyk;gfk; 18 cWg;Gf;fisf; (fyk; -
12> gfk; - 6) nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLtJ MFk;. xl;L nkhj;j rKjhaj;ijAk;
glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ fyk;gfk; MFk;.
Kjy; fyk;gf ,yf;fpak;> %d;whk; ee;jpth;kidg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytdhff;
nfhz;l „ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;‟ MFk;. ,ul;ilah;fs; - jpy;iyf; fyk;gfk;>
jpUthkj;J}h;f; fyk;gfk;> FkuFUguh; - fhrpf; fyk;gfk;> kJiuf; fyk;gfk;>
ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp – MSila gps;isahh; jpUf;fyk;gfk;> tPukhKdpth; -
jpUth&h;f; fyk;gfk; Nghd;w fyk;gfq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
cyh:
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; Ch;tyk; tUk;NghJ mtid VO gUtj;J
khjh;fSk; fz;L ikay; nfhs;tjhfg; ghLtJ cyh ,yf;fpakhFk;.
Kjy; cyh ,yf;fpak;> Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhhpd; jpUf;fapyha
Qhd
cyh (Mjp cyh> nja;tf P cyh vd;Wk; ngaUilaJ) MFk;. cyh
ghLtjpy; ty;yth; xl;lf;$j;jh;. vdNt> mth;> „Nfhit cyh me;jhjpf;F
xl;lf;$j;jh;‟ vd;Wk; ngUikf;Fhpath;.
xl;lf;$j;jh; - %th; cyh> ,ul;ilah;fs; - Vfk;gehjh; cyh> jphp$luhrg;gf;
ftpuhah; - jpUf;Fw;whyehjh; cyh MfpNahhpd; cyhitr; rhd;whff;
nfhs;syhk;.
me;jhjp:
xU ghlypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s vOj;J> nrhy;> mir> rPh;> mbfspy; ahjhDk;
xd;W mLj;j ghlypd; njhlf;fkhf mikag; ghlg;gLtJ me;jhjp MFk;.
me;jk; - ,Wjp: Mjp – Kjy;. me;jhjpf;Fr; “nrhw;nwhlh; epiy” vd;Dk;
ngaUk; cz;L. gpwnkhopfspy; ,y;yhj mikg;G me;jhjp.
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; - nghd;tz;zj;je;jhjp> mgpuhkpgl;lh; -
mgpuhkp me;jhjp Mfpait me;jhjpf;Fr; rhd;Wfs;.
Nfhit:
gy nra;As;fisj; njhlh;G ciladthff; Nfhj;jy;> njhFj;jy; vd;w
nghUspy; ngah; ngw;w mf ,yf;fpak; NfhitahFk;. ,J fl;lisf;
fypj;Jiwahy; 400 ghf;fisf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk;.
Kjy; Nfhit ,yf;fpak;> epd;wrPh; neLkhwidg; ghl;Lilj;
jiytdhff; nfhz;l “ghz;bf; Nfhit” MFk;.
khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUf;Nfhit (jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit)> xl;lf;$j;jh;
ehyhapuf; Nfhit> FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nfhit Mfpait Nfhitf;fhd
rhd;Wfshk;.
KbTiu:
vd;Wk; ,sikNahL ige;jkpoha;j; jpfOk; xz;lkpoha; xspUk;
md;idf;Fg; gps;isj; jkpo; Ngrp> rjfk; rikj;J> guzp ghb> fyk;gfk;
fz;L> cyh te;J> J}J nrd;W> FwtQ;rp Fwp $wp> gs;S ghb> Nfhit
ahj;J> mzpahfg; G+l;b> mo$l;b mfk; kpf kfpo;e;jdh; nre;ehg;Gyth;fs;
vd;gij ed;F mwpe;Njhk;.

eak; ghuhl;Lf:
NjdpDk; ,dpaew; nre;jkpo; nkhopNa

28
 njd;dhL tpsq;Fwj; jpfOe;njd; nkhopNa
CdpDk; xsph;TWk; xz;lkpo; nkhopNa
czh;tpDf;Fzh;tjha; xsph;jkpo; nkhopNa
thdpDk; Xq;fpa tz;lkpo; nkhopNa
khe;jUf; fpUfzh taq;Fed; nkhopNa
jhddp rpwg;GWe; jdpj;jkpo; nkhopNa
jioj;jpdp Njhq;Ftha; jz;lkpo; nkhopNa

fh. ekr;rpthah;

Kd;Diu:
“,yf;fpak; vd;gJ fhyk; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb” mt;tpyf;fpaq;fisg;
gilf;ff; $ba gpuk;khf;fs; ftpQh;fs; mj;jifa gpuk;khf;fSs; xUtuhfpa
fh. ekr;rpthahpd; ftpij eaq;fis ,dpr;Ritg;Nghk;.
jpuz;l fUj;J:
vd;Wk; ,dpikAila Njid tpl kpfTk; ,dpa nre;jkpo;nkhopNa! eP
Njhd;wpa njd;gFjpia ngUikAld; tpsq;fr; nra;Ak; njd; nkhopNa! vd;
CdpDk; caphpDk; xsptPrf;$ba xz;lkpo; nkhopNa! vd; czh;NthL
,uz;lwf; fye;J xsptPRk; jkpo;nkhopNa! cah;e;J tpsq;Fk; thid tpl
Xq;fpa GfOk; tsKKila tz;lkpo; nkhopNa! khe;jUf;F Kf;fpa
cWg;ghfpa ,U fz;Nghy tpsq;ff; $ba ed;nkhopNa! gpw nkhopapypUe;J
jdpj;j rpwg;Gila jdpj;jkpo; nkhopNa! eP gy rpwg;Gfisj; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;bUe;jhYk; NkYk; ,dpjhfj; jioj;J tsh;e;J Gfo; ngWtha;j;
jz;lkpo; nkhopNa! ,t;thW jkpopd; ngUikjid Mrphpah; mofhff;
ghbAs;shh;.
ikaf; fUj;J:
ftpQh; jkpo;nkhopapd; tsik> ngUik> Gfo; gw;wpg; ghbAs;shh;.
njhil eak;:
vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG> Kuz; Mfpad nfhz;L njhLf;fg;gLtJ
njhil eak; MFk;.
 vJif eak;:
xU nra;Aspy; mbapNyh rPhpNyh Kjy; vOj;J
msnthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;W Nghy; miktJ vJif
eak; MFk;.
NjdpDk;
CdpDk; - dp – mb vJif
thdpDk;
 Nkhid eak; :
xU nra;Aspy; mbapNyh rPhpNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;WNghy;
miktJ Nkhid eak; MFk;.
NjdpDk; > njd;dhL
CdpDk;> czh;tpDk; rPh; Nkhid
thdpDk;> tz;lkpo;
jhddp jdpj;jkpo; jioj;jpdp jz;lkpo;
,iaG eak;:
xU nra;Aspy; ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s vOj;Njh
mirNah rPNuh xd;WNghy; miktJ ,iaG eak; MFk;.
nre;jkpo; nkhopNa
xsph;jkpo; nkhopNa
ed;nkhopNa
jz;lkpo; nkhopNa

29
nrhy;eak;:
nrhy; vd;gJ ftpQdpd; fUj;Jtsj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf; $baJ.
,q;Fj; jkpopd; Moj;ij Muha;e;jwpe;j ftpQh;>
nre;jkpo;
xz;lkpo;
tz;lkpo;
jz;lkpo;
vdj; jkpopd; ,ay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba nrhw;fis ,dpNj
ifahz;Ls;shh;.
mzpeak;:
mzp vd;why; moF. nra;Ais moFngw ,aw;WtJ mzpeak; MFk;.
,q;Ff; ftpQh; jkpopd; tsikiaf; $wte;j NghJ>“thdpDk; Xq;fpa
tz;lkpo; nkhopNa” vd thid tpl cah;e;j> rpwe;j> Gfo; ngw;w nkhop
vd;W cah;j;jpf; $wpapUg;gjhy;>“cah;T etpw;rp mzp” gapd;Ws;sJ.
re;j eak;:
re;jk; jkpOf;Fr; nrhe;jk;. re;jk; vd;why; ,d;Ndhir. ,g;ghly; ehd;F
mbfisf; nfhz;L> vl;Lr; rPh;fshy; tpUj;jg;ghlypy; ghlg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
vdNt ,/J “vz;rPh;f;fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jg;gh” tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;.
,jd; Xir mftNyhir.
,g;ghly; vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG eaq;fs; ngw;W ,dpa
re;jj;Jld; mike;Js;sJ.
jiyg;G:
,g;ghlypd; jiyg;G “jkpo; nkhopapd; tsq;fs;”
KbTiu:
Njh;e;njLj;j fUj;Jr; nrwpT> njspe;j rpe;jid> mofpa nrhy;>
fw;Nghiu kfpo;rr ; p milar; nra;Ak; ftpQuJ jpwk; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J
,d;Gw;Nwhk;.
“fhyk; ftpQidf; nfhd;wJ
mtd; ftpij fhyj;ij ntd;wJ”

nkhopNahL tpisahL
nrhw;fis ,izj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fis cUthf;Ff
Njd;> tpsf;F> kio> tpz;> kzp> tpyq;F> nra;> Nkfiy> thd;> nghd;> G+
v.fh.: G+kzp
Njd;kio> kzptpsf;F> tpz;kzp> kzpNkfiy> nghd;kzp> nghd;tpyq;F>
G+tpyq;F> nghd;nra;> thd;kio> G+kio.

Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tpdhtpNyNa tpil ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W tpdhj;njhlh;fs;

mikf;f.
Fwspd;gk;> Ritf;fhj ,sePh;> fhg;gpar; Rit> kdpjFy Nkd;ik>
tpLKiwehs;
v.fh.: Fwspd;gj;jpy; jpisf;fhj jkpod; cz;lh?
Ritf;fhj ,sePUk; ,sePuhFkh?
fhg;gpar; Ritawpahj jkpowpQUz;Nlh?
kdpjFy Nkd;ikia mwpahj kdpjUz;Nlh?
tpLKiwehs; ,y;yhj thuk;jhd; cz;Nlh?

vz;Zg; ngah;fisf; fz;L> jkpo; vz;fspy; vOJf.

nra;A vz;Zg;n jkpo; vz;
s;mb gah;
ehw;wpirAk; ehd;F r

30
nry;yhj
ehby;iy
vWk;Ge;jd; vl;L m
ifahy; vz;rhz;
Ie;Jrhy;G Ie;J U
Cd;wpa J}z;
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; ehd;F> r
nrhy;Yf;F cWjp ,uz;L >
c
Mid Mapuk; Mapuk; f
mkhpil ntd;w 0
khdtDf;F 0
tFg;gJ guzp 0

mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mltp - tdk;> fhL>
mty; - gs;sk;> Nkl;L epyk;> tpis epyk;> xU rpw;Wz;b>
Fsk;
Rty; - Nkl;L epyk;> ,irapd; xU gphpT> fOj;J> Njhs;>
Nkw;Guk;> gplhp>
Gwkaph;> KJF
nrW - tay;> ePh;epiy> tpis epyk;> fodp> ghj;jp>
cg;Gg; ghj;jp> mopT>
Nfhgk;> NrW epuk;gpa ,;lk;> ed;nra;
godk; - fodp> tay;> kUj epyk;> nghJ epyk;> Ntyp>
ePh;epiy
GwT - Ky;iy epyk;> kUjj;jpd; Gwj;Nj mLj;jpUg;gJ>
fhL> Nrhiy>
Gwh
mfd;Rlh; - QhapW
Mh;fyp - Xir> fly;> tWik> nts;sk;> ,bNaW>
epiwe;j Kof;fk;
nfhLtha; - J}z;by;
jpUtpy; - thdpLtpy;
fl;Gs; - fhfk;

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf (g.23)

mfe;ijapy;
myl;rpag; Nghf;fpy;
mwpahikapy; jk;kwpit
milj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
mw;g kdpjh;fs;
mope;Nj Nghthh;fs;!
mhpa E}y;fs; gy
mwpAk; MtNyhL
mUikaha;g; gbf;Fk;
mwpTs;s md;gh;fSf;F
mwpthdJ tphptilAk;!

31
 milj;jpUe;j mwpahik
mZmZtha;
mope;J NghFk;.

nray; jpl;lk;
ePq;fs; thOk; gFjpapYs;s vitNaDk; Ie;J gaph;tifr;
nrhw;fSf;fhd glj;njhFg;ig cUthf;Ff.
1. khe;Njhg;G
2. thioj;Njhg;G
3. ney; tay;
4. fUk;G tay;
5. G+e;Njhl;lk;

epw;f mjw;Fj;jf
,d;nrhy; top jPanrhy; top
gpwh; kdk; kfpOk; gpwh; kdk; thLk;
mwk; tsUk; mwk; NjAk;
Gfo; ngUFk; ,fo; ngUFk;
ey;y ez;gh;fs; ey;y ez;gh;fs;
NrUth; tpyFth;
md;G epiwAk; gifik epiwAk;

,jpy; ePq;fs; nry;Yk; top ahJ? cq;fs; ez;gUf;Ff;; fhl;Lk; top

ahJ?
vdJ top ,d;nrhy; NgRtNj. vr;#oypYk; ,d;nrhy; NgrNt
topfhl;LNtd;. mt;thW Ngr ,ayhj #oypYk;> “td;nrhy; NgrhNj” vd;W
vd; ez;gDf;F topfhl;LNtd;.

fiyr; nrhy; mwpNthk:;

Vowel - capnuOj;J,
consonant - nka;naOj;J,
Homograph - xg;ngOj;J,
Monolingual - xU nkhop,
Conversation - ciuahly; ,
Discussion - fye;Jiuahly.;

-------

32
 ,ay; 2 – caphpd; Xir
ciueil– Nfl;fpwjh vd; Fuy;!
nra;As; - fhw;Nw th! –ghujpahh;
nra;As; - Ky;iyg; ghl;L – eg;G+jdhh;
Jizg;ghlk; - GaypNy xU Njhzp
,yf;fzk; - njhifepiyj; njhlh;fs;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. nra;jp1: xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; [Pd; 15I cyff;fhw;W ehshff; nfhz;lhb tUfpNwhk;
 nra;jp 2: fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; jkpofk; ,uz;lhkplk;
vd;gJ vdf;Fg; ngUikNa
nra;jp 3: fhw;wpd; Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jpf; fly;fle;J tzpfk;nra;J mjpy;
ntw;wp fz;lth;fs; jkpoh;fs;!
m. nra;jp 1kl;Lk;rhp M. nra;jp 1>2Mfpad rhp ,. nra;jp 3kl;Lk; rhp
<.nra;jp1>3Mfpad rhp
2. nghUe;Jk; tpil thpiriaj; Njh;e;njLf;f.
m. nfhz;ly; - 1. Nkw;F
M. Nfhil - 2. njw;F
,. thil - 3. fpof;F
<. njd;wy; - 4. tlf;F
m. 1>2>3.4 M. 3>1>4>2 ,. 4>3>2>1 <. 3>4>1>2
3. cyfk; vd;gJ Ik;ngUk; G+jq;fshy; MdJ vd;wth;
m. xsitahh; M. gj;;kfphpehjh; ,. njhy;fhg;gpah; ,. jpU%yh;
4. “thA tof;fk; mwpe;J nrwpe;jlq;fpy;
MAs; ngUf;fk;cz; lhk;” vd;wth;
m. xsitahh; M. gj;;kfphpehjh; ,. njhy;fhg;gpah;,. jpU%yh;
5. nghUe;Jk; tpil thpiriaj; Njh;e;njLf;f.
m. Fzf;F - 1. Nkw;F
M. Flf;F - 2. njw;F
,. thil - 3. fpof;F
<. njd;wy; - 4. tlf;F
m. 1>2>3.4 M. 3>1>4>2 ,. 4>3>2>1 <. 3>4>1>2
6. nghUe;Jk; tpil thpiriaj; Njh;e;njLf;f.
m. IA+h; Kltdhh; - 1. nre;jkpopd; gpd;Djpj;j njd;wNy
M. xsitahh; - 2. tz;nlhL Gf;f kztha;j; njd;wy;
,. ,sq;Nfhtbfs; - 3. thAtof;fk; mwpe;J nrwpe;jlq;fpy; MAs;
<. gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjh; - 4. tsp kpfpd; typ ,y;iy
m. 1>2>3.4 M. 3>1>4>2 ,. 4>3>2>1 <. 3>4>1>2
7. esp,U Ke;ePh; ehtha; Xl;b” vd;w rq;fg;ghliy ,aw;wpa ngz;ghw;Gyth;
m. ntz;zpf;Faj;jpahh; M. xsitahh; ,. nts;sptPjpahh; <. ghhp kfsph;
1
8. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; gUtf;fhw;wpd; cjtpahy; Krpwpj; JiwKfj;jpw;F top fz;lwpe;jth;
m. `pg;ghy]; M. Athd;Rthq; ,. n`d;wp <. jhykp
9. ,e;jpahTf;Fj; Njitahd vOgJ tpOf;fhL kioastpidj; jUk; gUtf;fhw;W
m. tlfpof;F M. tlNkw;F ,. njd;Nkw;F <. njd;fpof;F
10. cyff; fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ngw;Ws;s ,lk;
m. ehd;F M. Ie;J ,. Kjy; <. ,uz;L
11. ,e;jpahtpy;fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpapy; jkpofk; ngw;Ws;s ,lk;
m. ehd;F M. Ie;J ,. Kjy; <. ,uz;L
12. fhw;W khRgLtjhy; Foe;ijfspd; %is tsh;rr
; p Fiwtjhfj; njhptpg;gJ
m. rpWth; G+q;fh M. rpWth; ,yl;rpak; ,. rpWth; epjpak; <. rpWth; ghJfhg;G
13. Gtpia xU Nghh;it Nghyr; Rw;wpg; ghpjpapd; fjph;r; #l;ilf; Fiwg;gJ
m. fhw;W M. ePh; ,. Nkfk; <. thdk;
14. Fsph;gjdg; ngl;b ntspapLk; er;Rf; fhw;why; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;igf; Fiwf;fg;
gad;gLtJ
m. i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; M. i`l;u[d; ,. iel;u[d;
<. fhh;gd; il Mf;irL
15. ,e;jpahtpy; kpFe;j caphpog;igj; jUk; fhuzq;fspy; Ie;jhk; ,lk;ngWtJ
m. ePh; khR M. Rw;Wr;#oy; khR ,. fhw;W khR <. epykhR
16. FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gdpd; xU %yf;$W rpijf;Fk; XNrhd;
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
m. Xh; Mapuk; M. xU ,yl;rk; ,. ,U ,yl;rk; <. <uhapuk;
17. jha;yhe;J kd;dhpd; Kb#l;L tpohtpy; ghlg;gLk; ghly;fs;
m. jpUntk;ghit> nghpajpUnkhop M. jpUntk;ghit> jpUg;ghit
,. jpUg;ghit>jpUnkhop <. jpUf;Fws;> jpUntk;ghit
18. [Pd; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; tiuapyhd fhyk;
m. tlfpof;Fg; gUtf;fhyk; M. njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhyk;
,. njd;fpof;Fg; gUtf;fhyk; <. tlNkw;Fg; gUtf;fhyk;
19. mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiuapyhd fhyk;
m. tlfpof;Fg; gUtf;fhyk; M. njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhyk;
,. njd;fpof;Fg; gUtf;fhyk; <.tlNkw;Fg; gUtf;fhyk;
20. xU kdpjd; xU kzpj; Jspf;F ntspapLk; fhh;gd; il Mf;irbd; msT
m. 10 Kjy; 18 Kiw M. 11 Kjy; 16 Kiw
,. 12 Kjy; 18 Kiw <. 11 Kjy; 18 Kiw
21. “fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf; nfhs;” ,g;gonkhop czh;j;Jk; nghUs;
m. fhyk; tUnkd;W fhj;jpUe;jhy; nray; nfl;LtpLk;
M. chpa fhyj;jpy; xU nraiy KOikahfr; nra;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;
,. chpa fhyj;jpy; nraYf;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
<. chpa fhyj;ij czh;e;J chpa nraiyj; Njl Ntz;Lk;
2
 FWtpdh :
1. cyff; fhw;W ehs; tpopg;Gzh;Tf;fhd ,uz;L Kof;fj;njhlh;fis vOJf.
 m) kuk; eLNthk;@ caph;tsp ngWNthk;.
M) fhw;iwf;fhg;Nghk;@ fhh;kio ngWNthk;:
fhyq;fhykha;r; rPUld; tho;Nthk;.
,) fhw;;iwg; Nghw;W! khir ePf;F!
jpirf;F xd;W tPRk; fhw;W!
<) tspf;F typiaf; nfhLf;fhNj!
fhw;wpidj; J}w;wpAk; tplhNj!
2. caphpdq;fspd; Kjd;ikj; Njitfs; ahit?
caphpd tho;tpd; mbg;gil ,aw;if! ehk; ek;gpapUg;gJk; ek;kpy; ,Ug;gJk; ,aw;ifNa.
%r;Rf;Ff; fhw;W> jhfj;jpw;F ePh;> ciwtjw;F epyk;> xspf;Ff; fjputd; Nghd;wit
caphpdq;;fspd; Kjd;ikj; Njitfs; MFk;.
3. gpw;fhy xsitahh; fhw;wpidr; rpwg;gpj;jik gw;wpf; $Wf.
gpw;fhy xsitahh;> jk; „xsit Fws;‟ vDk; E}ypy; thAjhuiz vd;Dk;
mjpfhuj;jpy;>
“thA tof;fk; mwpe;J nrwpe;jlq;fpy;
MAs; ngUf;fk;cz; lhk;”(xsit Fws; - 49)
vd;W fhw;wpidr; rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;.
4. %r;Rg; gapw;rp Fwpj;j jpU%yhpd; fUj;J ahJ?
kdpj ,af;fj;ijAk; cyf caph;fspd; ,af;fj;ijAk; jPh;khdpg;gJ fhw;wpd;
,af;fk;jhd;. mjdhy;jhd; jpU%yh; jk; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; %r;Rg;gapw;rpNa cliyg;
ghJfhj;J tho;ehis ePl;bf;Fk; vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
5. fhw;wpd; Mw;wy;> Ntfk; gw;wpa rq;fg; Gyth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ahit?
fhw;wpd; Mw;wiy>“tsp kpfpd; typ ,y;iy” (Gwk; 51) vd;W IA+H; Kltdhh;
rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;.
fLq;fhw;W kziyf; nfhz;L te;J Nrh;f;fpwJ vd;W kJiu ,sehfdhh; $wpAs;shh;.
“fLtsp njhFg;g <z;ba
tLtho; vf;fh; kzypDk; gyNt” (Gwk;. 55)
6. fhw;wpd; gy ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fhw;W> tsp> njd;wy;>Gay;> #whtsp vd;W gy ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gUtepiy> #oy;> tPRk; Ntfk; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;gj; njd;wy;fhw;W> G+q;fhw;W> fly;fhw;W>
gdpf;fhw;W> thilf; fhw;W> Nky;fhw;W> fPo;f; fhw;W> nkd;;fhw;W>,se;njd;wy;> GOjpf;fhw;W>
Mbf;fhw;W> fLq;fhw;W> Gay; fhw;W> Nga;f; fhw;W> Roy;fhw;W> #whtspf; fhw;W vdg;
gy;NtW ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

3
7. fhw;W kioahfg; Gayhfj; jlk; gjpf;Fk; Kiwia vOJf.
tlfpof;Fg; gUt fhyq;fspy; jho;Tkz;lykha;j; jto;e;J Gayha; khwpg; Gwg;gl;l
fhw;W> Mw;wYld; tPWnfhz;L gazpf;fj; njhlq;fp> ahuhYk; jLf;f,ayhj epiyaile;J>
kioahf> Gayhfj; jlk; gjpf;fpwJ.
8. fhw;Wf; fdpk tsj;ijg; ghJfhf;ff; fhuzkhFk; tpjj;ij vOJf.
“fhw;Ws;s NghNj kpd;rhuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;” vDk; GJnkhopf;F tpj;jhfpwJ fhw;W.
GJg;gpf;ff; $ba Mw;wy; tskhd fhw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp kpd;dhw;wiy cUthf;Fk;NghJ
epyf;fhpapd; Njit Fiwe;J fdpktsq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;;glf; fhuzkhfpwJ.
9. fhw;W khriltjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; ahit?
fhw;W khriltjhy;> fz; vhpr;ry;> jiytyp> njhz;ilf; fl;L> fha;r;ry;> EiuaPuy;
Gw;WNeha;> ,isg;G Neha; vdg; gy Neha;fs; Vw;gLk;.
10. mkpy kio – Fwpg;G tiuf.
fhw;wpy; fye;JtpLk; fe;jf il Mf;irL> iel;u[d; il Mf;irL Mfpait kio
nga;Ak;NghJ ePhpy; fiue;JtpLtjhy; mkpykio nga;fpwJ. ,jdhy; kz;> ePh;>
fl;llq;fs;> fhLfs;> ePh;tho; caphpdq;fs; Mfpait Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shfpd;wd.
11. XNrhd; glyj;jpd; gad; ahJ?
fhw;W kz;lyj;jpd; NkyLf;fpy; cs;s XNrhd; glyk;> fjputdplkpUe;J ntsptUk;
GwCjhf; fjph;fisj; jLf;Fk; muzhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
rpW tpdh :
1. capuhf ehd;> gy ngah;fspy; ehd;> ehd;F jpirapYk; ehd;> ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehd;> Ke;ePh;
ehtha; Xl;bahf ehd; …. Kjypa jiyg;Gfspy; fhw;W jd;idg; gw;wpg; NgRfpd;wJ. ,t;thW
ePh; jd;idg; gw;wpg; Ngrpdhy; … cq;fSila fw;gidapy; jiyg;Gfis vOJf:
 caphpd; njhlf;fkhf ehd;
 capuhf ehd;
 gy ngah;fspy; ehd;
 gy tbtq;fspy; ehd;
 ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ehd;
 capNuhl;lkhf ehd;
 czT cw;gj;jpapy; ehd;
 kdpjdhy; khrilAk; ehd;
 fhf;fg;glNtz;ba ehd;.

2. Nrhiyf;(G+q;fh) fhw;Wk; kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;Wk; Ngrpf; nfhs;tJ Nghy; Xh; ciuahly;

mikf;f.
kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;W : ml! vd;dlh ,J! ,se;njd;wy; tPRk; Nrhiyapy;
vd;idf; nfhz;L te;Js;sdh;.
Nrhiyf;fhw;W : ez;gNd! ,aw;ifapd; mopthy; ,se;njd;wy; tPRk;
vd;dplj;jpYk; nraw;iff; fhw;iwg; ngw Ntz;ba epiy
,d;W.
kpd;tprpwpf;fhw;W : tPl;by; vy;yh NeuKk; Xa;tpd;wp vd;id ,af;Fth;.
NkYk; vd; Ntfj;ij mjpfg;gLj;jpAk; Fiwj;Jk;
4
 ,af;Fth;. ,q;Fk; mNj epiyah!
Nrhiyf;fhw;W : Mk;. ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhj;jhy; mth; jk; capiuAk;
cliyAk; Ngzyhk; vd;gij czuhJ vq;Fr;
nrd;whYk; cd;id clndLj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;fs;
kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;W :Mk;. Kw;wpYk; cz;ik. ,aw;ifapd; mUik mwpahJ
vy;yh tifapYk; nraw;ifaha; thog;gofpf;
nfhz;lhh;fs;. ,JNt ,d;iwa epiy.

3. jkpoh; fhw;W tPRfpd;w jpiriaf; nfhz;L ngah;#l;ba jd;ikia tpsf;Ff.

fpof;F vd;gjw;Ff; Fzf;F vd;Dk; ngaUz;L. fpof;fpypUe;J tPRtjhy; nfhz;ly; vdg;
ngah; nfhz;L> Fsph;r;rp jUfpwJ. ,d;gj;ijAk; kioiaAk; jUfpwJ. fly; gFjpf;F
NkYs;s kioNkfq;fisr; Rke;J tUtjhy; kiof; fhw;W vdg;gLfpwJ.
Nkw;F vd;gjw;Ff; Flf;F vd;Dk; ngaUz;L. Nkw;fpypUe;J tPRtjhy; Nfhil
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,/J mjpf typikAld; tPRfpwJ. twz;l epyg;gFjpapypUe;J tPRtjhy;
ntg;gf; fhw;whfpwJ.
tlf;F vd;gjw;F thil vd;Dk; ngaUz;L. tlf;fpypUe;J tPRk;NghJ thilf; fhw;W
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,J gdpg; gFjpapypUe;J tPRtjhy; kpfTk; Fsph;r;rpahd Cijf; fhw;W vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ>
njw;fpypUe;J tPRk;NghJ njd;wy; vdg;gLfpwJ. kuk;> nrb> nfhb> MW> kiy>
gs;sj;jhf;F vdg; gy jilfisj; jhz;b tUtjhy; Ntfk; Fiwe;J ,jkhd ,ay;Gld;
tPRfpwJ.

4. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhw;W ngWk; ,lj;ijr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.

njd;wy;> gytpj kyh;fspd; eWkzj;ij ms;sp tUk;nghOJ $lNt tz;LfisAk;
mioj;J tUtjhy; ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhw;iw>
“tz;nlhL Gf;f kztha;j; njd;wy;”– rpyk;G.
vd eak;gl ciuf;fpwhh;.
gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth; vOjpa „gjkfphpehjh; njd;wy; tpL J}J‟ vd;Dk;
rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpy; ngz;nzhUj;jp>
“ee;jkpOk; jz;nghUie ed;djpAk; Nrh; nghUg;gpw;
nre;jkpopd; gpd;Djpj;j njd;wNy”
vdj; J}J nry;yf; fhw;iw md;NghL miof;fpwhs;.
“ejpapy; tpisahbf; nfhbapy; jiyrPtp
ele;j ,se;njd;wNy”
vdf; fz;zjhrd; jpiuapirg; ghlypy; njd;wypd; nray;fisg; ghbAs;shh;.
5. kiog; nghoptpy; fhw;wpd; gq;F ahJ?
njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf;fhw;whf> tlfpof;Fg; gUtf; fhw;whf cyh te;J Nkfq;fisf;
Fsph;tpj;J kioahfg; nghopar; nra;fpwJ. fjputdpd; ntg;gj;jhy; #lhfp> mlh;j;jp Fiwe;J
NkNy nry;Yk; fhw;W> mq;F Vw;gl;l ntw;wplj;ij epug;gpAk; gUtf; fhw;whf khWfpwJ. [_d;

5
Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; tiu njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;whfTk;> mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiu
tlfpof;Fg; gUtf; fhw;whfTk; tPRfpwJ. ,t;thwhf> fhw;W kiog; nghopitj; jUfpwJ.
6. fhw;W khRgLk; tpjj;ijAk; mjd; tpisTfisAk; vOJf.
Fg;igfs;> nefpopg; igfs;> nkJcUisfs;(tyres) Nghd;wtw;iw vhpg;gJ> Fsph;rhjdg;
ngl;b> Fsp&l;lg;gl;l miw Mfpatw;iw kpFjpahfg; gad;gLj;JtJ> kpFjpahfg; gl;lhRfis
ntbg;gJ> Gif tbfl;b ,y;yhky; njhopw;rhiyfis ,af;FtJ> nghJg;Nghf;Ftuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jhj jdpkdpjhpd; kpFjpahd Ch;jpg; gad;ghL> thD}h;jpfs; ntspapLk; Gif vd
khe;jhpd; mj;jid nray;ghLfshYk; fhw;W ghohfpwJ.
fhw;W khriltjhy;> fz; vhpr;ry;> jiytyp> njhz;ilf; fl;L> fha;rr
; y;>
EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha;> ,isg;G Neha; vdg; gy Neha;fs; Vw;gLk;.
7. `pg;ghy]; gUtf; fhw;W – Fwpg;G tiuf.
fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;by; `pg;ghy]; vd;w fpNuf;f khYkp> gUtf; fhw;wpd; cjtpapdhy;
eLf;fly; topahf Krpwpj; JiwKfj;jpw;F NeNu tpiutpy; gazk; nra;Ak; Gjpa topiaf;
fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. mJKjy;> atdf; fg;gy;fs; tpiuthfTk; mjpfkhfTk; Nruehl;L Krpwpj;
JiwKfj;jpw;F te;J nrd;wd. me;jg; gUtf; fhw;Wf;F atdh;> `pg;ghy]; vdg; ngah;
#l;bdh;. `pg;ghy]; gUtf; fhw;wpd; topapy; atdf; fly; tzpfk; ngUfpw;W.
neLtpdh:
1. kyh;e;Jk; kyuhj ghjpkyh; Nghy
tsUk; tpop tz;zNk - te;J
tpbe;Jk; tpbahj fhiyg;nghOjhf
tpise;j fiy md;dNk
ejpapy; tpisahb nfhbapy; jiyrPtp
ele;j ,se; njd;wNy – tsh;
nghjpif kiyNjhd;wp kJiu efh;fz;L
nghype;j jkpo; kd;wNk

- ftpQh; fz;zjhrdpd; ,g;ghlypy; jtOk; fhw;iwAk; ftpij eaj;ijAk;

ghuhl;b ciu nra;f.

Kd;Diu:
fz;zjhrd;> fUj;Jr; nrwpNthL ftpj;Jtk; kpf;Fg; ghlf;$bath;. fk;gdpd;
ftpeaj;ijf; fz;zjhrdplk; fhzyhk;. ,thpd; jpiuapirg; ghly;fspYk; cs;s
ftpeaj;jpw;F <Lz;Nlh! mjw;F xU rhd;iw ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
fUj;Jtsk;:
tpbAk; Ntisapy; Njhd;Wk; fhl;rp moifAk; mt;Ntisapy; Foe;ijapd;
ghjpf;fz; tpopg;igAk; js;shb elf;Fk; eil moifAk; fhl;rpg; gLj;jpAs;shh;.
fhiy ,se;njd;wy; ejpapidj; jhz;bf; Fsph;e;J> kuk>; nrb> nfhbfis tUb
<uj;jd;ikNahL tUfpwJ vd;Wk;
nghjpif kiyapy; Njhd;wp kJiu efuj; jkpo; kd;wj;jpy; nghypT ngw;W tPRk;
,se;njd;wNy vd;Wk; fhiy ,se;njd;wypd; ,dpikiag; ghbAs;shh;.

6
ctik eak; :
ftpQh;fs; fz;Zf;F kyiu ctkpg;gJz;L. ,q;Ff; fz;zjhrd; tpbAk; nghOJ
tpopf;Fk; Foe;ijapd; fz;Zf;Fg; „ghjpkyh;‟ vd;W $Wk; ctik kpf moF!
fiyfspd; $lkhfj; jpfOk; fhiyg; nghOij ek; fz;Kd; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk;
NghJ tpbe;jJk; tpopj;J elf;Fk; Foe;ijapd; js;shLk; eiliaAk; Nrh;j;J cUtfkhff;
“fiy md;dk;” vd;W $wpapUg;gJ rpwg;Ng!
nghjpif kiyapy; Njhd;wpa jkpo;> kJiu kd;dh;fshy; jkpo; kd;wj;jpy; tsh;e;j
epfo;itf; fhw;NwhL ,izj;jpUg;gJ rpwe;j ftpeaNk!
nrhy;eak;:
,aw;ifr; #oypy;> Neh;kiw> vjph;kiw> ,uz;Lkw;w epiyiaf; $Wtjw;fhf>
“kyh;e;Jk; - kyuhj”
“tpbe;Jk; - tpbahj”
vDk; nrhw;fisf; ifahz;bUg;gJ #oiyj; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
fw;gid eak;:
njd;wy; fhw;W> kuk; nrb nfhbfisj; jhz;b ,jkhf tPRfpwJ vd;gij>
“ejpapy; tpisahb nfhbapy; jiyrPtp
ele;j ,se; njd;wNy”
vd;W ghbAs;shh;. ejpapd; Nky; jto;e;J te;j njd;wy; nfhbiaj; jltp tUtijj;
“jiyrPtp” vdf; fw;gid eaj;Jld; ,aw;wpapUg;gJ NkYk; mo$l;LfpwJ.
jiyg;G:
,g;ghlYf;F Vw;w jiyg;G “,se;njd;wNy”
(neLtpdh vd;why; njhil eak; Nrh;j;J vOj Ntz;Lk;. gheak; vd;why; fw;gid eak;
tiu NghJk;)
KbTiu:
MRftpahd fz;zjhrd; fhtpak;> ciueil Nghd;w vy;yh tpjkhd
,yf;fpaq;fisAk; gilg;gjpy; ty;yth;. mthpd; ,g;ghly; tpbAk; nghOJ Foe;ijapd;
nray;ghLfisAk; njd;wNyhL jkpioAk; vopYwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. fhw;W Ngrpaijg; Nghy> epyk; NgRtjhf vz;zpf; nfhz;L NgRf.
ehd; epyk; NgRfpNwd;. ehdpykha; tho;fpNwd;. ,U epyj;J Kiwik
jphpjyp;y; Ie;jpizaha;g; gphpfpNwd;.
FWq;Fd;Wk; ngUtiuAk; epd;wtplj;J epyj;jpNy „FwpQ;rp‟ vdg; ngah;
nfhz;L epiyj;Jtpl;Nld; ,t;TyfpNy.
fhL nfhz;l kz;zpNy MTk; khTk; NkaNt‟ vy;iyaw;w fhl;bw;F
Ky;iy ngah; #l;blNt> epiyj;Jtpl;Nld; ,t;TyfpNy.
gue;J tphpe;J gha;e;jpLk; MWfisf; nfhz;lJk; Fope;J ePiuf; Ftpj;jpLk;
Fsq;fisf; nfhz;lJk; NrW nfhz;l nrWtpdpNy gr;irg; gl;L cLe;jpLk;

7
 nry;t tsk; nropj;jpLk; efutikg;igf; nfhz;lJkha; epiyj;Jtpl;Nld; ehd;.
kUj epykha; epiyj;Jtpl;Nld; ,t;TyfpNy:
cg;Gf; fhw;W tPrpLk;> njg;gq;fNsh kpje;jpLk;> Js;spf; Fjpj;jpLk; kPd;fs;
nrj;Jf; fUthlhff; fha;e;jpLk>; jpiu nfhz;l epykJtha; epiyj;Jtpl;Nld;.
jd;DUNth khwpl nfhs;isah; $l;lk; tho;e;jpl mr;rk; jUk; epykJtha;g;
ghiy vdg; ngah; nfhz;L epiyj;Jtpl;Nld; ,t;TyfpNy.
,q;qdNk ehd; Kbf;fpNwd;. vd; epyg; gFg;gpid ciuj;jplNt> nghWikf;F
ctikahf ew;ngaiug; ngw;Wr; nry;fpNwd;.
2. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; nts;isg; gspq;Ff; fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;L ,d;Wk; cyf tpe;ijahfj;
jpfOk; jh[;kfhy;> ,d;wstpy; kQ;rs;> gOg;G vd epwk; khwpf; fhl;rpaspg;gjd;
fhuzq;fisAk; jPh;TfisAk; fye;JiuahLf.
2. nra;As; - fhw;Nw th– ghujpahh;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghLfpNwhk;
cdf;Fg; Gfo;rr ; pfs; $WfpNwhk;”– ghujpapd; ,t;tbfspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s eaq;fs;
ahit?
m. cUtfk;> vJif M. Nkhid> vJif
,. Kuz;> ,iaG <. ctik> vJif
tpil: M. Nkhid> vJif
2. fhw;iw>„kaYWj;J‟ vdg; ghujp miog;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;nwhlh;
m. kzk; tPRk; fhw;wha; eP th
M. kdij kaq;fr; nra;Ak; kzj;NjhL eP th
,. kapyhLk; fhw;wha; eP th
<. kfue;jk; Rke;J nfhz;L eP th
tpil: M. kdij kaq;fr; nra;Ak; kzj;NjhL eP th
3. ghLfpNwhk; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G jUf.
m. jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W M.jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
,. Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W <. Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
tpil: M. jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
4. Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rr; nrhy;iy vLj;J vOJf.
m. ,dpa M. Rke;j
,. tPr <. epd;W
tpil: m. ,dpa
5. trdftpij vDk; tbtj;ijj; jkpopy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
m. ghujpjhrd; M. fz;zjhrd;
,. ghujpahh; <. Rujh
tpil: ,. ghujpahh;
6. fhw;wpd;wp mikahJ cyf ------
m. caph;tsh;r;rp M. kpd;rf;jp
,. ,aw;if <. caphpaf;fk;
tpil: <. caphpaf;fk;
7. Njrpa ftp> kfh ftp vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;
m. fz;zjhrd; M. ghujpjhrd;
,. ,uhkypq;fdhh; <. ghujpahh;
tpil: <. ghujpahh;

8
8. Nfypr;rpj;jpuk;-fUj;Jg;glk; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jkpopy; cUthf;fpath;
m. thzpjhrd; M. ghujpjhrd;
,. ,uhkypq;fdhh; <. ghujpahh;
tpil: <. ghujpahh;
9. g;uhz-u]k; vd;gjd; nghUs;
m. caph;tsp M. neUg;G ,. ePh; <. Mfhak;
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;Gj; jUf:
1. nfhL> tPR – Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;fs;
2. ,dpa> ey;y – Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rq;fs;
3. Rke;J> epd;W> mtpj;J> ePbj;J> Fiwe;J> cuha;e;J> tPrp – tpidnar;rq;fs;
4. ey;nyhsp> neLq;fhyk; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;
5. ghLfpNwhk;> $WfpNwhk;> topgLfpNwhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wf;fs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf:

1. Rke;J– Rk + j;(e;) + j; + c 4. cuha;e;J – cuha;+j;(e;)+j; +c

Rk - gFjp cuha; - gFjp
j; - re;jp: „e;‟ MdJ tpfhuk; j; - re;jp>„e;‟ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
2. epd;W - epy; (d;) + w; + c
epy; - gFjp>„d;‟ MdJ tpfhuk; 5. ghLfpNwhk; - ghL + fpW + Xk;
w; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy ghL - gFjp
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp fpW - epfo;fhy ,ilepiy
3. tPrp - tPR , Xk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
tPR - gFjp tpFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp

ghliyg; gbj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf

nkJthf ey;y yaj;Jld;> neLq;fhyk;
epd;W tPrpf; nfhz;bU.
cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghLfpNwhk;.
cdf;Fg; Gfo;rr ; pfs; $WfpNwhk;
1. ,t;tbfs; ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m. ghujpahh; ftpijj; njhFg;G M. Ky;iyg; ghl;L
,. xsit Fws; <. fhw;W
tpil: m. ghujpahh; ftpijj; njhFg;G
2. ,g;ghliyg; ghbath;
m. thzpjhrd; M. ghujpjhrd;
,. ,uhkypq;fdhh; <. ghujpahh;
tpil: <. ghujpahh;
3. topgLfpNwhk; - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
m. Kd;dpiyj; njhopw;ngah; M. jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
,. jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W <. Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
tpil: M. jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
4. ey;y yaj;Jld; tUk;gb Mrphpauhy; miof;fg;gLtJ
m. fhw;W M. kio
,. eWkyh; <. ,ir
tpil: m. fhw;W

9
5. ,f;ftpijapd; jiyg;G
m. fhw;W M. kio
,. eWkyh; <. ,ir
tpil: m. fhw;W

FWtpdh:
1. trd ftpij – Fwpg;G tiuf.
ciueilAk; ftpijAk; ,ize;J ahg;Gf; fl;LfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L cUthf;fg;gLk;
ftpij tbtk; trd ftpij vdg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpyj;jpy; prose poetry
(free verse) vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. czh;r;rp nghq;ff; ftpij gilf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; ahg;G> jilahf
,Ug;gij czh;e;j ghujpahuhy; ,t;tbtk; jkpop;y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t;trd ftpijNa
GJf;ftpij vd;w tbtk; cUthff; fhuzkhapw;W.

2. ghujpahh; fhw;wplk; vtw;iwf; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lfpwhh;?

“fhw;Nw! G+f;fspYs;s kfue;jj; Jisr; Rke;J nfhz;L> midth; kdj;ijAk; kaq;fr;

nra;fpd;w ,dpa eWkzj;Jld; th! kuk;> nrb> nfhbfspd; ,iyfs; kPJk; ePuiyfs; kPJk;
cuha;e;J> caph;fs; tho;tjw;F kpFe;j caph;tspia vq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L th” vd Ntz;Lfpwhh;.

3. vg;gb tPRkhW fhw;iwg; ghujp gzpf;fpwhh;?

“fhw;Nw! vkJ capuhfpa neUg;G vk;Ks; ePbj;J epd;W ey;nyhsp jUtjw;fhf ed;whf
tPRthahf. caph;tspiaf; Fiwj;J> mtpg;gjhfNth> mjpfkhf tPrp mopit Vw;gLj;JtjhfNth
nra;JtplhNj! nkJthf> rPuhf neLq;fhyk; epiyj;J epd;W tPrpf; nfhz;bUg;ghahf” vd;W fhw;iwg;
gzpf;fpwhh;.

rpWtpdhf;fs;:

1. fhw;;Nw th – ghlypy; ghujpahh; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J vOJf.

“fhw;Nw! G+f;fspYs;s kfue;jj; Jisj; jd;Dld; Rke;J nfhz;L> midth; kdj;ijAk;

kaq;fr; nra;fpd;w ,dpa eWkzj;Jld; th> kuk;> nrb> nfhbfspd; ,iyfs; kPJk; ePuiyfs;
kPJk; cuha;e;J caph;fs; tho;tjw;F kpFe;j caph;tspia vq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L th” vd
Ntz;Lfpwhh;.

“fhw;Nw! vkJ capuhfpa neUg;G vk;Ks; ePbj;J epd;W ey;nyhsp jUtjw;fhf ed;whf
tPRthahf. caph;tspiaf; Fiwj;J> mtpg;gjhfNth> mjpfkhf tPrp mopit Vw;gLj;JtjhfNth
nra;JtplhNj! nkJthf rPuhf neLq;fhyk; epiyj;J epd;W tPrpf; nfhz;bUg;ghahf” vd;W fhw;iwg;
gzpf;fpwhh;.

“rf;jp Fiwe;JNgha;> mjid mtpj;JtplhNj

Nga;Nghy; tPrp mjid kbj;JtplhNj
nkJthf> ey;y yaj;Jld> neLq;fhyk;
epd;W tPrpf; nfhz;bU”
,t;thW tPrpf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> cdf;Fg; ghl;Lfs; ghb> Gfo;rr
; pfs; $wp> cd;id
topgLfpd;Nwhk; vd;W ghujpahh; fhw;iwg; ghLfpwhh;.

2. ghujpahh; Fwpg;G tiuf.

,aw;ngah; : Rg;gpukzpad;
gpwe;j Ch; : vl;laGuk;>J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; : Njrpa ftp> kfh ftp> ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh>
10
 rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij> ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd; ghujp
gzpahw;wpa ,jo;fs;: ,e;jpah> RNjrkpj;jpud;> tp[ah> Njrgf;jd;
ehspjopy; nra;j Gul;rp: Nfypr; rpj;jpuk;> fUj;Jg; glk; Nghd;wtw;iw
cUthf;fpaJ; rKjha Vw;wjho;TfisAk;
ngz;zbikj; jdj;ijAk; vjph;j;jJ.
gd;Kfj; jd;ik : ftpQh;> fl;Liuahsh;> rpWfij Mrphpah;> ,johsh;>
nkhopngah;g;ghsh;.
gilg;Gf;fs; : fhtpaq;fs; - Fapy;ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> fz;zd; ghl;L;
Foe;ijfSf;fhd ePjpg; ghly;fs; - ghg;ghg; ghl;L>
Gjpa Mj;jp#b

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ,t;trd ftpijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ntz;LNfhs; nrhw;fSk; fl;lisr; nrhw;fSk;
(thridAld; th> mtpj;J tplhNj …) ftpijapd; cl;nghUis ntspg;gLj;jj; Jiz
epw;gJ Fwpj;Jg; NgRf.

2. “jpf;Ffs; vl;Lk; rpjwp – jf;fj; … ghujpahh;.

,J Nghd;w ,aw;ifnahypfis czh;Tld; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ftpijfisj; jpul;b te;J
tFg;giwapy; gbj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
Ky;iyg; ghl;L – eg;G+jdhh;

gyTs; njhpf:
1. „ghL,kpo; gdpf;fly; gUfp‟ vd;Dk; Ky;iyg; ghl;L mb czh;j;Jk; mwptpay;
nra;jp vJ?
 m. fly;ePh; Mtpahfp Nkfkhjy; M. fly;ePh; Fsph;r;rp miljy;
,. fly;ePh; xypj;jy; <. fly;ePh; nfhe;jspj;jy;
tpil: m. fly;ePh; Mtpahfp Nkfkhjy;
2. kioapd; rPw;wk;> ,ay;G tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; khw;wq;fisg; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ
m. gf;jpapyf;fpak; M. fhg;gpak; ,. rq;f ,yf;fpak; <. rpw;wpyf;fpak;
tpil: ,. rq;f ,yf;fpak;
3. gj;Jg; ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W
m. mfg;ghl;L M. Gwg;ghl;L ,. gjpw;Wg; gj;J <. Ky;iyg; ghl;L
tpil: <. Ky;iyg; ghl;L
4. Ky;iyg; ghl;il ,aw;wpath;
m. eg;G+jdhh; M. ej;jj;jdhh; ,. ey;ye;Jtdhh; <. ee;jdhh;
tpil: m. eg;G+jdhh;
5. Ky;iyg; ghl;bYs;s mbfs;
m. 105 M. 103 ,. 301 <. 501
tpil: M. 103
6. gj;Jg; ghl;by; Fiwe;j mbfisAila ghl;L
m. Ky;iyg; ghl;L M. FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L ,. mfg;ghl;L <. Gwg;ghl;L
tpil: m. Ky;iyg; ghl;L
7. jpUkhy; „thkdd;‟ tbtk; nfhz;L re;jpj;j kd;dd;
m. ghz;ba kd;dd; M. ghhp kd;dd; ,. khtyp kd;dd; <. mjpakhd;
tpil: ,. khtyp kd;dd;
8. ahopir Nghy Mh;j;jit
m. NjdPf;fs; M. tz;Lfs; ,. <f;fs; <. Foe;ijfs;
tpil: M. tz;Lfs;

11
9. jiytpf;fhf tpupr;rp Nfl;L epd;wth;
m. Njhop M. ew;wha; ,. ngUKJ ngz;bh; <. nrtpypj; jha;
tpil: ,. ngUKJ ngz;bh;
10. KJngz;bh; jiytpf;fhff; Nfl;f tpUk;gpaJ
m. nghUs; M. ew;nrhy; ,. eWkzkyh; <. nghd;
tpil: M. ew;nrhy;
11. ed;dh; ed;nkhop Nfl;ldk; vd;W $wpath;
m. KJngz;fs; M. ew;wha; ,. nrtpypj; jha; <. Njhop
tpil: m. KJngz;fs;
12. nghUj;Jf
m. NfhL - 1. J}tp
M. eWtP - 2. Njhs;
,. J}ca; - 3. eWkzKila kyh;fs;
<. Rty; - 4. kiy
m. 4> 3> 1> 2 M. 2>4>1>3 ,. 3>2> 4>1 <. 1>4>2>3
tpil: m. 4>3>1>2
13 nghUj;Jf
m. vOe;j - 1. tpidnar;rk;
M. J}ca; - 2. nganur;rk;
,. ifnjhOJ- 3. nra;Aspir msngil
<. Nehf;fp - 4. %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
m. 3>1> 2>4 M. 2> 3> 4>1 ,. 3>2> 4>1 <. 1>4>2>3
tpil: M. 2>3>4>1

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gfs;:
1. %J}h;> ngUk;ngay;> rpWGd;khiy> rpWjhk;G> nfhLq;Nfhy;> ed;nkhop – gz;Gj;njhiffs;
2. nghwpj;j> epkph;e;j> vOe;j> nghope;j> njhLj;j> mirj;j> - nganur;rq;fs;
3. jlf;if> mUq;fb %J}h; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;fs;
4. cWJah;> ghL,kpo;> mtpo;myhp> eLq;FRty; - tpidj;njhiffs;
5. ifnjhOJ - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
6. Nfhy; Nfhtyh; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;fj; njhif
7. gUfp> Nehf;fp> epd;W – tpidnar;rq;fs;
8. Nfl;ldk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

3.Nfl;ldk;- Nfs; (l;) + l; + md;

1. nghwpj;j – nghwp+ j;+j; +m mk;
nghwp - gFjp Nfs; - gFjp>„l;‟ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - re;jp l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy md; - rhhpia
m - nganur;r tpFjp mk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
tpFjp
2. tUFth; - th (tU) F t; mh;
th - gFjp>„tU‟ MdJ tpfhuk; 4. nfhz;l - nfhs; (z;)+ l; + m
F - rhhpia nfhs; - gFjp>„z;‟ MdJ tpfhuk;
t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp m - nganur;r tpFjp

12
ghliyg; gbj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;;F tpil jUf.
ede;jiy cyfk; tis, NekpNahL
tyk;Ghp nghwpj;j khjhq;F jlf;if
ePh;nry> epkph;e;j khmy; Nghy>
ghL,kpo; gdpf;fly; gUfp> tyd;Vh;G>
NfhLnfhz;L vOe;j nfhLQ; nryT vopyp
ngUk;ngay; nghope;j rpWGd; khiy”
1. ,g;ghly; ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m. kiygLflhk; M. Ky;iyg;ghl;L ,. ew;wpiz <. FWe;njhif
2. ede;jiy cyfk; ,j;njhlhpd; nghUs;
m. rpwpa cyfk; M. jiyaha cyfk; ,. eide;j cyfk;
<. mfd;w cyfk;
3. ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mb vJifr; nrhw;fs;
m. ngUk;ngay;> nghope;j M. ghL,kpo;> gdpf;fly; ,. ePh;nry> epkph;e;j
<. ghLmkpo;> NfhLnfhz;L
4. ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s msngil
m. jlf;if M. tis, ,. ngUk;ngay; <. nfhLQ;nryT
5. khmy; vd;gJ
m. ,d;dpir msngil M. nrhy;ypir msngil ,. xw;wsngil
<. nra;Aspir msngil
6. vopyp vd;gjd; nghUs;
m. Gay; M. fly;ePh; ,. moF <. Nkfk;
7. Nekp vd;gjd; nghUs;
m. nea;jy; M. ney; ,. tyk;Ghpr; rq;F <. kiy
FWtpdhf;fs;:
1. ngw;Nwhiu vz;zp mOk; jk;gpf;Ff; $Wk; MWjy; nrhw;fis vOJf.
fz;zh! mohNj VNjh Ntiy fhuzkhfg; ngw;Nwhh; tuj; jhkjkhfp ,Uf;fyhk;
cd;Nky; mth;fSf;F md;G kpFjp! ,Njh mjp tpiuthf te;J tpLthh;fs;! ftiy
kw!
jk;gp! th ,UtUk; ,ize;J ,dpNj tpisahb kfpo;Nthk;
2. khmy; - nghUSk; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;Gk; jUf.
khmy; - nghUs; - jpUkhy;
khmy; - ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G – nra;Aspir msngil
3. tphpr;rp Nfl;ly; vd;why; vd;d?
VNjDk; xU nray; ed;whf KbANkh? KbahNjh? vd Iak; nfhz;l
ngz;fs;>kf;fs; elkhl;lk; Fiwthd Ch;g; gf;fj;jpy; Ngha>; nja;tj;ijj; njhOJ epd;W>
mayhh; NgRk; nrhy;iyf; $h;e;J Nfl;gh;: mth;fs; ey;y nrhy;iyf; $wpd; jk; nray;
ed;ikapy; KbAk; vd;Wk; jPa nkhopiaf; $wpd; jPjha; KbAk; vd;Wk; nfhs;th;. ,JNt
tphpr;rp Nfl;ly; vdg;gLk;.

13
4. Ky;iyg; ghl;L Fwpg;G tiuf.
Ky;iyg; ghl;L gj;Jg; ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W;
,J 103 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ;
Mrphpag;ghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ;
gj;Jg;ghl;by; Fiwe;j mbfis cilaJ;
,e;E}iyf; fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;Jg; nghd;tzpfdhh; kfdhh; eg;G+jdhh;
,aw;wpAs;shh;
rpWtpdh:
1. kioepd;wTld; Gyg;gLk; fhl;rpia tUzpj;J vOJf
,iyfspy; nrhl;Lk; ePh;> khiyapy; Nfhitahf;fg;gl;l Kj;Jf;fisg; Nghd;W
thpiraha; tpo> epy kle;ij> jd; epyk; Fsph;e;jJ vd;W vz;zp Mde;jf; fz;zPh; tpl;L
mOjhs;. mJ epyj;jpNy Xilahf Xl> <uj;jpd; gjk; ghh;j;J ,jkhff; Fsph; fhw;W tPRk;.
vd; clypy; XLk; nky;ypa FspUk;> eLf;fKk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W jl;b ,irianaOg;gpd.
J}uj;jpNy kioePh; Njq;fpa Fl;ilapy; „rsg; jsg;‟ vd;W Fjpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs;. tapw;wpy;
cijf;Fk; Foe;ijiaj; jhq;Fk; jhiag; Nghy> G+kpj;jha; jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;>
,t;thW Fjpf;Fk; Foe;ijfisj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gts; G+kpj;jha;.
Foe;ijfspd; if epiwa fhfpjf; fg;gy;fs;. fg;gy;fspd; tbtk; vy;yhk; Mde;jj;jpd;
milahsNk. XLk; ePhpy; fhfpjf;fg;gy;> mf;Foe;ijfspd; ek;gpf;ifahf> Nghuhl;lkhf>
vjph;ghh;g;ghf> Kaw;rpahf khwp kpje;J nfhz;L nry;fpwJ.
2. Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fhpa Kjy;> fU> chpg;nghUs;fis vOJf.
epyk; fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk;
Kjw;nghUs; nghOJ ngUk;nghOJ - fhh;fhyk; (Mtzp> Gul;lhrp)
rpWnghOJ - khiy

fUg;nghUs; ePh; FWQ;Rid ePh;> fhl;lhW

kuk; nfhd;iw> fhah> FUe;jk;
G+ Ky;iy> gpltk;> Njhd;wpg;G+

chpg;nghUs; ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk; (fhj;jpUj;jy;)

neLtpdh:
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;by; cs;s fhh;fhyr; nra;jpfis tpthpj;J vOJf.
Kd;Diu:
,aw;if ,iwtdpd; tuk; mt;tpaw;ifapd; <by;yh ew;gyid ed;fwpe;Njhh;
jkpoh;. mjdhNyNa ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;e;J ,d;gj;ij Efh;e;jdh;.
mj;jifa Ky;iy epyj;jkpohpd; fhh;fhy tho;T Fwpj;J Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; %yk;
mwpNthk;.
kiog; nghopT:
14
 “ede;jiy cyfk; tis, NekpnahL
tyk;Ghp nghwpj;j khjhq;F jlf;if
ePh;nry epkph;e;j khmy; Nghy”
mfd;w cyfj;ij tisj;Jg; ngUkio nghopfpwJ. tyk;Ghpr; rq;F
nghwpj;j iffisAila jpUkhy;> FWfpa tbtk; nfhz;L khtyp kd;dd; ePh; thh;j;Jj;
jUk;nghOJ> kz;Zf;Fk; tpz;Zf;Fkhfg; NgUUtk; vLj;J cah;e;J epw;gJ Nghd;Ws;sJ
kioNkfk;. mk;Nkfk;> xypf;Fk; flypd; Fsph;ePiug; gUfpg; ngUe;Njhw;wk; nfhz;L> tykha;
vOe;J> kiyiar; #o;e;J> tpiue;j Ntfj;Jld; ngUkioiag; nghopfpwJ.
nja;tk; njhoy;:
Jd;gj;ijr; nra;fpd;w mk;khiyg; nghOjpy;> Kjpa ngz;fs; kpFe;j fhtiyAila
Ch;g;gf;fk; nrd;wdh;.
“aho;,ir,d tz;L Mh;g;g ney;nyhL>
ehop nfhz;l> eWtP Ky;iy
mUk;G mtpo; myhp J}ca;> ifnjhOJ”
ahopir Nghd;W xypf;Fk; tz;Lfs;; eWkzk; nfhz;l mUk;Gfisr; #o;e;J
Muthhpf;Fk; me;j kyh;e;j Ky;iyg; G+f;fNshL ehopapy; nfhz;L te;j ney;iyAk;
Nrh;j;Jj; nja;tj;jpd;Kd; J}tpdh;. gpwF nja;tj;ijj; njhOJ> jiytpf;fhf ew;nrhy;
Nfl;L epd;wdh;.
tphpr;rp Nfl;ly;:
ew;nrhy; Nfl;f epd;w ,lj;jpy;> rpWjhk;Gf; fapw;why; fl;lg;gl;l ,sq;fd;W grpahy;
thbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjd; tUj;jj;ij Xh; ,ilkfs; fz;lhs;. Fsph;jhq;fhky;
iffisf; fl;bagb epd;w mts;>
“nfhLq;Nfhw; Nfhtyh; gpd;epd;W ca;j;ju
,d;Nd tUFth;> jhah;”
“Gy;iy Nka;e;j cd; jha;khh; (gR)> tise;j fj;jpia cila fk;igf; nfhz;l
vk; ,ilah; Xl;btu ,g;NghJ te;JtpLth;. tUe;jhNj” vd;whs;. ,J ey;y nrhy; vdf;
nfhz;L KJngz;fs; jiytpaplk; „ew;nrhy;iy ehq;fs; Nfl;Nlhk;‟ vd;W $wpdh;.
,t;thW jiytd; tUif Fwpj;J KJngz;bh; tphpr;rp Nfl;L epd;wdh;.
jiytpia Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;:
epd; jiytd; giftiu ntd;W jpiwg;nghUNshL tUtJ cWjp jiytpNa!
kdj;jLkhw;wk; nfhs;shNj vd Mw;Wg;gLj;jpdh; KJngz;bh;.
KbTiu:
Ky;iyg;ghl;by;> Ky;iyj; jpizapd; fUg;nghUshd jpUkhy;> Ky;iy mUk;G>
MLkhL Nka;j;jy; Nghd;wdTk; Kjy; nghUshd fhh;fhyk;> khiyg;nghOJ MfpadTk;
fhj;jpUj;jyhfpa chpg;nghUSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUg;gJ jkpohpd; ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j
tho;it ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

15
 GaypNy xU Njhzp – g. rpq;fhuk;
gyTs; njhpf
1. Gyk;ngah;e;j jkpoh;fs; gw;wpa Kjy; Gjpdk;
m. Mwhk; jpiz M. GaypNy xU Njhzp ,. ghtpaf; nfhj;J <. Nrujhz;ltk;
2. g. rpq;fhuk; gpwe;j Ch;
m. rpq;fk;Gzhp M. GJr;Nrhp ,. vl;laGuk; <. jUkGhp
3. g. rpq;fhuk; khzth;fspd; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf toq;fpa njhif
m. VO ,yl;rk; M. vl;L ,yl;rk; ,. Voiu ,yl;rk; <. vl;liu ,yl;rk;
4. tl,e;jpag;ngUq;flypy; cUthFk; Gay;fSf;Fg; ngah; itf;Fk; eilKiw njhlq;fpa
Mz;L
m. 2001 M. 2002 ,. 2003 <. 2000
5. 2004 nrg;lk;ghpy; kz;lyr; rpwg;G thdpiy Ma;T ikak; ntspapl;l ngah;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m. 65 M. 64 ,.. 46 <. 48
6. „f[h‟ Gaypd; ngaiuj; je;j ehL
m. jha;yhe;J M. ,e;;jpah ,. ,yq;if <. ghfp];jhd;
7. nghUj;Jf
m. njhq;fhd; - 1. jiyik khYkp
M. fg;gpj;jhd; - 2. ,e;NjhNdrpahtpYs;s ,lk;
,. mTypah - 3. fg;gy;
<. gpythd; - 4. kPd; tif
m. 2> 4> 3> 1 M. 3> 1> 4> 2 ,. 1>2>3>4 <. 2>3>1>4
neLtpdh:
1. “GaypNy xU Njhzp” fijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s tUzidfSk; mLf;Fj; njhlh;fSk;
xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fSk; Gaypy;> Njhzp gLk;ghl;il vt;thW tpthpf;fpd;wd?
Kd;Diu:
tz;lkpo; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; ek; jkpo;nkhop njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; nra;As; tbtpNyNa
mike;jpUe;jJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwNf ciueil vDk; tbtk; cUthdJ
vdyhk;. mJ rpWfij> Gjpdk; vd tphpAk;. mtw;wpy; fij epfo;Tfis KOikahf
czh;e;J mjDld; ,uz;lwf; fyf;f cjTk; cj;jpfs; rpytw;iwg; “GaypNy xU
Njhzp” vDk; fijtopahf czh;Nthk;.
fij cj;jpfs;:
fijg; Nghf;ifAk; fUitAk; gbg;Nghh; kdjpy; gjpa itg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cj;jpfs; vd tUzid> mLf;Fj; njhlh;> xypf; Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;JtJz;L. ,tw;iwg; gilg;ghsp ifahz;Ls;s Kiwia ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;.
tUzid:
 nfhSj;Jk; ntapy;> ,ik Neuj;jpy; kiwe;jJ.
 Nkfg; nghjpfs; gue;J jpuz;nlhd;wpf; Fk;kpUl;lha; ,Wfp epd;wd.

16
 fhw;iwNa fhNzhk;. xNu ,Wf;fk;.
 ,b Kof;fj;Jld; kpd;dy; fPw;Wfs; thidg; gpse;jd.
 thDk; flYk; tspAk; kioAk; kPz;Lk; xd;W $bf; nfhe;jspf;fpd;wd.
 kiyj;njhlh; Nghd;w miyfs; Nkhjpj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
 fUePythdpy; tpz;kPd;fs; ntFxspAld; fz; rpkpl;b epd;wd.
 mTypah kPd;fs; $l;lk; $l;lkha; fz;khapy; KJF njhpa %o;fp ePe;Jk; vUikfnsd
Kdfy; xypNahL gpd; njhlh;e;jd. miyfs; nespe;Njhbd.
gad;ghL
 ,t;tUzidfs; gbg;NghUf;F Mh;t%l;b> czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 nkhopeil fijg;Nghf;Ff;F NkYk; nkU$l;LfpwJ
 nrhw;fshy; fUj;Jf;F tpUe;J jUtd
 ,J> fw;gidiaj; J}z;b> ,yf;fpa Mh;tyiuf; fijNahL ,ize;J nry;yr; nra;Ak;
cj;jp.
mLf;Fj; njhlh;:
 thdk; cile;J nfhl;Lnfhl;nld;W nts;sk; nfhl;baJ.
 njhq;fhd; eLeLq;fpj; jhtpj; jhtpf; FjpFjpj;J tpOtpOe;J nehWnehW nehWq;FfpwJ.
 ,Ul;bUl;L> Fk;kpUl;L> FUl;bUl;L.
 cil cliy ,Wf;fpapWf;fp uk;gkha; mWf;fpwJ.
gad;ghL
 fijf;Fr; RitA+l;b czh;Tf;F cap&l;LfpwJ.
 fij khe;jhpd; czh;it thrfDk; ngwr; nra;fpwJ
 Mh;tk; mfyhky; fijf;F Ntf%l;l cjTfpwJ
xypf; Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;;:
 fpLfpLf;Fk; ,b Kof;fj;Jld; kpd;dy; fPw;Wfs; thidg; gpse;jd.
 vYk;Gfs; KwptJNghy; nehWnehW nehWq;fy; xyp.
 rpYrpY kukug;G. nqha;q; Ga;q; nqha;q; Ga;q; nqha;q; Ga;q;.
 Rod;W fpWfpWj;Jf; $j;jhLfpwJ.
gad;ghL:
 fijf;F cap&l;b gpd;dzp ,irahf miktd.
 fij epfo;it czh;Tg;G+h;tkhf;Ftd.
 ,aw;ifapd; xyp tbtj;ij vOj;J tbthf;Ftd.
KbTiu
,ay;Gfisf; $Wk; fijfisNa khe;jh; tpUk;Gth;. „GaypNy xU
Njhzp”vDk; ,g;Gjpdk; g.rpq;fhuj;jpd; fw;gidg; gilg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; “flw;$j;J” vDk;
mj;jpahak; ek; fz;Kd; flypd; Mh;g;ghl;lj;ij epiyepWj;JtjhfNt cs;sJ.

17
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. flypy; Gaypd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l gjw;wj;ij ntspg;gLj;j mLf;Fj;
njhlh;fSk; tUzidfSk; vt;thnwy;yhk; gad;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ Fwpj;J
tFg;gpy; NgRf.
Iah mth;fSf;F ,dpa fhiy tzf;fk;. vd; ,dpa khzt
ez;gh;fSf;Fk; tzf;fj;ijj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. fly;Gay; gw;wpg; Ngr
tpiofpNwd;. ek;Kila tho;tpy; vg;NghJk; tpag;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; flYk;
xd;W. mjpYk; Gay; Njhd;Wk; fhyq;fspy; tpag;NghL mr;rj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
„nfhl;Lf;nfhl;nld;W nfhl;bj; jPh;j;j kioia thq;fp> jhtpj; jhtpf;
Fj;jpf;fpwJ miy‟
„Gay;fhw;why; cah;e;J te;j fly; ePh; ciliaAk; cliyAk; eidj;J
,Wf;fp ,Wf;fp uk;gk; Nghy; mWj;njLf;Fk;‟ „miymiyaha; Mh;g;ghpf;Fk; fly;>
vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; fg;giyf; ftpo;j;JtpLk; Ntfj;jpy; mbj;J mbj;J
tpOe;jJ‟ „eLeLq;fp fg;gy; Fjpj;Jf; Fjpj;J nehWnehWntd;W neWq;Ffpd;wJ‟
„nfhSj;Jk; ntapy; ,ikNeuj;jpy; kiwe;jJ‟
„kiw njhlh; Nghd;w miyfs; Nkhjpj; jhf;Ffpd;wd‟
„fUePy thdpy; tpz;kPd;fs; ntFnthspAld; fz;rpkpl;b epd;wd‟
„Nkfg;nghjpfs; gue;J jpuz;nlhd;wpf; Fk;kpUl;lha; ,Wfp epd;wd‟.
,g;gb th;zidfSk; mLf;Fj;njhlh;fSk; nfhz;ljha;f; fly;Gaiy mjd; gjw;wk;
Fiwahky; ek; glglg;igf; $l;Lk; tpjj;jpy; ,f;fijia tbj;Jj; je;Js;shh;. xU
fijf;F mjpYk; ,JNghd;w Nghplh;fisf; fijahf;Fk;NghJ mLf;Fj; njhlh;fSk;
th;zidfSk; kpfKf;fpak; vd;gij ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s GaypNy xU Njhzp vDk; fij
xU tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
2. ePq;fs; vjph;nfhz;l ,aw;if ,lh; Fwpj;J tpthpj;J vOJf.
(kio> nts;sk;> Gay;> twl;rp)
kio:
ehd; Mwhk; tFg;Gg; gbj;j NghJ Xh; milkiof; fhyj;jpy; vq;fs; Ch;f; fz;kha;
cile;J ngUf;nfLj;j ePh; Vw;gLj;jpa ngUk;Nrjk; vq;fs; CiuNa Gul;bg; Nghl;lJ.
MLkhL> fd;Wfs;> Nfhopfs;> gwitfs; kdpjh;fs; vd midtUf;Fk; ngUk;,liu
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
nts;sk;:
vd; gj;J tajpy; nga;j fdkioahy; Mw;Wnts;sk; jpuz;nlOe;J> CUf;Fs; GFe;J
caph;fis tij nra;J> md;whl tho;f;ifiag; Gul;bg; Nghl;lJ. Mw;W ePh; vq;fs; Ciur;
#o;e;J nfhz;ljhy; midj;Jj; njhlh;GfSk; Jz;bf;fg;gl;L vq;fs; Ch; jPthdJ.
czTf;Fk; ePUf;Fk; $l my;yhba kf;fis md;Wjhd; ghh;j;Njd;. vdf;Fk; NrhW vd;why;
vd;d? ePh; vd;why; vd;d? vd;gJ md;Wjhd; Ghpe;jJ.

18
 Gay;:
rpy Mz;LfSf;F Kd; f[hg; Gayhy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gy gFjpfs; gjpf;fg;gl;ld. mjpy;
vq;fs; gFjpAk; xd;W. jpde;NjhWk; re;jpj;j fhw;W> xU ehspy; mbj;J nehWf;fp kuq;fis
NtNuhL rha;j;J> gaph;fisg; gpLq;fp vwpe;J> fl;llq;fisAk; rpijj;Jg; Nghl;l mjd;
jhz;ltj;ij md;Wjhd; ghh;j;Njd;. Gay; vd;gJ kioia tpl nts;sj;ijtplf;
nfh^ukhdJ vdg; Ghpaitj;jJ.
twl;rp:
ePuUe;jhky; cjLfs; ntbg;gJ Nghy ePh; ,y;yhky; epyq;fs; ntbj;Jf; fple;jd. vq;fs;
CiuAk; twl;rp rpy Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;jJ. kio> nts;sk;> Gaiytpl vJTNk
,y;yhj twl;rp kpff; nfh^ukhdJ. ePhpy;yhj Xil> ePhpy;yhj MW> ePhpy;yhj Fsk;>
kukpy;yhj epyk; vd twl;rp midj;ijAk; jpd;W> jd; ngUk;grpia mlf;fpf; nfhz;lJ.
Mdhy; kf;fSf;F jPuhg; grp neUg;ig cz;lhf;fpaJ. kf;fs; jq;fs; tapw;W neUg;ig
mizf;f ePh; Njbj; jq;fs; nrhe;j epyk;tpl;L ePUs;s epyk; Njb miye;jdh;. twl;rp
tho;f;if mwj;ij kpf vspjhfg; Ghpaitj;jJ.

,yf;fzk; - njhif epiyj; njhlh;

1. „nghpa kPir‟ rphpj;jhh; - tz;zr; nrhy;Yf;fhd njhifapd; tif
m. gz;Gj; njhif M. ctikj; njhif ,. md;nkhopj; njhif
<. ck;ikj; njhif
2. njhifepiyj; njhlhpd; tiffs;
m. Ie;J M. %d;W ,. MW <. xd;gJ
3. kJiu nrd;whh; vd;gjpYs;s njhif
m. ctikj;njhif M. gz;Gj;njhif ,. Ntw;Wikj; njhif
<. md;nkhopj; njhif
4. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif gapd;W te;Js;s
njhlh;
m. Njh;g;ghfd; M. fUk;G jpd;whd; ,. jkpo;j; njhz;L <. mz;zd; jk;gp
5. vz;zy;> vLj;jy;> Kfj;jy;> ePl;ly; vd;Dk; msTg;ngah;fisj; njhlh;e;J
tUtJ
m. gz;Gj; njhif M. Ntw;Wikj; njhif ,. ck;ikj; njhif
<. tpidj;njhif
6. jha;Nra; ,jpy; gapd;Wte;Js;s njhif
m. md;nkhopj; njhif M. ck;ikj; njhif ,. ctikj; njhif
<. gz;Gj; njhif

19
7. „fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk;‟ vd;gJ
m. tpidj;njhif M. ck;ikj; njhif ,. gz;Gj;njhif
<. md;nkhopj;njhif
8. tpidg; gFjpAk; mLj;Jg; ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; mike;j nrhw;nwhlh;fspNy miktJ
m. tpidj;njhif M. ck;ikj; njhif ,. gz;Gj;njhif
<. md;nkhopj;njhif
9. rpwg;Gg; ngah; Kd;Dk; nghJg; ngah; gpd;Dk; ep;d;W ,ilapy; „Mfpa‟ vd;Wk;
gz;G cUG njhf;fp tUtJ
m. gz;Gj; njhif M. tpidj; njhif ,. ctikj; njhif
<. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
10. kyh;f; if vd;gJ
m. gz;Gj; njhif M. ck;ikj; njhif ,. gz;Gj;njhif
<. ctikj; njhif
11. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif gapd;W te;Js;s njhlh;
m. jkpo;j; njhz;L M. Njh;g; ghfd; ,. kJiu nrd;whh; <. ,d;nkhop
12. fhyk; fue;j nganur;rj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf miktJ
m. nrq;fhe;js; M. kyh;f; if ,. tPRnjd;wy; <. rhiug;ghk;G
13. KWf;F kPir te;jhh; vd;gJ
m. tpidj;njhif M. ck;ikj; njhif ,. gz;Gj;njhif
<. md;nkhopj;njhif
14. khh;fopj; jpq;fs; ,jd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
m. gz;Gj; njhif M. tpidj; njhif ,. ctikj; njhif
<. ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
15. Mfpa> Md vd;gd
m. Ntw;Wik cUGfs; M. gz;G cUGfs; ,. ctk cUGfs;
<. tpid cUGfs;
16. nghUj;Jf
m. tl;lj; njhl;b – 1. ck;ikj; njhif
M. nfhy;fspW - 2. Ntw;Wikj; njhif
,. jha;Nra; - 3. gz;Gj; njhif
<. fUk;G jpd;whd; - 4. tpidj; njhif
m. 3> 4> 1> 2 M. 4> 3>2>1 ,. 2>1>3>4 <. 1> 4> 2>3
FWtpdhf;fs;:
1. m) jz;zPh; Fb – jz;zPiuf; Fb
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G: ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
njhlh;: jpdKk; ehd;F ypl;lh; jz;zPh; Fbf;f Ntz;Lk;

20
 M) japh;f;Flk; - japiu cila Flk;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G -,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
njhlh;: mKjh japh;f;Flj;Jld; te;jhs;.
2. njhifepiyj; njhlh; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
njhifepiyj; njhlh; MW tifg;gLk;. mit> Ntw;Wikj; njhif> tpidj;
njhif> gz;Gj; njhif> ctikj; njhif> ck;ikj; njhif> md;nkhopj; njhif
vd;gd MFk;.
rhd;W: njhLjpiu – tpidj;njhif
3. Ntw;Wikj; njhif vt;thW mikAk;?
xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ( I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz;) Mfpatw;Ws; xd;W
kiwe;J te;J nghUs; czh;j;JtJ Ntw;Wikj; njhif vdg;gLk;. v-L. kJiu
nrd;whh;.
4. tpidj;njhifia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk; nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J epw;f>
tpidg;gFjpiaj; njhlh;e;J xU ngah; te;J xU nrhy;iyg; Nghy; elg;gJ
„tpidj;njhif‟ vdg;gLk;. fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk; tpidj;njhifahFk;.
v-L. tPRnjd;wy;
5. gz;Gj;njhif – tpsf;Ff.
epwk;> tbtk;> Rit> msT Kjyhdtw;iw czh;j;Jk; gz;Gg;ngaUf;Fk; mJ
jOtpepw;Fk; ngah;r; nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilapy; „ik‟ vd;Dk; gz;G tpFjpAk; Mfpa> Md
vd;Dk; gz;G cUGfSk; kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj;njhif vdg;gLk;;.
tl;lj;njhl;b - tl;lkhd njhl;b
6. ctikj; njhifia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
ctikf;Fk; nghUSf;Fk; (ctNkak;) ,ilapy; ctkcUG kiwe;J tUtJ
ctikj;njhif vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. kyh;f;if (kyh; Nghd;w if)
kyh; - ctik> if – ctNkak;(nghUs;) ,ilNa „Nghd;w‟ vd;Dk; ctkcUG
kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
7. md;nkhopj; njhif vt;thW mikAk;?
Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik Mfpa njhifepiyj; njhlh;fs; mit
my;yhj NtW nrhw;fs; kiwe;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ md;nkhopj; njhif MFk;.
rhd;W: KWf;F kPir te;jhh;.
rpWtpdh:
1. Njhl;lj;jpy; ky;ypifg; G+ gwpj;j G+q;nfhb> tUk;topapy; MLkhLfSf;Fj; jz;zPh;j;
njhl;bapy; FbePh; epug;gpdhs;. tPl;bDs; te;jts; Rth;f; fbfhuj;jpy; kzp ghh;j;jhs;.
,g;gj;jpapy; cs;s njhifr; nrhw;fspd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> tphpj;J vOJf.

21
 njhifr; nrhw;fspd; tiffs;:

 ky;ypifg;g+ - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif - ky;ypifapdJ g+

- ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif – ky;ypif Mfpa G+ - G+f;fSs; xd;whd
ky;ypifiaf; Fwpj;jJ.
 g+q;nfhb – md;nkhopj;njhif
g+q;nfhbahfpa ngz;
 MLkhL – ck;ikj;njhif
MLk; khLk;
 jz;zPh;j;njhl;b -,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;gaDk; cld;njhf;fnjhif
jz;zPiu cila njhl;b
 FbePh; - tpidj;njhif
Fbj;j ePh;
Fbf;fpd;w ePh;
Fbf;Fk; ePh; - vd %d;W fhyq;fSf;Fk; nghJtha; mike;jJ.
 Rth;f;fbfhuk; - ,U nganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif
fbfhuj;jpd; xU tifahd Rth;f;fbfhuj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 kzp ghh;j;jhs; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
kzpiag; ghh;j;jhd;.
 FbePh; epug;gpdhs; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
FbePiu epug;gpdhs;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
tz;zkpl;l njhifr;nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;Jf
1. md;Gr; nry;td; jpwd;Ngrpapd; njhLjpiuapy; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;
2. midtUf;Fk; Nkhh;gg
; hidiaj; jpwe;J Nkhh; nfhLf;fTk;
3. ntz;ilf;fha;g; nghhpay; Nkhh;f;Fok;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;
4. jq;fkPd;fs; jz;zPh;j;njhl;bapy; tpisahLfpd;wd.
tpilfs;:
1. md;Gr;nry;td; - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif>
njhLjpiu – tpidj;njhif
2. Nkhh;g;ghid - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif>
Nkhh; nfhLf;fTk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
3. ntz;ilf;fha; - ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif>
Nkhh;fF
; ok;G - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
4. jq;fkPd;fs; - ctikj;njhif >
jz;zPh;j; njhl;b - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

22
 nkh;o
; pia Ms;Nthk;
nkhop ngah;f;f:
1. The Golden Sun gets up early in the morning and starts its bright rays to fade away the dark.
The milky clouds start their wandering. The colourful birds start twitting their morning
melodies in percussion. The cute butterflies dance around the flowers. The flowers fragrance
fills the breeze. The breeze gently blows everywhere and makes everything pleasant.

mjpfhiyapd; moF
,sq;fhiyapy; nghd;dpwf;fjputd; Njhd;wp> mjd; nghd;dpwf; fuq;fshy;
,Uis tpyf;Ffpwhd;. ntz;Nkfq;fs; mq;Fkpq;Fk; cyTfpd;wd. tz;zj;Jg; g+r;rpfs;
kyh;fisr; Rw;wpj; jphpfpd;wd. kyh;fspd; ,dpa kzk; njd;wiy epiwf;fpd;wJ. ,se;njd;wy;
,jkhf vq;Fk; tPrp midj;ijAk; mofhf;FfpwJ.
nrhw;fspy; kiwe;Js;s njhiffis milahsk; fz;L njhlhpy; mikf;f.
,d;nrhy;> vOfjph;> fPhpghk;G> G+q;Foy; te;jhs;> kiy tho;thh;> Kj;Jg;gy;
1. ,d;nrhy; - gz;Gj;njhif.
,dpikahd nrhy; $Wjy; rhd;Nwhh;fF
; moF.
2. vOfjph; - tpidj;njhif
vOfjphpd; moNf moF.
3. fPhpghk;G – ck;ikj;njhif
uhkd;> fjph; Mfpa ,UtUk; fPhpAk; ghk;Gkhfr; rPwpf; nfhz;ldh;.
4. G+q;Foy; te;jhs; - md;nkhopj;njhif
ky;ypif khiyNahL g+q;Foy; te;jhs;.
5. kiy tho;thh; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
rpj;jh;fs; kiyapd;fz; tho;e;J te;jdh;
6. Kj;Jg;gy; - ctikj;njhif
vopy; Kj;J Nghd;w gw;fis cilats;
nra;jpfisg; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.
g+f;fisg; gw;wpa mhpa ,yf;fpar; nra;jpfs;
G+ cz;L. Mdhy; fz;zpw;Ff; fhl;rp juhky; fhz;lw;F mupadtha; ,Uf;Fk; kyu;fs;: My
kyu;; gyh kyu;.

kyu; cz;L; ngaUk; cz;L; Mdhy; ,Jjhd; mJ vd;W cWjpahf mwpa ,ayhJs;s
epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; kyu;fs;: Rs;sp kyu;> ghq;fu; kyu;.

mftpjo; Kjypa cWg;Gfs; ,Ue;J mit Gwj;Nj fhl;rpg;glhky; cs;NsNa

nghjpe;jpUf;Fk; kyu;fs;: mj;jp> Myk;> nfhopQ;rp> gyh.

gad;ghL> ehw;wk;> kf;fsJ tpUg;gpy; ,lk; ngwhik> nghJtpy; xJf;fg;gl;lik nfhz;L

kyupy; rpy vspait Mfpd;wd. mitahtd: neUQ;rp> vUf;F> G+is> FuP,g; G+is> Ntis>
Ckj;jk;> fs;sp> KUq;if .

23
 ,Yg;igg; G+f;fs; ,dpg;ghdit. fubfs; kuj;jpd; kPNjwp mtw;iwg; gwpj;J cz;Zk;.

ghjpupg; G+ FbePUf;Fj; jd; kzj;ij Vw;Wk;. %q;fpy; G+tpy; fha; Njhd;wpf; fdpahfp
mjpypUe;J xUtif muprp Njhd;Wk;. ,J %q;fpy; muprp vdg;gLk;.

- Nfhit.,sQ;Nrud;

1. kyu; cz;L; ngaUk; cz;L – ,uz;L njhlu;fisAk; xU njhluhf;Ff.

tpil: kyUk; ngaUk; cz;L

2. mUk;ghfp nkhl;lhfpg; G+thfp…. vd;gij xj;J mike;Js;s njhliuf; fz;lwpf.

tpil: %q;fpy; G+tpy; fha; Njhd;wpf; fdpahfp mjpypUe;J xUtif muprp Njhd;Wk;. ,J
%q;fpy; muprp vdg;gLk;.

3. ePq;fs; mwpe;j ,U G+f;fspd; ngau;fisAk; gad;fisAk; vOJf.

khJsk; G+:

clypy; cs;s mdy; gpj;jk;> Vg;gk;> the;jp> ,uj;j %yk; Nghd;w Neha;fs; khJis
G+tpidr; rhg;gpl;L tu ePq;Fk;. mJ kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; clypy; ,uj;jk; mjpfhpj;J clYf;F
Cl;lj;jpid mspf;Fk;.

nrk;gUj;jpg; G+:

,ja typik mw;wth;fs;> mbf;fb khh;gf typahy; mtjpg;gLgth;fs; nrk;gUj;jpg;

G+it ePhpy; ed;F fha;rr
; p fhiy> khiy Mfpa Ntisfspy; Fbj;J tu ,jak; ed;whf tY
milAk;

4. mupa kyu; – ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;Gj; jUf.

tpil: Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;

5. njhlupy; nghUe;jhg; nghUs;jUk; kaq;nfhyp vOj;Jfisj; jpUj;Jf.

,Yg;igg; G+f;fs; ,dpg;ghdit. fubfs; kwj;jpd; kPNjwp mtw;iwg; gupj;J cz;Zk;.

ghjpupg; G+ FbePUf;Fj; jd; kdj;ij Vw;Wk;.

tpil: kuj;jpd;> gwpj;J> kzj;ij

tho;j;Jkly; vOJf.
khepy mstpy; eilngw;w “kuk; ,aw;ifapd; tuk;” vDk; jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liug;

Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;W Kjy; gupR ngw;w Njhoid tho;j;jp kly; vOJf.

24
 ,ay; - 2(gf;f vz; : 46)
ez;gidg; ghuhl;bf; fbjk;
,,,>
17.5.19.
md;Gs;s ez;gDf;F>
eyk;. cd; eyk; vd; ,d;gj;jpd; tsk;. tpiotJk; mJNt. ,q;F ehDk; vd; tPl;lhUk;
eykhf cs;Nshk;. cd; kly; %yk; cd; eyKk; cd; tPl;lhh; eyKk; mwpe;J ngUkfpo;rr ; p
mile;Njd;.

cd; kly; fz;lJk; ehkpUtUk; Nrh;e;J kfpo;e;jpUe;j me;jg; gioa ehl;fspd; epidTfs;
vd; kdjpy; epoyhbd.

“tpisAk; gaph; KisapNyNa njhpAk;” vd;gjw;Nfw;g rpWtaJ KjNy eP> “E}y; gy fy;”
vd;gij kdjpy; nfhz;L fpilj;j Xa;T Neuq;fspy; gy E}y;fisf; fw;wha;. “mwpit tphpT nra;
mfz;lkhf;F” vd;w ghujpjhrdpd; thpfisr; nray;gLj;jpf; fl;Liufs; vOjj; njhlq;fpdha;.
cd;Dila ftpd;kpF ifnaOj;Jk; ifnfhLf;f> gs;spapNy fl;Liu vOj Kad;W> Kj;jhd
Kjy; ghpRk; ngw;wha;.

Kjy; Kaw;rpNa Kj;jha;g;gha; mike;jpl vy;NyhUf;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Mdha.; cd;

njhlh; Kaw;rpapd; cr;repiyNa> khepy mstpyhd Nghl;bapy; eP ngw;w Kjy; ghpR. mjidf;
Nfl;L mfk; Fsph;e;Njd;.

,d;iwa #oyp;y; midtUf;Fk; Njitahd tpopg;Gzh;T jUk; jiyg;gpy;> “kuNk

kiojUk;; kioNa khdplj;jhiu tho;tpf;Fk;” vDk; fUj;ij typAWj;jp> kuq;fspd;
,d;wpaikahik> kuq;fspd; gad;> kuq;fs; jUk; tsk;;> kuq;fisr; nropf;fr; nra;Ak; toptiffs;>
kuq;fNs tuq;fs; Nghd;w cl;jiyg;Gfspl;L “kuk; ,aw;ifapd; tuk;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOjpdha;
vd;gij mwpe;J cd; kjp El;gj;ij tpae;J ghuhl;LfpNwd;.

Tpbaiyf; fhl;Lk; nts;sp tpz;kPidg; Nghy ,yf;fpa cyfpy; cd; vOj;J nts;spahf
xsptPr Ntz;Lk;. mt;nthspapy; thrfh;fs; ,yf;fpa cyfpy; thrpg;Gg; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk.; ,e;j ntw;wpg; gazk; njhlh;e;J> vjph;fhyj;jpy; vy;NyhUk; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; rpwe;j
gilg;ghsdhf tsu tho;j;Jf;fs;.

,g;gbf;F>
cd; md;G ez;gd;>
mmmm.
ciwNky; Kfthp
ngWeh; mQ;ry;jiy
mmmm>
MMMM>
,,,,.

25
 ciueil - tpUe;J Nghw;WJk;
gyTs; njhpf
1. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kiwahd njhlu; -
m) jkpou; gz;ghl;by; jdpj;j thio ,iyf;F ,lKz;L.
M) jkpou; thio ,iyf;Fg; gz;ghl;by; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
,) jkpou; gz;ghl;by; thio ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
<) jkpou; thio gz;ghl;by; jdpj;j ,iyf;F ,lKz;L.
tpil: ,) jkpou; gz;ghl;by; thio ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L.
2. ‘thioapiy tpUe;J tpoh’ nfhz;lhLk; kpdNrhl;lh jkpo;r; rq;fk; mike;Js;s ehL
m. ,e;jpah M. ,yq;if ,. mnkhpf;fh <. fdlh
tpil: ,. mnkhpf;fh
3. 'tpUe;jpdiug; NgZtjw;Fg; nghUs; Njitg;gl;ljhy;> jd; fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiog;
gizak; itj;J tpUe;jspj;jhd; vd;fpwJ GwehD}W”. ,r;nra;jp czu;j;Jk;
tpUe;JNghw;wpa epiy –
m) epyj;jpw;Nfw;w tpUe;J M) ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;J
,) my;ypYk; tpUe;J <) cw;whupd; tpUe;J
tpil: M) ,d;ikapYk; tpUe;J
4. “neUie te;j tpUe;jpw;F kw;Wj;jd;
,Uk;Gilg; goths; itj;jdd; ,d;W,f;
fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho; gizak;” itj;j nra;jpiaf; $Wk; E}y;
m. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil M. GwehD}W ,. nghpa Guhzk; <. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
tpil: M. GwehD}W
5. ,isahd;Fb khwehadhh;>md;W tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j ney;iy mhpj;J
te;J> rikj;J> tpUe;J gilj;jhh; vd;gijf; $Wk; E}y;
m. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil M. GwehD}W ,. nghpa Guhzk; <.rpyg;gjpfhuk;
tpil: ,. nghpa Guhzk;
6. nghpaGuhzj;jij vOjpath;
m. Nrf;fpohh; M. rhj;jdhh; ,. jpUj;jf;fj;Njth; <. ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
tpil: m. Nrf;fpohh;
7. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil $Wk; nea;jy; epyj;jth; ghzh;fSf;F mspj;j tpUe;JzT
m. jpidr; NrhW M. Foy; kPd; fwp ,. ez;L <. jhdpaq;fs;
tpil: M. Foy; kPd; fwp
8. neUie> my; vd;gdtw;wpd; nghUs;
m. New;W> ,uT M. ney;> gfy; ,. ehis> ,uT <. ,uT> kfpOk;
tpil: m. New;W> ,uT
9. “fhypd; Vobg; gpd; nrd;W” vd;W ciuf;Fk; E}y;
m. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil M. GwehD}W ,.nghpaGuhzk; <. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
tpil: m. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
10. “my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;J thpd; ctf;Fk;” vd;Wiuf;Fk; ,yf;fpak;
m. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil M. GwehD}W ,.nghpaGuhzk; <.ew;wpiz
tpil: <. ew;wpiz
11. tpUe;jpdiu topaDg;g ehd;F Fjpiufs; G+l;lg;gl;l Njh; tiu ele;J nrd;w
mbfs;
m. vl;lb M. VO mb ,. gj;jb <. Mwb
tpil: M. VO mb
12. “,iyia kbg;gjw;F Ke;ija…” vd;w ghliy vOjpath
m. ghujpjhrd; M. mjptPuh; ,. mk;rg;gphpah <. gphpah
tpil: ,. mk;rg;gphpah
13. rq;f fhy ,y;yq;fs; gyUk; EioAk; mstpw;F cs;s nghpa thapiy
cilajhf ,Ue;jd vdf; $Wk; E}y;
1
m. ew;wpiz M. GwehD}W ,. FWe;njhif <. mfehD}W
tpil: ,. FWe;njhif
14. “gyh;GF thapy; milg;gf; flTeh;
tUtPh; csPNuh” vd;w thp ,lk;ngWk; E}y;
m. ew;wpiz M. GwehD}W ,. FWe;njhif <. mfehD}W
tpil: FWe;njhif
15. nghUj;Jf
1. “kUe;Nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz;” – m. jpUf;Fws;
2. Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk; - M. GwehD}W
3. mkpo;jk; ,iatjhapDk; ,dpnjdj; jkpah; cz;lYk; ,yNu - ,. ew;wpiz
4. my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;J thpd; ctf;Fk; - <. nfhd;iw Nte;jd;
m. 1-m> 2-M> 3-<> 4-, M. 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4-m ,. 1-m> 2-<> 3-M> 4-m
<. 1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-,
tpil: <. 1-<> 2-m> 3-M> 4-,
16. “tufhprpr; NrhWk; tOJzq;fha; thl;Lk;
KuKnudNt Gspj;j NkhUk; - jpwKlNd
Gs;NtSh;g; G+jd; Ghpe;JtpUe;J ,l;lhd;<(J)
vy;yh cyFk; ngWk;” vDk; jdpg;ghliyg; ghbath;
m. Nrf;fpohh; M. rhj;jdhh; ,. jpUj;jf;fj;Njth; <. xsitahh;
tpil: <. xsitahh;
17. jkpohpd; tpUe;Njhk;gypd; mbg;gilg; gz;G
m. <jw;fld; M. gfph;e;Jz;zy; ,. tpUe;J gilj;jy; <. kfpo;e;Jz;zy;
tpil: M. gfph;e;Jz;zy;
18. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rq;f ,yf;fpak; my;yhjJ
m. ,dpnjdj; jkpah; cz;lYk; ,yNu
M. Fuy; czq;F tpijj; jpid cuy; tha;g;nga;J
,. fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho; gizakpJ nfhz;L <tjpyhsd;
<. grp tug; gj;Jk; gwe;J NghFk;
tpil: <. grp tug; gj;Jk; gwe;J NghFk;
18. ‘fhypd; Vobg; gpd; nrd;W’ vd;W nghUeuhw;Wg;gil Fwp;g;gpLtJ
m. tpUe;jpdh; fhy;njhl;L tzq;fp tuNtw;wy;
M. tpUe;jpdiug; NgZjy; nghUl;L VO mb ele;J nrd;W tuNtw;wy;
,. tpUe;jpdiu VO mb ele;J nrd;W topaDg;Gjy;
<. mbahh;fis tzq;fp tuNtw;wy;
tpil: ,. tpUe;jpdiu VO mb ele;J nrd;W topaDg;Gjy;
19. New;W te;j tpUe;jpdiug; NgZtjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUSf;fhf mlF
itf;fg;gl;l nghUs;
m. ,Uk;gpdhy; Md gioa ths; M. jhdpak; ,. rPwpaho; <. ney;
tpil: m. ,Uk;gpdhy; Md gioa ths;
20. jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fj;jpnaLj;J tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspj;j jiytpiag; gw;wp $Wk; E}y;
m. mfehD}W M. GwehD}W ,. nghpa Guhzk; <. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
tpil: M. GwehD}W
21. ,d;Wk; te;j tpUe;jpdUf;fhfg; gizak; itj;j nghUs;
m. ,Uk;gpdhy; Md gioa ths; M. fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho; ,. jhdpak; <. ney;
tpil: M. fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho;
22. $w;W: ,d;W jpUkz Vw;ghl;lhsh;fNs nra;Ak; tpUe;Njhk;gy; eilngWtijf;
fhzKbfpwJ.
$w;W: gz;ilj; jkpoh; ,y;yq;fspYk; cs;sq;fspYk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;ghL
nropj;jpUe;jJ.

2
 m. $w;W 1 kl;Lk; rhp M. $w;W 2 kl;Lk; rhp ,. $w;W ,uz;Lk; rhp
<. $w;W ,uz;Lk; jtW.
tpil: ,. $w;Wk; ,uz;Lk; rhp

tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikf;f:

1. “Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk;”vd;w Fws; Kfkyh;r;rpNahL tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ.
tpil: “Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk;” vd Kfkyh;r;rpNahL tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wk; E}y; vJ?

2. fy;tpAk; nry;tKk; ngw;w ngz;fs; tpUe;Jk; <ifAk; nra;tjhff; fk;gh;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
tpil: fy;tpAk; nry;tKk; ngw;w ngz;fs; tpUe;Jk; <ifAk; nra;tjhff;
Fwpg;gpLgth; ahh;?

3. nea;jy; epyj;jth; ghzh;fis tuNtw;Wf; Foy; kPd; fwpAk; gpwTk; nfhLj;jdh;.

tpil: nea;jy; epyj;jth; Foy; kPd; fwpAk; gpwTk; ahtUf;Ff; nfhLj;jdh;?

4. ehaf;fh;> kuhl;bah; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; kpFjpahd rj;jpuq;fs; topr; nry;Nthh;f;fhff;

fl;lg;gl;ld.
tpil: m. ehaf;fh;> kuhl;bah; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; topr; nry;Nthh;f;fhff;
fl;lg;gl;ld ahit?
tpil: M. ahtUila Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; kpFjpahd rj;jpuq;fs; topr;
nry;Nthh;f;fhff; fl;lg;gl;l
; d?

5. mnkhpf;fhtpd; kpdNrhl;lh jkpo;r; rq;fk; ‘thio ,iy tpUe;J tpohit’

Mz;LNjhWk; nfhz;lhb tUfpwJ.
tpil: m. mnkhpf;fhtpd; kpdNrhl;lh jkpo;r; rq;fk; Mz;LNjhWk; nfhz;lhb tUk;
tpoh vJ?
tpil: M. mnkhpf;fhtpy; ‘thioapiy tpUe;J tpohit’ Mz;LNjhWk; nfhz;lhb
tUk; rq;fk; vJ?

ciug;gj;jpiag; gbj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

Kspjaph; gpire;j Nrhw;iw cUl;b midtUf;Fk; ifapy; Xh; cUz;il
nfhLj;J> cUz;ilapd; eLtpy; itj;j Fopapy; Gspf;Fok;G ,l;L cz;zr; nrhd;d
md;idapd; md;gpy; njhlq;FfpwJ midtUldhd gfph;e;Jz;zy;. rpWtajpy;
kfDlNdh kfSlNdh tUk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; Nrh;j;J m;k;kh jUk; rpw;Wz;bapy;
njhlq;FfpwJ> jkpohpd; tpUe;J Nghw;Wjy;. jkpoh; kugpy; czNthL czh;itAk;
Fioj;Jr; nra;j rikay; tpUe;jhfpwJ.
tpil jUf:
1. gfph;e;Jz;zy; vDk; gz;G vq;Fj; njhlq;FfpwJ?
Kspjaph; gpire;j Nrhw;iw cUl;b midtUf;Fk; ifapy; Xh; cUz;il
nfhLj;J> cUz;ilapd; eLtpy; itj;j Fopapy; Gspf;Fok;G ,l;L cz;zr; nrhd;d
md;idapd; md;gpy; njhlq;FfpwJ midtUldhd gfph;e;Jz;zy;.
2. jkpohpd; tpUe;J Nghw;Wjy; njhlq;Fk; fhyk; vJ?
rpWtajpy; kfDlNdh kfSlNdh tUk; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; Nrh;j;J m;k;kh jUk;
rpw;Wz;bapy; njhlq;FfpwJ> jkpohpd; tpUe;J Nghw;Wjy;.
3. jkpohpd; rikay; vg;NghJ tpUe;jhfpwJ?
jkpoh; kugpy; czNthL czh;itAk; Fioj;Jr; nra;j rikay; tpUe;jhfpwJ.

3
FWtpdh:
1. “jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf;
Fw;wpnaLj;J tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspj;jhs; jiytp vd;gJ ,yf;fpar; nra;jp.
tpUe;Njhk;gYf;Fr; nry;tk; kl;LNk ,d;wpaikahj xd;wh? cq;fs; fUj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
tpUe;Njhk;gYf;Fr; nry;tk; kl;LNk ,d;wpaikahjJ md;W. nry;tk; ,Ue;jhYk;
nfhLf;Fk; cs;skw;Nwhh; vz;zw;Nwhh;. cs;sj;jpy; epiwe;j md;Gk; cjtp nra;Ak;
kdg;ghd;ikAk; ,Ue;jhNy tpUe;Njhk;gy; vd;gJ rpwg;ghf mikAk;. “kdkpUe;jhy;
; Kz;L” vDk; gonkhop ,q;F epidT$uj;jf;fJ.
khh;ff

2. tpUe;jpdUf;Fk; cwtpdUf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?

Kd;gpd; mwpahj Gjpath;fNs tpUe;jpdh; Mth;.
njhy;fhg;gpaUk;>‘tpUe;Nj GJik’vd tpUe;jpdiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
cwtpdh; vd;Nghh; chpikAila FUjpj; njhlh;GilatNu Mth;.

3. tpUe;Njhk;gYld; xg;gpLk; kyh; ahJ? mjd; jd;ik ahJ?

tpUe;Njhk;gYld; xg;gplg;gLk; kyh; ‘mdpr;rkyh;’
mJ> khe;jh;> Kfh;e;J ghh;j;jhNy thbtpLk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdNt>
ts;Sth;>Kfk; NtWglhky; KfkyHr;rpNahL tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij>
“Nkhg;gf; FioAk; mdpr;rk;”
vd;w Fwspy; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH.

4. ‘tpUe;njjph; NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;id’ vd;W tUe;jpath; ahh;? ,t;tb czh;j;Jk;

gz;G ahJ?
‘tpUe;njjph; NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;id’ vd;W tUe;jpath; fz;zfp.
“……………………………. njhy;NyhH rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;njjpH NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;id” - rpyg;gjpfhuk; 16: 72> 73
vd;W fz;zfp tUe;Jfpwhs;. Nfhtyidg; gphpe;J thOk; fz;zfp mtidg;
gphpe;jijtpl tpUe;jpdiug; Nghw;w Kbahj epiyia vz;zpNa tUe;Jtjhff;
Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; tpUe;jpdiug; Nghw;wpg; Ngzy; goe;jkpoH kuG vd;gij
,sq;Nfhtbfs; czHj;JfpwhH.

5. ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; tpUe;Njhk;giy tpUk;gpr; nra;jdh; vd;gij czh;j;Jk; E}y;fs;

ahit?
fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gh;.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.
fypq;fj;Jg; guzp – nraq;nfhz;lhh;.

6. ‘my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;J thpd; ctf;Fk;’ tpsf;Ff.

tpUe;Njhk;gy; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; rpwe;j gz;GfSs; xd;whfj; fUjg;gLfpwJ. eL
,utpy; tpUe;jpdH te;jhYk; kfpo;e;J tuNtw;W cztpLk; ey;ypay;G FLk;gj;
jiytpf;F cz;L. ,ij>
“my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;J thpd;
ctf;Fk;”
vd;W ew;wpiz (142) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

4
7. tpUe;ij vjpHnfhs;Sk; jd;ikahff; FWe;njhif $Wk; nra;jp ahJ?
,y;yj;jpy; gyUk; EioAk; mstpw;F cs;s nghpa thapiy ,utpy; %Ltjw;F
Kd;dH> czT cz;z Ntz;batHfs; ahNuDk; cs;sPHfsh? vd;W Nfl;Fk; tof;fk;
,Ue;jij>
“gyHGF thapy; milg;gf; flTeH
tUtPH csP Nuh”
vd;w FWe;njhif (118) mbfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

8. nghpaGuhzk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gw;wp vOJf.

,isahd;Fb khwehadhhpd; tPl;Lf;F te;j rptdbahHf;F tpUe;jspf;f mthplk;
jhdpakpy;iy;: vdNt> md;W tpijj;Jtpl;L te;j ney;iy mhpj;J te;J> gpd; rikj;J
tpUe;J gilj;j jpwk; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

9. midtUldhd gfph;e;Jz;zy; njhlq;Fk; ,lk; ahJ?

Kspjaph; gpire;j Nrhw;iw cUl;b midtUf;Fk; ifapy; Xh; cUz;il
nfhLj;J> cUz;ilapd; eLtpy; itj;j Fopapy; Gspf;Fok;G ,l;L cz;zr; nrhd;d
md;idapd; md;gpy; njhlq;FfpwJ midtUldhd gfph;e;Jz;zy;. jkpoh; kugpy;
czNthL czh;itAk; Fioj;Jr; nra;j rikay; tpUe;jhfpwJ.

10. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil Fwpg;gpLk; nea;jy; epy tpUe;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nea;jy; epyj;jtH ghzHfis tuNtw;Wf; Foy; kPd; fwpAk; gpwTk; nfhLj;jdH
vd;fpwJ rpWghzhw;Wg;gil (mb:160-163)

rpWtpdh:
1. Ky;iy epyj;jpypUe;Jk; kUj epyj;jpypUe;Jk; fpilf;Fk; czTg; nghUl;fs;
ahit?
Ky;iy epyk;:
Ky;iy fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk;. Ky;iy epy kf;fshfpa
Mah;fs;(,ilah;fs;) MLkhLfis tsh;g;gth;fs;. mq;F mth;fSf;Fg; ghYk;
ghw;NrhWk; jpidr; NrhWk; tuFk; rhikAk; czthf mike;jd.
“gy;ahl;L ,depiu vy;ypdph; GfpNd
ghYk; kpjitAk; gz;zhJ ngWFtph;”– kiygLflhk;
kUj epyk;:
kUjk; taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKkhFk;. kUjepy kf;fshfpa coth;fs;
tufuprpr; NrhW> mtiug; gUg;G> new;NrhW> ngl;ilf; Nfhopapd; nghhpay;> GspAld;
Nrh;e;j ney;yhprp czT> nea;NahL fye;j ntz;nza; mhprp czT> this kPd;
Nghd;wtw;iw czthf cz;ldh;.
“… ntz;nza; ty;rp
kidtho; msfpd; thl;nlhL ngWFtph;”– ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

2.• Gjpajhf tUNthu; ,utpy; jq;Ftjw;F tPl;bd; Kd;Gwk; jpz;izAk; mjpy; jiy
itf;fj; jpz;Lk; mikj;jdu;.
• jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; CUf;F tUk; Gjpatu;fisAk; mioj;J md;NghL
tpUe;jspg;gijr; rpy ,lq;fspy; fhz KbfpwJ. ,g;gbahff; fhykhw;wk;> jkpou;
tpUe;Njhk;gypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j fUj;Jfis vOJf.

Gjpajhf tUNthH ,utpy; jq;Ftjw;F tPl;bd; Kd;Gwk; jpz;izAk; mjpy;

jiy itf;fj; jpz;Lk; mikj;jdH Kd;NdhH. ,d;W tPl;Lf;Fj; jpz;iz itj;Jf;
fl;LtJkpy;iy; mwpKfkpy;yhj GjpatHfis tpUe;jpdHfshf Vw;gJTk; ,y;iy.

5
,Ug;gpDk; jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; CUf;F tUk; GjpatHfisAk; mioj;J md;NghL
tpUe;jspg;gijr; rpy ,lq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.
jpUkzj;ij cWjp nra;jy;> jpUkzk;> tisfhg;G> gpwe;jehs;> GJkid
GFtpoh Nghd;wtw;iw ,y;y tpohf;fshfNt nfhz;lhbdH. mg;NghJ kpFjpahd
tpUe;jpdHfis tuNtw;W cztspj;J kfpo;e;jdH. me;j ,y;ytpoh ehs;fspy; mg;gFjp
tho; kf;fSk; ntspA+H tpUe;jpdHfSf;Fj; Njitahd cjtpfisr; nra;jdH.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tPl;by; eilngw;w tpohf;fs; jpUkzf;$lq;fSf;F
,lk;ngaHe;Jtpl;ld. gz;ghl;L khw;wkhf ,d;W rpy ,lq;fspy; tpUe;jpdHfis
tuNtw;gJ Kjy; ge;jpapy; cgrhpj;J topaDg;Gk;tiu ‘jpUkz Vw;ghl;lhsH’fNs
nra;Ak; tpUe;Njhk;gy; eilngWtijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
gz;ilj; jkpoH ,y;yq;fspYk; cs;sq;fspYk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;ghL
nropj;jpUe;jJ. me;j cahpa jkpo;g; gz;ghL ,d;iwa jkpoHfsplk; Nkw;$wpa
Kiwfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. fhye;NjhWk; jkpoHfspd; milahskhf tpsq;Fk; caH
gz;ghd tpUe;Njhk;giyg; Nghw;wpg; ngUkpjk; nfhs;Nthk;.

3. cyfk; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhd fhuzkhfg; GwehD}W $Wk; cz;ikapid vOJf.

jdpj;J cz;zhik vd;gJ jkpohpd; tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;gpd; mbg;gil>
mkpo;jNk fpilj;jhYk; jhNk cz;zhJ gpwUf;Fk; nfhLg;gH ey;NyhH:
mj;jifNahuhy;jhd; cyfk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij>
“cz;lhy; mk;k> ,t;Tyfk; ,e;jpuH
mkpo;jk; ,iat jhapDk; ,dpJvdj;
jkpah; cz;lYk; ,yNu…………..
vd;W GwehD}w;wpy; flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;ngUtOjp Fwpg;;gpl;Ls;shH.

4. tpUe;Njhk;gYf;F tWik xU jil ,y;iy vd;gij czh;j;j GwehD}w;Wr;

rhd;Wfs; fhl;b epWTf.
tPl;bw;F te;jtUf;F twpa epiyapYk; vt;topapNyDk; Kad;W tpUe;jspj;J
kfpo;e;jdH ek; Kd;NdhH. jhdpak; VJk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; tpijf;fhf itj;jpUe;j
jpidia cuypy; ,l;Lf; Fj;jpnaLj;J tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspj;jhs; jiytp>
,jidf;>
Fuy;czq;F tpijj; jpid cuy;tha;g; nga;J
rpwpJ Gwg;gl; ld;Nwh ,ys;
vd;W GwehD}W (333) fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
New;W te;j tpUe;jpdiug; NgZtjw;Fg; nghUs; Njitg;gl;ljhy; ,Uk;gpdhy;
nra;j jd; gioathisg; gizak; itj;jhd; jiytd;: ,d;Wk; tpUe;jpdH te;jjhy;
jd; fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpahiog; gizak; itj;J tpUe;jspj;jhd; vd;fpwJ GwehD}W.
,r;nra;jp>
neUie te;j tpUe;jpw;F kw;Wj;jd;
,Uk;Gilg; goths; itj;jdd; ,d;W,f;
fUq;Nfhl;Lr; rPwpaho; gizak; …………………
vd;w ghlybfspy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

5. ts;sy;fshy; tpUe;jpdh; Nghw;wg;gl;ldh; vd;gij xsitahh; vt;thW

vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;?
“kUe;Nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz;” vd;W nfhd;iw Nte;jdpy; xsitahH
ghbAs;shH. mtH ghba jdpg;ghlypy;>
“tufhprpr; NrhWk; tOJzq;fha; thl;Lk;
KuKnudNt Gspj;j NkhUk; - jpwKlNd
Gs;NtSHg; G+jd; Ghpe;JtpUe;J ,l;lhd;<(J)
vy;yh cyFk; ngWk;”
6
vd;W mtH $WtjpypUe;J ts;sy;fshy; tpUe;jpdH Nghw;wg;gl;lij mwpaKbfpwJ.

6. 'fhypy; Vobg; gpd; nrd;W" ,lk;Rl;b tpsf;Ff

,lk;: gj;Jg; ghl;bDs; xd;whfpa nghUeuhw;Wg;gilapy; ,t;thp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
nghUs;: VO mb ele;J nrd;W topaDg;gpdh;.
tpsf;fk;: gz;ilj; jkpoh;fs; tPl;bw;F te;j tpUe;jpdh; jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk;NghJ>
mth;fisg; gphpa kdkpd;wp tUe;jpdh;. NkYk;> topaDg;Gk; nghOJ mth;fs;
nry;ytpUf;fpd;w ehd;F Fjpiufs; G+l;lg;gl;l Njh;tiu VO mb ele;J nrd;W
topaDg;gpdh;.

7. thio ,iyapy; tpUe;J – Fwpg;G tiuf.

jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; thio ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L. jiy thio ,iyapy;
tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspg;gJ jkpoh; kughff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. jkpoh;fs; czT ghpkhWk;
Kiwia ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. cz;gthpd; ,lg;gf;fk; thio ,iyapd; FWfyhd
gFjpAk; tyg;gf;fk; ,iyapd; tphpe;j gFjpAk; tuNtz;Lk;. Vndd;why; tyf;ifahy;
czT cz;Zk; gof;fKilath;fs; ehk;. gpwF ,iyapy; ,lg;gf;f Xuj;jpy; cg;G>
,dpg;G> CWfha; Kjyhd mstpy; rpwpa czT tiffisAk; tyg; gf;f Xuj;jpy;
fha;fwp> fPiu> $l;L Kjyhd mstpy; nghpa czT tiffisAk; eLtpy; NrhWk;
itj;J vLj;Jz;z trjpahf vd; mk;kh ghpkhWthh;. thio ,iy czT Fwpj;J
ek;kth;fs; ghbAs;sJ vdf;Fs; tpag;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

8. ‘kpdNrhl;lh jkpo;r; rq;fk;’ vq;Fs;sJ? mq;F epfo;j;Jk; thioapiy tpUe;J

Fwpj;J vOJf.

mnkhpf;fhtpd; kpdNrhl;lh jkpo;r; rq;fk;>‘thioapiy tpUe;J tpoh’it

Mz;LNjhWk; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wJ. jkpoh;fspd; ghuk;ghpa czT tiffisf;
nfhz;L thioapiyapy; tpUe;J itf;fpd;wdh;. KUq;iff;fha; rhk;ghh;> Nkhh;fF
; ok;G>
Ntg;gk;G+ urk;> ntz;ilf; fha;f; $l;L> jpidg; ghark;> mg;gsk; vdr; Ritahfj;
jkpoh; tpUe;J nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. mq;F thOk; jkpoh;fs; gyUk; ,e;j tpUe;jpy;
gq;Nfw;Wr; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wdh;. njhlh;e;J gy gz;ghl;L epfo;TfisAk; epfo;j;jp
tUfpd;wdh;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; …..

1. tPl;by; jpz;iz mikj;j fhuzk;> tpUe;jpdh; NgZjy;> jkpoh; gz;ghl;by;

<if> grpj;jtUf;F cztply; - ,itNghd;w nray;fs; Fwpj;J cq;fs;
tPl;bYs;sth;fsplk; Nfl;Lj; njhpe;J te;J fye;Jiuahly; nra;f.
2. “,l;lNjhh; jhkiug;g+
,jo;tphpj; jpUj;jy; NghNy
tl;lkha;g; Gwhf;fs; $b
,iuAz;Zk; …………” ghujpjhrdhh;
,t;thwhff; ftpijfspy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s gfph;e;Jz;zy; Fwpj;Jg; NgRf.
fhrpf; fhz;lk; - mjptPuuhk ghz;bah;
gyTs; njhpf.
1. fhrpf; fhz;lj;jpd; Mrphpah;
m. ej;jj;jdhh; M. eg;G+jdhh; ,. mjptPuuhk ghz;bah; <. ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;.
tpil: ,. mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;
2. Kiwfs; NtWNtwhf ,Ue;jhYk; vy;yhr; r%fq;fspYk; Nghw;wg;gLtJ
m. md;G M. ,d;nrhy; ,. mwpT <. tpUe;Njhk;gy;
tpil: <. tpUe;Njhk;gy;
7
3. fhrpf; fhz;lj;jpy; “tpUe;jpddhf” vdj; njhlq;Fk; ghly; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gFjp
m. ,y;nyhOf;fk; M. gz;Gilik ,. md;Gilik <. nrhy;td;ik
tpil: m. ,y;nyhOf;fk;.
4. fhrpf; fhz;lk; $Wk;> tpUe;Njhk;Gk;NghJ filgpbf;f Ntz;ba ,y;yw
xOf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m. Ie;J M. VO ,. xd;gJ <. MW
tpil: ,. xd;gJ
5. xUtiu eyk; tpdtpf; $Wk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; nrhw;fs;
m. md;Gr;nrhw;fs; M. Kfkd; ,. Kfhe;jpuk; <. ,dpa nrhw;fs;
tpil: M. Kfkd;
6. mUFw vd;gjd; nghUs;
m. mUfpy; M. mLj;J ,. njhiytpy; <. neLe;njhiytpy;
tpil: m. mUfpy;
7. fhrp efuj;jpd; ngUikfisf; $Wfpw E}y;
m. fhrpf; fhz;lk; M. fhrpapd; ngUik ,. ntw;wp Ntw;if <. eWe;njhif
tpil: m. fhrpf; fhz;lk;
8. Kj;Jf; Fspf;Fk; nfhw;ifapd; murd;
m. ghz;bad;neLQ;nropad; M. mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;,. ,uh[uh[d;
<. ,uhN[e;jpud;
tpil: M. mjptPuuhk ghz;bad
9. mjptPuuhk ghz;bah; ,aw;wpa ntw;wp Ntw;ifapd; NtW ngah;
m. eWe;njhif M. FWe;njhif ,. nfhd;iw Nte;jd; <. fhrpf;fhz;lk;
tpil: m. eWe;njhif
10. mjptPuuhk ghz;bahpd; gl;lg;ngah;
m. rPtykhwd; M. rPtfd; ,. ed;khwd; <. neLkhwd;
tpil: m. rPtykhwd;
11. JwT gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;
m. ntw;;wp Ntw;if M. eWe;njhif ,.;tpNtf rpe;jhkzp <. fhrpf; fhz;lk;
tpil: <. fhrpf; fhz;lk;
12. “Kg;gonkhL ghy; md;dk; Kfk; fLj;J ,Lthuhapd;
fg;gpa grpap NdhL fLk;grp MFk; jhNd” ,t;thpfs; ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m. fhrpf;fhz;lk; M. eWe;njhif ,. tpNtf rpe;jhkzp <.ntw;wp Ntw;if.
tpil: ,. tpNtf rpe;jhkzp
13. xg;Gld; Kfk; kyh;e;Nj cgrhpj;J cz;ik Ngrp
cg;gpyhf; $o; ,l;lhYk; cz;gNj
m. czthFk; M. mkph;jk; MFk; ,. NjdhFk; <. <ifahFk;
tpil: M. mkph;jk; MFk;.
14. ed;nkhop vd;gJ
m. tpidj;njhif M. md;nkhopj; njhif ,. gz;Gj;njhif <. nganur;rk;
tpil: ,. gz;Gj;njhif
15. nrg;gy; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
m. tpidj;njhif M.; njhopw;ngah; ,. gz;Gj;njhif <. nganur;rk;
tpil: M. njhopw;ngah;
16. fhrpf; fhz;lk; vd;gJ
m. fhrp efuj;jpd; tuyhw;iwg; ghLk; E}y; M. fhrp efuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; kWngah;
,. fhrp efuj;jpd; ngUikiag; ghLk; E}y; <. fhrp efuj;jpw;F topg;gLj;Jk; E}y;
tpil: ,. fhrp efuj;jpd; ngUikiag; ghLk; E}y;

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jUf
te;J> jpUe;J> nghUe;J> ghpe;J - tpidnar;rk;
tUf - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
8
ed;nkhop – gz;Gj;njhif
tpaj;jy;> Nehf;fy;> vOjy;> ciuj;jy;>
nrg;gy;> ,Uj;jy;> toq;fy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;

gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.

ciuj;j - ciu + j; + j; + m tpaj;jy; - tpa + j; + jy;
ciu - gFjp tpa - gFjp
j; - re;jp j; - re;jp
j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
m - nganur;r tpFjp
nrg;gy; - nrg;G + my;
tUf - th (tU) + f nrg;G - gFjp
th - gFjp>‘tU’ MdJ tpfhuk; my; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp

ghliyg; gbj;J tpil jUf

tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;J vjphpd;
tpaj;jy; ed;nkhop ,dpJ ciuj;jy;
jpUe;Jw Nehf;fy; tUfvd ciuj;jy;
vOjy;Kd; kfpo;td nrg;gy;
nghUe;J kw;Wmtd; jd;mUFw ,Uj;jy;
Nghnkdpy; gpd; nry;tjhjy;
ghpe;Jed; Kfkd; toq;fy; ,t;nthd;ghd;
xOf;fKk; topgLk; gz;Ng
1. ,g;ghly; thpfs; ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m. ntw;;wp Ntw;if M. eWe;njhif ,.; tpNtf rpe;jhkzp <. fhrpf; fhz;lk;
tpil: <. fhrpf; fhz;lk;
2. ,g;ghliy vOjpath; ahh;?
m. rPtykhwd; M. rPtfd; ,. ed;khwd; <. neLkhwd;
tpil:m. rPtykhwd;
3. toq;fy; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
m. gz;Gj;njhif M. gz;Gg;ngah; ,. tpidj;njhif <. njhop;w;ngah;
tpil: <. njhop;w;ngah;
4. mUFw vd;gjd; nghUs;
m. mUfpy; M. mLj;J ,. njhiytpy; <. neLe;njhiytpy;
tpil: m. mUfpy;
5. tpUe;jpddhf> jpUe;Jw ,tw;wpy; cs;s eak;
m. mb vJif M. mb Nkhid ,. rPh; vJif <. rPh; Nkhid
tpil: m. mb vJif.

FWtpdh:
1. tpUe;jpdiu kfpo;tpj;Jf; $Wk; Kfkd; nrhw;fis vOJf.
“tPl;bw;Fs; tUf” vd tuNtw;wy;.
“mkh;f> ePh; Fbf;f” vd ,dpikahd nrhw;fisg; NgRjy;
mth;Kd; mth;kdk; kfpOk;gbahfg; NgRjy;
mthplk; Gfo;rr ; pahf Kfkd; $wp topaDg;Gjy;
Nghd;wd tpUe;jpdiu kfpo;tpj;Jf; $Wk; Kfkd; nrhw;fs; MFk;.

2. mjptPuuhk ghz;bah; - Fwpg;G vOJf

Kj;Jf;Fspf;Fk; nfhw;ifapd; murh; mjptPuuhkghz;bah;.
,tUila gl;lg;ngah; rPtykhwd;.

9
 jkpo;g; GytuhfTk; jpfo;e;j ,th; ,aw;wpa E}y; fhrpf; fhz;lk;
mwf;fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wk; ,tuJ E}y; ntw;wpNtw;if (eWe;njhif)
,th; ,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs;: ieljk;> ypq;fGuhzk;> thA rk;fpij> jpUf;fUit
me;jhjp> $h;k Guhzk; Mfpad MFk;

rpWtpdh:
1. fhrpf;fhz;lk; $Wk; ,y;yw xOf;fq;fis vOJf.
tpUe;jpduhf xUth; te;jhy;> mtiu tpae;J ciuj;jy;> ey;y nrhw;fis
,dpikahfg; NgRjy;>Kfkyh;r;rpAld; mtiu Nehf;Fjy;> ‘tPl;bw;Fs; tUf’ vd;W
tuNtw;wy;> mth; vjphpy; epw;wy;> mth;Kd; kdk; kfpOk;gb NgRjy;> mth; mUfpNyNa
mkh;e;J nfhs;Sjy;>
tpUe;jpddhf xUtd; te;j vjphpd;
tpaj;jy; ed;nkhop ,dpJ ciuj;jy;
jpUe;Jw Nehf;fy; tUfvd ciuj;jy;
vOjy;Kd; kfpo;td nrg;gy;
mth; tpilngw;Wr; nry;Yk;NghJ thapy; tiu gpd; njhlh;e;J nry;yy;> mthplk;
Gfo;rr
; pahf Kfkd; $wp topaDg;Gjy; Mfpa xd;gJk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; nra;Ak; ,y;yw
xOf;fkhFk;.

neLtpdh:
1. cq;fs; ,y;yj;Jf;F te;j cwtpdUf;F ePq;fs; nra;j tpUe;Njhk;giy moFw
tpthpj;J vOJf:
Kd;Diu:
jkpohpd; gz;ghLfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ tpUe;Njhk;gy;> grpiag; gpzpahff; fz;l
Kd;Ndhh; tpUe;Njhk;giy mg;gpzp jPh;f;Fk; mUkUe;jhff; fUjpdh;. grpf;F cztpLtJ
mwk;.
tPl;bw;F te;Njhiu cs;sq;Fspu tuNtw;W czT ghpkhWjy; jdp kdpj gyk;.
me;j kd czh;tpy; vk; ,y;yj;jpw;F tUk; cwtpdh;f;Fr; nra;Ak; tpUe;Njhk;giyg;
gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

tuNtw;Fk; Kiw:
ghz;lth;fs; tpUe;Jf;F miof;f te;j tpJuid> topapy; nrd;W tuNtw;gJ
Nghy vq;fs; tPl;bw;F te;j tpUe;jpdh;fis ehq;fSk; ,y;yj;jpd; Kd; gFjpf;Fr;
nrd;W ‘tPl;bw;Fs; tUf’ vd tuNtw;fpNwhk;.
Kjypy; ePNuh my;yJ NjePNuh nfhLj;J> ,Uf;ifapy; mkur; nra;Nthk;.
te;jth;fspd; eyDk; mth;fs; FLk;gk; rhh;e;Njhhpd; eyDk; Nfl;Lj; njhpe;J
nfhs;Nthk;.

thio ,iyapy; tpUe;J:

jkpoh; gz;ghl;by; thio ,iyf;Fj; jdpj;j ,lKz;L. jiy thio ,iyapy;
tpUe;jpdUf;F cztspg;gJ ek; kughff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. jkpoh;fs; czT ghpkhWk;
Kiwia ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. mt;tifapy; vq;fs; tPl;Lf;F tUk; tpUe;jpdh;fis
mku itj;J> mth;fspd; ,lg;gf;fk; thio ,iyapd; FWfyhd gFjpAk; tyg;gf;fk;
,iyapd; tphpe;j gFjpAk; tUk;gbr; nra;Nthk;. gpwF ,iyapy; ,lg;gf;f Xuj;jpy;
cg;G> ,dpg;G Kjyhd mstpy; rpwpa czT tiffisAk; tyg;gf;f Xuj;jpy;
fha;fwp> fPiu> $l;L Kjyhd mstpy; nghpa czT tiffisAk; itj;J eLtpy;
NrhWk; itj;J vLj;Jz;z trjpahf vd; mk;kh ghpkhWthh;. thio ,iy czT
Fwpj;J ek;kth;fs; ghbAs;sJ vdf;Fs; tpag;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
“thio ,iyapd; mbcz;ghh; tyg;Gwj;jpy;
tPo tphpj;Jf; fwptiffs; - #oitj;Jj;
jz;zPh; nte;ePiuj; jdpj;jdpNa nrk;gpypl;L
ntz;Nrh wpLKd; kpf ,dpf;Fk;”

10
vdg; ghujpjhrd; ‘FLk;g tpsf;F’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; tpUe;Njhk;gYf;F ,yf;fzk;
tFf;fpwhh;.
topaDg;Gk; Kiw:
tpUe;jpdh;fs; jpUk;gpg; Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd vz;Zk; NghJ mth;fisj; njUtpd;
vy;iy tiu nrd;W topaDg;GtJ vq;fs; tPl;by; eilngWk; tpUe;Njhk;gy;
KiwahFk;.
“fhypd; Vobg; gpd; nrd;W”
vd;W topaDg;Gk; Kiwiag; nghUeuhw;Wg; gilAk; $WfpwJ.
“xg;Gld; Kfkyh;e;Nj cgrhpj;J cz;ikNgrp
cg;gpy;yhf; $opl;lhYk; cz;gNj mkph;jk; MFk;”.

KbTiu:
Njth; mUe;Jk; mkpo;jpid czthf mspj;J tpUe;Njhk;giyg; Ngz
Ntz;Lnkd;fpw mtrpak; ,y;iy. Kfk; kyh;e;J> mfk; Fsph;e;J> Gd;difAld;
tuNtw;W> ,d;nkhop Ngrp tpUe;Njhk;Gjy; kdepiwT jUk; vd;gij vd; mDgtj;jpy;
czh;e;Njd;. tpUe;Njhk;Gjy; ,dpa gz;ngd czh;e;J nray;gLfpNwd;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; …..

neLehshfg; ghh;f;f vz;zpapUe;j cwtpdh; xUth; vjph;ghuhj tifapy; cq;fs;
tPl;bw;F tUfpwhh;. ePq;fs; mtiu vjph;nfhz;L tpUe;J mspj;j epfo;tpid tphpthf
vOjpg; gbj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
el;L itj;j nrbapy; GJ nkhl;nlhd;W kyUk;NghJ> mjidf; fhz;fpd;w
koiyapd; cs;s kyh;r;rpiag; Nghy> vd; tPl;bw;F vjph;ghuhj tz;zk; tpUe;jpdh;
te;j NghJ vdf;F cs;s kyh;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. fz;fs; Mde;j jhz;ltk; Mbad.
cs;sk; md;gpdhy; cUfpaJ. iffs; jhdhfg; gw;wpf; nfhz;ld.
tPl;bDs; mioj;J ,Uf;ifapy; mku itj;J md;gpdhy; tuNtw;W cs;sj;ijf;
Fspu itj;Njhk;. cliyf; Fspu itf;f Ntz;Lky;yth! mjdhy; te;j
tpUe;jpdUf;F Kjypy; jz;zPiuf; nfhLj;Njhk;. “vdf;Fj; jz;zPh; Ntz;lhk;” vd;W>
vd; khkh $wpa NghJ> “tPl;bw;F te;jth;fis ntWk; tapw;NwhL mDg;GtJ jkpohpd;
gz;ghly;y’ vd;W ehd; $wpNdd;. ‘,e;jr; rpWtajpNyNa GJr;nra;jpfisj; njhpe;J
itj;jpUf;fpwhNa’ vdf; $wpj; jz;zPiu thq;fpf; Fbj;jhh;. mth;fs; jhfKk; jPh;e;jJ.
“czntdg;gLtJ epyj;njhL ePNu” vd;w GwehD}w;wpd; ghlybf;F Vw;whw;Nghy>
ehq;fs; ePiuf; nfhLf;Fk; NghNj tpUe;jpdUf;F tpUe;jspg;gijj; njhlq;fp tpl;Nlhk;.
$Lif epfohj fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j epfo;Tfis khwp khwpg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;s> vd;
mk;khNth mWRit czitg; ghpkhwj; jahuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
jkpoh; gz;ghl;bd;gb> jiuapNy mkh;e;J> jiy thioapiy tphpj;J>
Jspj;Jspaha; ePH; njspj;J cz;gjw;Fj; jahuhf ,Ue;jhh;fs;. vd; mk;kh> tpUe;jpdhpd;
,dpikahd cwtpidj; njhlh;e;jpl ,dpg;gpid Kjypy; itj;jhh;.
Gs;spapl;Lg; Gs;spapl;Lf; NfhykpLtijg; Nghy> vd; mk;kh gy;tifahd czT
tiffis ,iyapy; itj;jhh;. $l;Lk; nghhpaYk; mtpaYk; tWtYk; gr;rbAk;
krpaYk; ,iyia myq;fhpj;jd. nghq;fy; ehspy; ,Lk; tz;zf; Nfhykha;> ,iyapy;
xU tz;zf; Nfhyk;. Nrhw;Wf; Ftpaypy; rpwpa Fopnahd;iw ntl;b> cUf;fpa
nea;iar; rpwpjsT Cw;wp> gUg;Gg; nghbnaLj;Jg; guguntdj; J}tptpl;lhy;> g+f;fs;
epiwe;j kuk; Nghy> nghb epiwe;jjha; md;dk; ,Ue;jJ.
rhk;ghUk; tj;jYk; Fok;Gfsha;r; Nrhw;wpy; fye;jpl> ,itapuz;Lk; nrhpg;gjw;Fj;
jz;ikahd Nkhh;fF ; ok;Gk; Cw;wpl> ghrq;fs; glh;e;jplg; ghahrk; gug;gptpl;Nlhk.; vq;fs;
tPlL
; tpUe;jpdh;> tapW epuk;gpaijg; ghh;j;J> ,j;jifa tpUe;JzT. Ntnwq;Fk;
cz;ljpy;iy. vq;fs; tPl;bw;F thUq;fs;. el;Gwitj; njhlh;e;jpLq;fs; vd;W
tpilngw;W nrd;wdh;.

11
 kiygLflhk; - ngU q;nfsrpfdhh;
1. “rpyk;G mile;jpUe;j ghf;fk; va;jp" vd;Dk; mbapy; ghf;fk; vd;gJ-
m) Gj;J}u; M) %J}u; ,) Ng&u; <) rpw;W}u;
tpil: <. rpw;W}h;
2. gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W
m. kiygLflhk; M. GwehD}W ,. fypj;njhif <. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
tpil: m. kiygLflhk;
3. kiygLflhk; vDk; gj;Jg;ghl;bd; kw;nwhU ngah;
m. Ky;iyg;ghl;L M.neLe;njhif ,.neQ;rhw;Wg;gil <. $j;juhw;Wg;gil
tpil: <. $j;juhw;Wg;gil
4. kiygLflhk; E}ypy; cs;s mbfspd; vz;zpf;if
m. 385 M. 583 ,. 853 <. 538
tpil: M. 583
5.; ,uzpaKl;lj;Jg; ngUq;Fd;W}h; ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; ,aw;wpaJ
m. Ky;iyg;ghl;L M. neLe;njhif ,.neQ;rhw;Wg;gil <. $j;juhw;Wg;gil
tpil: <. $j;juhw;Wg;gil
6. FWepy kd;ddhfpa ed;didg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;l E}y;
m. kiygLflhk; M. GwehD}W ,. fypj;njhif <. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
tpil: m. kiygLflhk;
7. rpte;j G+f;fisf; nfhz;l kuk;
m. khkuk; M. Ntq;if kuk; ,. gyh kuk; <. mNrhf kuk;
tpil: <. mNrhf kuk;.
8. $w;W: kiygLflhk; vd;gJ Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fspy; xd;W
fhuzk;: Gfo;e;J ghbg; ghprpy; ngw;w $j;jh;> ghprpy; ngwg;NghFk; $j;jiu
topg;gLj;Jtjha; mike;Js;sJ.
m. $w;W kl;Lk; rhp M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp ,. fhuzk; kl;:Lk; rhp
<. ,uz;Lk; jtW
tpil: M. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp
9. Mw;Wg;gil vd;gJ
m. MW gilfs; M. MW XbtUjy; ,. topg;gLj;Jjy; <> MWjy; mspj;jy;
tpil: ,. topg;gLj;Jjy;
10. giftiug; ngwhky; Nghh; nra;Ak; typa Kaw;rpAk; khdKk; ntw;wpAk;
cilatd;
m. FWepy kd;dd; ed;dd; M. ts;sy; ghhp ,. ghz;bad; <. Ngfd;
tpil: m. FWepy kd;dd; ed;dd;
11. nea;jy; epyj;jpy; nte;j khkprj;jpd; nghhpay;> jpidr; Nrhw;WzT Mfpad
ngw;Nwhh;
m. $j;jh; M. ghzh; ,. tpUe;jpdh; <. ghbdp
tpil: m. $j;jh;
ghliyg; gbj;Jg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf
md;W mtz; mir, my;Nrh;e;J my;fp
fd;Wvhp xs;,zh; fLk;nghL kiye;J
Nre;j nraiyr; nrg;gk; Nghfp.
myq;F fio euYk; Mhpg;gLfh;r;
rpyk;G mile;jpUe;j ghf;fk; va;jp
Nehdhr; nrUtpd; tyk;gL Nehd;jhs;
khd tpwy;Nts; taphpak; vdpNd
1. ,t;thpfs; ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
m. kiygLflhk; M. GwehD}W ,. fypj;njhif <. gjpw;Wg;gj;J
tpil: m. kiygLflhk;

12
2. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mb vJif
m. md;W-fd;W M. md;W-mir, ,. Nehdh-Nehd;jhs; <. fd;W-fLk;nghL
tpil: m. md;W-fd;W
3. taphpak; vd;gjd; nghUs;
m. ituk; M. nghd; ,. gtsk; <. $j;jh;
tpil: <. $j;jh;
4. mir, vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
m. nrhy;ypirasngil M. nra;Aspirasngil ,. ,d;dpirasngil
<. ,irepiwasngil
tpil: m. nrhy;ypirasngil
5. gLfh; vd;gjd; nghUs;
m. tLfh; M. ahdh; ,. NkL <. gs;sk;
tpil: <. gs;sk;

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
va;jp> $wp> kiye;J – tpidnar;rk;@
NfshJ> epy;yhJ– vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
,dpa– Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;@
nghope;j – nganur;rk;@
mir,> nfoP, - nrhy;ypirasngil:
g&c> F&c – nra;Aspir msngil@
ngWFtph; - Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W

1. ',wbg; nghk;ky; ngWFtpu;”– ,j;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; nghUis vOJf.

ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; vOjpa‘kiygLflhk;’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,t;thp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
,wb– jpid: nghk;ky; - NrhW.
ed;ddplk; ghprpy; ngw;w $j;jd;>ghprpy; ngwg;NghFk; $j;jiu
topg;gLj;Jk;NghJ>“ePh; nry;Yk; topapy; cs;s rpw;W}hpy;> jpidr; Nrhw;iw czthfg;
ngWtPh”; vd;W $Wtjhf te;Js;sJ.

2. fiyj;jpwd;fis epfo;j;jpf; fhl;b kf;fis kfpo;tpj;j rq;ffhyf; fiyQh;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf
fiyj;jpwd;fis epfo;j;jpf; fhl;b kf;fis kfpo;tpj;j fiyQh;fs;: $j;jh;>
ghzh;>ghbdp>tpwypah;

3. kiygLflhk; Fwpg;G tiuf.

gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSs; xd;W ‘kiygLflhk;’.
,J583 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ
,J $j;juhw;Wg;gil vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
kiyia ahidahf cUtfk; nra;J kiyapy; vOk; gytif Xirfis
mjd; kjk; vd;W tpsf;Ftjhy; ,jw;F>‘kiygLflhk;’ vdf; fw;gid eak; tha;e;j
ngah; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ed;dd; vd;Dk; FWepy kd;didg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhff; nfhz;L ,uzpa
Kl;lj;Jg; ngUq;Fd;W}h; ngUq;nfsrpfdhh; ghbaJ kiygLflhk;.

4. Mw;Wg;gil vd;gJ ahJ?

Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; $j;jd;> ts;siy ehb vjph;tUk; $j;jid mioj;J> ahk;
,t;tplj;Nj nrd;W ,d;dnty;yhk; ngw;W tUfpd;Nwhk;> ePAk; me;j ts;syplk; nrd;W
tsk;ngw;W tho;thahf vd;W $Wjy; Mw;Wg;gil vdg;gLk;.

13
5. $j;jidf; $j;jd; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjiyf; $j;juhw;Wg;gil vt;thW fhl;LfpwJ?
ed;didg; Gfo;e;J ghbg; ghprpy; ngw;w $j;jh;> ghprpy; ngwg; NghFk; $j;jhplk;>

“gfypy; ,isg;ghwpr; nry;Yq;fs:; ,utpy; Nrh;e;J jq;Fq;fs;: vhpAk; neUg;igg;

Nghy xspUk; G+q;nfhj;Jfisr; Rw;wj;NjhL mzpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;: rpte;j G+f;fs;
nfhz;l mNrhf kuq;fis cila nghUj;jkhd ghijapy; nry;Yq;fs;: mirAk;
%q;fpy; epiwe;j kiyr; rhptpYs;s rpw;W}iu milAq;fs;.
mq;Fs;sth;fsplk;>‘giftiug; nghwhky; Nghh; nra;Ak; typa Kaw;rpAk; khdKk;
ntw;wpAk; cila ed;ddpd; $j;jh;fs;’ vd;W nrhy;Yq;fs;.

Nehdhr; nrUtpd; tyk;gL Nehd;jhs;

khd tpwy;Nts; taphpak; vdpNd
mjd; gpwF ePq;fs; cq;fs; tPl;bw;Fs; NghtJ NghyNt mth;fSila
tPl;Lf;Fs; chpikAld; EioAq;fs;. cwtpdh; NghyNt mth;fs; cq;fSld; goFth;.
ePz;l topiaf; fle;Jte;j cq;fspd; Jd;gk;jPu ,dpa nrhw;fisf; $Wth;. mq;Nf>
nea;apy; nte;j khkprj;jpd; nghhpaiyAk; jpidr; Nrhw;iwAk; czthfg; ngWtPh;fs; ”
vd;W $wpdhh;.

1. Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ md;iwf;Fg; Gyth;fisAk; fiyQh;fisAk; ts;sy;fis

Nehf;fp newpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ ,d;iwa epiyapy; xU topfhl;Ljyhf
khwpapUg;gij tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
MW vd;why; top vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; vd;why; ‘ey;topg;gLj;jy;’
vd;W nghUs;gLk;. md;W Vo;ikapy; thba Gyth;fisAk; fiyQh;fisAk;
ts;sy;fsplNkh> murh;fsplNkh newpg;gLj;jp tsk; ngwr; nra;tij Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;
vd;gh;. ,d;Nwh> newpg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ topfhl;Ljy; vDk; epiyNahL epd;Wtpl;likia
,dpf; fhz;Nghk;.
topfhl;Ljy;:
“xU jdpkdpjd; kw;nwhU jdpkdpjDf;F> mtdJ cly; kw;Wk; r%fr;#oy;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l rpf;fy;fisj; jPh;g;gjw;Fk; rKjhaj;jpy; rpwg;ghf tho;tjw;Fk; jUk;
cjtp topfhl;ly;” vdg;gLk;
topfhl;lypd; Njit:
md;W FLk;gq;fspy; xw;Wik> cwTfspy; gpizg;G> cldkh;e;J ciuahl ey;y
ez;gh;fs; vd;w epiyapy; ,ize;J tho;e;jdh;.
,d;W njhLjpiuiaj; njhl;lgbNa FLk;g cwTfs; jdpj;jdpNa rphpj;J>
tpae;J> mOJ tho;fpd;wd. Gydj;jpYk; KfE}ypYk; jk; tho;f;ifg; gazj;ij
efh;j;Jfpd;wd. Mjyhy; topfhl;Ljy; vd;gJ kpfj; Njitahfpd;wJ.
newpgpwo; elj;ijf; Foe;ijfSk;> ,zf;fkw;w elj;ijAs;s Foe;ijfSk;
ehSf;Fehs; ngUfp tUfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; fy;tpmikg;Gfspy; topfhl;Ljy; epfo;rr ; p;
mjpfhpf;fg;gLjy; Njitahd xd;whFk;.
fy;tp topfhl;Ljy;:
fy;tp topfhl;Ljy; vd;gJ xU khztDf;F Vw;w fy;tpia> mtdJ jpwd;fis>
KOikahf tsh;rr ; pailar; nra;tjhFk;;. khzth;fSf;F> mth;fs;>
gy;NtW ghlq;fspypUe;J xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ghlq;fisj; Njh;T
nra;Ak; nghOJk;
njhlh;e;J nghJf;fy;tpiaf; fw;gjh? my;yJ njhopy; rhh;e;j Jiwiaj; Njh;T
nra;tjh? vd;gijj; Njh;T nra;Ak; nghOJk;
jk; vjph;fhyj;jpw;Fj; jpl;lkpLk; nghOJk;
gs;spg;ghlq;fspy; mtDila fw;wy; gpd;dilAk; nghOJk;
14
 tpUk;gj;jfhj elj;ijfs; my;yJ ,zf;fkw;w gy;NtW gpur;ridfis
vjph;Nehf;Fk; nghOJk; fy;tp topfhl;Ljy; Njitahfpd;wJ. vdNt fy;tp topfhl;ly;
vd;gJ rhpahd khztid> rhpahd gbg;gpYk;> rhpahd njhopypYk; mkh;j;jty;yJ.
xU khztDf;F mtdJ Fzeyd;fs; Njitfs; kw;Wk; njhopy; tha;g;Gfspd;
mbg;gilapy; Vw;w njhopiyj; Njh;e;njLf;f fy;tp topfhl;ly; cjTtjhFk;.

jdpg;gl;l topfhl;Ljy;:
kdpjh;fs; cly;> kdk;> kdntOr;rp kw;Wk; MSikg; gz;Gfspy; khWgl;Lf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fspd; elj;ijr; rpf;fiyj; jPh;g;gjw;F cjtTk; mth;fis
newpg;gLj;jTk; jdpahs; ftdk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpahspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;
topfhl;lYf;F cjTtNjhL kl;Lkd;wpj; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; xj;Jg; NghFjYk;
vy;yhtpjr; rpf;fy;fisAk; jPh;g;gjw;Fk; jdpg;gl;l topfhl;Ljy; cjTfpd;wJ.

r%f topfhl;Ljy;:
kdpjd; rKjhaj;jpy; Nrh;e;J thog; gpwe;jtd;. rKjhaj;ijtpl;L tpyfp
mtdhy; jdpj;J ,aq;f ,ayhJ.
“jdpkuk; Njhg;ghfhJ”
FOtpdUld; Nrh;e;J cwthLk;NghJ epiwa rpf;fy;fisr; re;jpf;fpd;whd;. me;jr;
rpf;fy;fisj; jpwk;glj; jPh;Tfhz mtd; midtUlDk; ,zf;fkhf ele;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;bAs;sJ. xUtd; rKjha tsh;rr ; papYk; mjd; kfpo;rr
; pahd tho;f;ifapYk;
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j> r%f topfhl;Ljy; cjTfpd;wJ.

KbTiu:
topfhl;Ljy; vd;gJ xt;nthU epiyapYk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Njitahd
xd;whFk;. topfhl;Ljy; %ykhf xUtd; jd;id mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;
jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kaw;rpf;fpwhd;. ,Wjpapy; jhNd fw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; jhNd topfhl;bf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; chpa jpwikfis tsh;f;f cjTjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; …..

1. czT> tpUe;J Fwpj;j gonkhopfisj; jpul;b> mit rhh;e;j epfo;Tfis
vLj;Jiuf;f.
v.fh. ‘ cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid’
1. kUe;NjahapDk; tpUe;NjhL cz;.
2. tpy;tg; gok; jpd;ghh; gpj;jk; Nghf:
gdk;gok; jpd;ghh; grp Nghf.
3. ehop mhprpr; NrhW cz;ltd;.
vkDf;F caph; nfhlhd;.
4. kf;fisf; fhf;Fk; kzj;jf;fhsp
5. gj;J kpsF ,Ue;jhy; giftd; tPl;bYk; cz;zyhk;.
6. nehWq;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ.
7. thio tho itf;Fk;.
8. gpj;jk; jzpf;f ney;ypf;fha;.
2. gj;jpiag; gbj;J> thu ,jo; xd;wpw;F mDg;Gk; tifapy; rikay; Fwpg;ghf khw;Wf.
fk;kq;$o;
nghRf;FfpwJ ntapy;> xU Jsp kio gl;lhy; tWj;j cSe;jpd; thrk; gug;Gk;
twz;l kz;> ntbj;j epyk;> nropj;J tpisfpwJ fk;kk; gaph;. cuypy; Fj;jp> Rsfpy;
Gilf;f mjd; ckp ePq;Fk;. ePh; njspj;Jj; njspj;J> kPz;Lk; cuypy; ,bf;f mJ
xd;Wld; xd;W xl;b khthFk;. cg;Gf;fye;J> ciyapy; Vw;wp> nfhjpf;Fk; ePhpy;

15
fiuatpl;Lf; fpz;l> fl;bahfp mJ NrhwhFk;. fk;kQ;Nrhw;iw cUl;bitj;J> gpd; Nkhh;
tpl;Lf; fiuj;jhy; mJ fk;kq;fQ;rp my;yJ fk;kq;$o;. Nkhh;kpsfha; tw;wy;> cg;gpy;
Njha;j;j gr;ir kpsfha; my;yJ rpd;d ntq;fhak; fbj;Jf; fQ;rpiaf; Fbj;jhy;
cr;rp njhl;L cs;sq;fhy;tiu Njfk; Fsph;e;J NghFk;. mdy; mlq;Fk;. caph; tUk;.
fk;G – fWg;G epwf; fhpry; kz;zpd; ,aw;ifj; jq;fk;.

tpil:
Njitahd nghUl;fs;:
fk;G: 1 fpz;zk;
jz;zPh;: 3 fpz;zk;
cg;G: Njitahd msT
nra;Kiw:
Kjypy; fk;gpidf; Fsph;e;j ePhpy; 3 kzp Neuk; Cw itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpwF mjpYs;s jz;zPiu tbj;J cuypy; ,l;L ,bj;J vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,bj;j
fk;igf; fl;bapy;yhky; fiuj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpwF ghj;jpuj;ij mLg;gpy;
itj;J 3 fpz;zk; jz;zPiu Cw;wpf; nfhjpf;f itf;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhjp te;jJk;
fiuj;j fk;igf; fl;b tpohky; Cw;wp nkJthff; fpsw Ntz;Lk;. nfl;bahdJk;
,wf;fptpl Ntz;Lk;. #L MwpaTld; mjDld; Nkhh;tpl;Lf; Fbf;fyhk;.
rpd;d ntq;fhak;> cg;gpy; Njha;j;j gr;ir kpsfha;> Nkhh; kpsfha;
Nrh;j;J cz;z mUikahf ,Uf;Fk;.

Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; - fp. uh[ehuhzdd;

gyTs; njhpf:
1. Nfhgy;y fpuhkk; vd;Dk; Gjpdj;ijj; njhlh;e;J vOjg;gl;l fij
m. Nfhgy;yGuj;J khe;jh; M. Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; ,. NfhzNfhghyd; <. NfhGuk;
tpil: Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs;
2. Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; vDk; Gjpdk; ngw;w ghpR
m. QhdgPl ghpR M. ghujpjhrd; ghpR ,. rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp <. jkpof murpd; ghpR
tpil: ,. rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp
3. fp. uh[ehuhazdpd; Ch;
m. ,ilf;fhL M. ,isahq;Fb ,. ,ilnrty; <. ,ilaD}h;
tpil: ,. ,ilnrty;
4. Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; Gjpdk; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;w Mz;L
m. 1992 M. 1891 ,. 1981 <. 1991
tpil: <. 1991
5. fp. uh[ehuhazd; cUthf;fpa mfuhjp
m. rJufuhjp M. fiyr; nrhy;yfuhjp ,. jkpofuhjp <. fhpry; tl;lhur; nrhy;yfuhjp
tpil: <. fhpry; tl;lhur; nrhy;yfuhjp
6. ‘fhpry; ,yf;fpak;’ vdg;gLk; tl;lhukuG tha;nkhopg; Gidfijfis vOjj;
njhlq;fpath;
m. n[afhe;jd; M. fp. uh[ehuhazd; ,. n[afhe;jd; <. GJikg; gpj;jd;
tpil: M. fp. uh[ehuhazd;.
7. ‘fwq;F ,ir tpotpd; cwe;ij’ vd;W ciwA+iug; ghLk; E}y;
m. mfehD}W M. GwehD}W ,. ghpghly; <. fypj;njhif
tpil: m. mfehD}W
8. ciwA+h; mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
m. kJiu M. jQ;ir ,. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; <. jpUr;rp
tpil: <. jpUr;rp
9. nghUj;Jf.
1. ‘ahNuh xU rhkpahiu ,Oj;Jl;L thuhd;’ - m. nfhj;jhsp

16
 2. ‘jk;gp nfhQ;rk; jz;zp fpilf;Fkh’ - M. md;dka;ah
3. ‘xU tapj;Jf;Ff; fQ;rp jz;zp fpilf;Fkh’ - ,. Rg;igah
4. ‘vq;fpUe;J th;hPq;f’ - <. guNk];tud;
m. 1-,> 2-<> 3-m> 4-M M. 1-,> 2-m> 3-M> 4-<
,. 1-<> 2-,. 3-M> 4-m <. 1-m> 2-M> 3-,> 4-<
tpil: m. 1-,> 2-<> 3-m> 4-M
10. rpul;ilapy; ,Ue;jd
m. CWfha;> tlfk; M. fhzj;Jitay;> CWfha;
,. fliyj; Jitay;> CWfha; <. Nkhh; kpsfha;> tlfk;
tpil: M. fhzj;Jitay;> CWfha;;
11. $w;W 1: xU fhy; cUz;il fk;kQ;Nrhw;iw kzpapd; tyJ ifapy; itj;jhh;fs;.
$w;W 2: Nrhw;Wg; gs;sj;jpy; Jitaiy itj;jhh;fs;.
m. $w;W ,uz;Lk; rhp M. $w;W ,uz;Lk; jtW
,. $w;W xd;W kl;Lk; rhp <. $w;W xd;W kl;Lk; jtW.
tpil: <. $w;W xd;W kl;Lk; jtW
12. jtwhd ,iziaj; Njh;f:
m. Rg;igah - fy;Y}hp khztd;
M. md;dka;ah – taJ Kjpath;
,. kzp - jhbAk; mOf;F MilAkhf ,Ug;gth;
tpil: M. md;dka;ah – taJ Kjpath;
13. nghUj;Jf.
1. ghr;ry; - mOj;jk;
2. gjdk; - ghj;jp
3. kFsp - ftdkhf
4. mYf;fk; - Nrhw;Wf; fQ;rp
m. 2 3 4 1 M. 1 2 3 4 ,. 2 3 1 4 <. 3 2 1 4
tpil: m. 2 3 4 1
14. Nfhtpy; gl;biar; Rw;wpa tl;lhug; gFjpfspy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tbtk;
m. tl;lhu ,yf;fpak; M. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak;
,. fhpry; ,yf;fpak; <. rpw;wpyf;fpak;
tpil: ,. fhpry; ,yf;fpak;
15. fha;e;Jk; nfLf;fpw> nga;Jk; nfLf;fpw kioiar; rhh;;e;J tho;fpwth;fs;
m. ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; M. efh;g;Gw kdpjh;fs;
,. Ch;g;Gw kf;fs; <. khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;
tpil: <. khdhthhp kdpjh;fs;
16. fp. uh[ehuhazDf;F Kd;Ng vOjj; njhlq;fpa fhpry; kz;zpd; gilg;ghsp
m. F. mofphprhkp M. G+kzp ,. Nrh. jh;kd; <. Nty uhk%h;j;jp
tpil: m. F. mofphp rhkp

neLtpdh:
1.md;dka;ah vd;Dk; ngaUf;Fk; mthpd; nraYf;Fk; cs;s nghUj;jg;ghl;bidf;
Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; fijg; gFjp nfhz;L tpthpf;f.
Kd;Diu:
‘fhpry;vOj;jhsh;’ vd;Wk; ‘fp.uh.’ vd;Wk; md;NghL miof;fg;gLk;
fp.uh[ehuhazd; mth;fspd; E}Ny ‘Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs;’. Nfhgy;y fpuhkk;’ vd;Dk;
Gjpdj;ijj; njhlh;e;J vOjg;gl;l fijahd ,e;E}y; 1991 Mk; Mz;L rhfpj;jpa
mfhnjkp tpUjpidg; ngw;wJ. ,f;fijapy; tUk; ‘md;dka;ah’ vd;Dk; ghj;jpuj;ij
Ma;T nra;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
$h;e;J ftdpf;Fk; jd;ik:

17
 Gspa kuj;jbapy; Nrhh;e;J grpahy; thba Kfj;Jld; xU thypgd; ,Ue;jhd;.
Mdhy; mtd; Gd;difj;jhYk; NgRtjw;F kdkpd;wp ,Ue;jhd;. mjdhy; md;dka;ah
mtid mikjpahfg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;Lkl;Lk; ,Ue;jhd;. ,r;nray; %yk; xUtiuf;
$h;e;J ftdpf;Fk; jd;ikia mwpaKbfpwJ.
cjTtjpy; Mh;tk;:
mikjpahfg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j md;dka;ahitg; ghh;j;J>‘jk;gp nfhQ;rk;
Fbf;fj; jz;zp fpilf;Fkh?’ vd;wTld; kfpo;rr ; pahf mUfpy; mUnfLg;gthplk; ‘ePr;Rj;
jz;zPh;’ thq;fpj; jUtjhff; $Wfpwhd;. ,jd;%yk; grpj; Njitia epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;s tpioAk; rd;ahrpf;F mtd; cjTtjpy; cs;s Mh;tj;ij mwpaKbfpwJ.
NkYk; mtd; vOe;J elf;f Kad;w NghJ if nfhLf;f Kw;gLtjpypUe;Jk;>
elg;gjw;Fj; Jizahfj; Njhisg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $WtjpypUe;Jk; md;dka;ahtpd;
cjTk; gz;G ntspg;gLfpwJ.
tpUe;Njhk;gy;:
md;dka;ah> Ntg;gkuj;jbapy; ,Ue;j fyaq;fisj; jpwe;J Nkhh; kpsfha;
,Ue;j rpul;iliar; Rj;jg;gLj;jpdhd;. gpd; ePr;Rj; jz;zpiar; rpul;ilapy; Cw;wpf;
nfhLj;jhd;. mjid vt;thW Fbg;gJ vdr; rpe;jpg;gij mwpe;jTld; cwpQ;rpf;
Fbf;Fk;gbf; $Wfpwhd;. ,uz;lhtjhfr; rpul;ilapy; Nrhw;Wf; fQ;rpia thh;j;Jf;
nfhLj;Jf; Fbf;fr; nra;fpwhd;. mg;NghJ ,isQd; ngw;w kdepiwT>
“mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk;”
vd;gij epWTtjhf mike;jpUe;jJ. ,/J md;dka;ahtpd; tpUe;;Njhk;Gk; gz;ig
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
jha;ikg; gz;G:
md;dka;ahtpd; cgrhpg;gpy; kdKk; tapWk; epiwe;j mtd; cwq;fpdhd;.
mjidg; ghh;j;j md;dka;ah>“tapW epiwe;jJk; mg;gbNa J}q;fptpLk; Foe;ijiag;
ghh;g;gJ Nghy mtid xU gphpaj;NjhL ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;” vd;w Mrphpahpd;
$w;W %yk; md;dka;ahtpd; jha;ikg; gz;G kpsph;fpwJ.
gfph;e;Jz;zy;:
md;;dka;ahTld; te;j ,isQidr; Rg;igahtpd; taypy; Ntiy nra;gth;fSk;
tuNtw;whh;fs;. mth;fs; vy;NyhUk; tl;lkhf cl;fhh;e;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fs; ,isQdpd;
,lf;ifapy; xU fhy; cUz;il fk;kQ;Nrhw;iw itj;J xU rpW gs;sk; nra;J mjpy;
Jitaiy itj;jhh;fs;. midtUk; cz;ldh;. ,jpypUe;J fhpry; kf;fspd;
gfph;e;Jz;Zk; gz;ghL ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,J>
“,l;lNjhh; jhkiug;G+ ,jo;tphpj; jpUj;jy; NghNy
tl;lkha;g; Gwhf;fs;$b ,iuAz;Zk;”
vDk; ghujpjhrdpd; thpfis epidT+l;Lfpd;wJ.
md;dka;ah ghj;jpug; gilg;G:
‘md;dk;’ vd;w nrhy; czT vd;fpw nghUs;gLfpwJ. grpiag; gpzpnadf; fUjp
mg;gpzp Nghf;f tpUe;Njhk;giyf; fz;lwpe;j jkpoh;> mij mwnkdg; Nghw;wp
tsh;j;jdh;. mk;kugpy; te;j ‘md;dka;ah’ tpjptpyf;fy;yd; vd;gij Mrphpah; $w
epidj;J>
“te;j ,isQd; md;dka;ah vd;w ngaiuf; Nfl;lJk; > vt;tsT nghUj;jk;
vd;W epidj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;” vd;W $Wfpwhh;. ,r;rKjhaj;jpy; ngah;g; nghUj;jkw;Wg;
gyh; ,Uf;Fk; ,d;iwa epiyapy; xU rpyh; ‘md;dka;ah’ Nghyg; ngaNuhL
kl;Lky;yhJ> nrayhy; xsph;tijAk; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
NkYk;> md;dka;ahit ,isQdhf Mrphpah; gilj;jpUg;gjpypUe;J
gfph;e;Jz;zy;> jhNd nrd;W cjTjy; Nghd;w mwTzh;Tfisf; Nfhgy;yGuk; fpuhkk;
mLj;j jiyKiwapYk; njhlUk; vd;w fUj;ij epWTtjw;fhfNt vdyhk;.
KbTiu:

18
 te;Njhiu tuNtw;gJk;> md;dkpl;L mDg;GtJk;> ahJk; CNu vdr; nry;tJk;>
gfph;e;Jz;ZtJk; ek; jkpohpd; gz;ghl;Lj; njhlh;rr
; pNa. me;jf; $Wfisf;
Nfhgy;yGuk; fpuhkk; kw;Wk; mk;kf;fs; topahf ntspg;gLj;Jk; fp.uh.> kdpjNeaj;
jd;ikapy; NkNyhq;fp epw;fpwhh;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; …..

1. grpj;jtUf;F cztpLjy; vd;w mwr;nraiyAk; tpUe;jpdUf;F cztpLjy;
vd;w gz;ghl;Lr; nraiyAk; xg;gpl;Lg; NgRf.
2. cq;fs; fw;gidia ,izj;J epfo;itf; fijahf;Ff.
mg;ghTf;Fk; mk;khTf;Fk; ,ilNa rpd;dQ;rpW rr;ruTfs; Vw;gl;L> ,uz;L
NgUNk Kfj;ijj; J}f;fp itj;Jf;nfhz;L MSf;nfhU %iyapy;
cl;fhh;e;jpUf;Fk;NghJ> tpUe;jpdh; tUif mth;fis md;ghd fztd;
kidtpahf khw;wptpLk;. mk;khtpd; nfLgpbAk; mg;ghtpd; fPo;g;gbjYk;
Mr;rhpakhf ,Uf;Fk;. tpUe;jhspfs; mbf;fb tu khl;lhh;fsh vd;W ,Uf;Fk;.

tpUe;jpdh; jpdk; vd;gJ vg;gb tpbAk; njhpAkh?

fhiyapypUe;Nj tPl;Lf;Fs;spUe;J thrYf;F te;J te;J vl;bg; ghh;j;Jr;
nry;ths; mk;kh. jpz;izapy; Ngg;gh; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mg;gh Nfl;ghh;.
“vd;d tp\ak;> ,d;dpf;F ahuhtJ tpUe;jhsp tug;Nghwhq;fsh vd;d?”“Vq;f …
fhiyapNyUe;J Ntg;g kuj;Jy fhf;fh tplhk fj;jpf;fpl;Nl ,Uf;Nf ghh;f;fypah?
epr;rak; ahNuh tpUe;jhsp tug; Nghwhq;f ghUq;f.”“mlNl> Mkhk; fhf;fh fj;JJ.
ahU tug; Nghwh? ,J gyhg;go rPrd; Mr;Nr… cd; jk;gpjhd; tUthd;>
gyhg;goj;ijj; J}f;fpl;L”– ehq;fs; Xbg;Ngha; njUtpy; ghh;g;Nghk;. mg;gh
nrhd;dJk; rhp> fhf;fh fj;jpaJk; rhp. J}uj;jpy; njU Kidapy; mwe;jhq;fp
khkh jiyapy; gyhg;goj;Jld; te;J nfhz;bUg;ghh;. mk;khTf;Ff; fhf;if
nkhop njhpAk;!
jQ;rht+h; ftpuhah;
njhfh epiyj;njhlu;fs;
gyTs; njhpf:
1. mwpQUf;F E}y;> mwpQuJ E}y; Mfpa nrhw;nwhlh;fspy; nghUis NtWgLj;jf;
fhuzkhf miktJ
 m. Ntw;Wik cUG M. vOtha; ,. ctkcUG <. chpr;nrhy;
tpil: m. Ntw;Wik cUG
2. nghUj;Jf:
o 1. NjbNjb - Ntw;Wikj;njhfh epiyj; njhlh;
2. njhpe;j ngah; - tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
3. tsh;e;jJ jkpo; - nganur;rj; njhlh;
4. Chpd;fz; ePq;fpdhh; - mLf;Fj; njhlh;
m. 4321 M. 3214 ,. 4231 <. 4132
tpil: 4321
3. njhfh epiyj; njhlhpd; tiffs;
m. MW M. %d;W ,. xd;gJ <. gj;J
tpil: ,. xd;gJ
4. $w;W 1: njhfhepiyj; njhlh; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;.
$w;W 2: Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpid> ngah;r;nrhy;iyj; njhlh;tJ tpidnar;rj; njhlh;
m. $w;W xd;W kl;Lk; rhp M. $w;W ,uz;L kl;Lk; rhp
19
 ,. $w;W ,uz;Lk; rhp <. $w;W ,uz;Lk; jtW
tpil: m. $w;W xd;W kl;Lk; rhp

5. NgUe;J tUkh? vd;gJ

m. tpspj; njhlh; M. vOtha;j; njhlh;
,. Ntw;Wikj; njhlh; <. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
tpil: M. vOtha;j; njhlh;

6. mwpQUf;Fg; nghd;dhil vd;gJ

m. tpspj; njhlh; M. vOtha;j; njhlh;
,. Ntw;Wikj; njhlh; <. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
tpil: ,. Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;

7. ‘gbf;f Ntz;ba fhyj;jpy; khztNd gb’ vd;Dk; njhlhpy; ,lk;ngWk;

njhfhepiyj; njhlh;fs; ------------> -------------
m. tpidnar;rj; njhlh;> vOtha;j; njhlh;
M. nganur;rj; njhlh;> tpspj; njhlh;
,. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;> vOtha;j; njhlh;
<. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;> tpspj; njhlh;
tpil:M. nganur;rj; njhlh;> tpspj; njhlh;

8. nghUj;Jf
1. fhtphp gha;e;jJ -
tpspj; njhlh;
2. md;ghy; fl;bdhh; - nganur;rj; njhlh;
3. ez;gh vOJ - Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;
4. tbj;j fQ;rp - vOtha;j; njhlh;
m. 4 3 1 2 M. 1 2 3 4 ,. 1 3 2 4 <. 4 2 3 1
tpil: m. 4 3 1 2

9. nghUj;Jf
1. ghbdhs; fz;zfp - tpidnar;rj; njhlh;
2. rhyr; rpwe;jJ - tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
3. ghb kfpo;e;jdh; - ,ilr; nrhy; njhlh;
4. kw;nwhd;W - chpr; nrhy; njhlh;
m. 1 2 3 4 M. 2 4 1 3 ,. 2 3 4 1 <. 4 3 2 1
tpil: M. 2 4 1 3

10. jtwhd ,iziaj; Njh;e;njLf;f:

1. ,wq;fpdhh; KfkJ - tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
2. ghLtJk; Nfl;gJk; - ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;
3. ftpijfspd; njhFg;G - Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;
4. Nfl;f Ntz;ba ghly; - $l;Lg;nganur;rj; njhlh;
tpil: 4. Nfl;g Ntz;ba ghly; - $l;Lg;nganur;rj; njhlh;

11. $w;W 1: xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l tpidnar;rq;fs; Nrh;e;J ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbtJ

$l;Lepiyg; nganur;rk; MFk;.
$w;W 2: Ntz;ba> $ba> jf;f> ty;y Kjyhd nganur;rq;fisr; nra vDk;
tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rj;Jld; Nrh;gg
; jd; %yk; cUthtJ $l;Lepiyg;
nganur;rk;

m. $w;W ,uz;Lk; rhp M. $w;W ,uz;Lk; jtW

,. $w;W xd;W kl;Lk; rhp <. $w;W xd;W kl;Lk; jtW.
tpil: m. $w;W ,uz;Lk; rhp

12. ,ilr; nrhy;Yld; ngaNuh tpidNah njhlUk; njhlh;

m. nganur;rj; njhlh; M. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
,. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; <. Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;
tpil: ,. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;

20
13. Nfl;l fijiaNa kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; $wpdhh; - mbf; Nfhl;bl;litapd; njhlh;tif
m. tpidnar;rj; njhlh;> mLf;Fj; njhlh;
M. nganur;rj; njhlh;> tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
,. nganur;rj; njhlh;. mLf;Fj; njhlh;
<. Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;> tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
tpil: ,. nganur;rj; njhlh;> mLf;Fj; njhlh;

tpil jUf:
1. 'vOJ vd;whs;” vd;gJ tpiuT fhuzkhf 'vOJ vOJ vd;whs;” vd
mLf;Fj; njhluhdJ. 'rpupj;Jg; Ngrpdhu;” vd;gJ vt;thW mLf;Fj; njhluhFk;?
rphpj;Jr; rphpj;Jg; Ngrpdhh; - mLf;Fj; njhlh;.

2. ghujpahu; ftpQu;> E}yfk; nrd;whu;> mtu; ahu;? Mfpa njhlu;fspy; vOthAld;

njhlUk; gadpiyfs; ahit ?

vOtha; - gadpiy
ghujpahh; ftpQh; - ngah;g; gadpiy
E}yfk; nrd;whh; - tpidg; gadpiy
mth; ahh;? - tpdhg; gadpiy

3. njhfhepiyj; njhlh; vd;why; vd;d? m/J vj;jid tifg;gLk;?

xU njhlhpy; nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh cUNgh tuhky;
ntspg;gilahfg; nghUis czh;j;JtJ njhfhepiyj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh fhw;W tPrpaJ
Kjy; njhlupy; “fhw;W” vd;Dk; vOthAk; “tPrpaJ” vd;Dk; gadpiyAk;
njhlu;e;J epd;W NtWnrhy; Ntz;lhJ nghUis czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.
njhfh epiyj; njhlu; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;
4. vOtha;j;njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.
vOthAld; ngau;> tpid > tpdh Mfpa gadpiyfs; njhlu;tJ vOtha;j;njhlu;
MFk;.
,dpad; ftpQu; - ngau;
fhtpup gha;e;jJ – tpid
NgUe;J tUkh? –tpdh
Nkw;fz;l %d;W njhlu;fspYk; ngau;> tpid> tpdh Mfpatw;Wf;fhd
gadpiyfs; te;J vOtha;j; njhlu;fs; mike;Js;sd.
5. tpspj;njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?
tpspAld; tpid njhlu;tJ tpspj; njhlu; MFk;.

ez;gh vOJ ! –“ez;gh " vd;Dk; tpspg;ngau; "vOJ" vd;Dk; gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L
Kbe;Js;sJ.
6. tpidKw;Wj;njhlu; vd;why; vd;d?
tpidKw;Wld; xU ngau; njhlu;tJ tpid Kw;Wj; njhlu; MFk;.
“ghbdhs; fz;zfp”
“ghbdhs;" vd;Dk; tpid Kw;W Kjypy; epd;W xU ngaiuf; nfhz;L
Kbe;Js;sJ.
7. nganur;rj;njhliur; rhd;Wld; vOJf.
Kw;Wg;ngwhj tpid> ngau;rn ; rhy;iyj; njhlu;tJ nganur;rj; njhlu; vdg;gLk;.
Nfl;l ghly; - “Nfl;l" vd;Dk; vr;r tpid “ghly;" vd;Dk; ngaiuf; nfhz;L
Kbe;Js;sJ.

21
8. tpidnar;rj;njhlu; vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W jUf.

Kw;Wg; ngwhj tpid> tpidr;nrhy;iyj; njhlu;tJ tpidnar;rj; njhlu; MFk;.

ghb kfpo;e;jdu; - "ghb" vd;Dk; vr;r tpid “kfpo;e;jdu;" vd;Dk;tpidiaf;
nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ.

9. Ntw;Wikj;njhlu; - tpsf;Ff.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ntspg;gl mikAk; njhlu;fs; Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;
njhlu;fs; MFk;.
fl;Liuiag; gbj;jhs; .
,j;njhlupy; I vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gilahf te;J nghUis
czu;j;JfpwJ.
md;ghy; fl;bdhu; – (My;) %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj; njhlu;
mwpQUf;Fg; nghd;dhil – (F) ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;njhlu;.

10. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlu; -tpsf;Ff.

,ilr;nrhy;Yld; ngaNuh> tpidNah njhlh;tJ ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; MFk;.

kw;nwhd;W – kw;W + xd;W ‘kw;W’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;J ‘xd;W’

vd;Dk; nrhy; epd;W nghUs; jUfpwJ.
11. chpr;nrhy; njhlh; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
chpr;nrhy;Yld; ngaNuh> tpidNah njhlh;tJ chpr;nrhy; njhlh; MFk;.

rhyr; rpwe;jJ –‘rhy’ vd;gJ chpr;nrhy;> mjidj; njhlh;e;J “rpwe;jJ” vd;w

nrhy;epd;W kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd;w nghUisj; jUfpwJ.
12. mLf;Fj; njhlh; vt;thW mikAk; vd;W vOJf.
xU nrhy; ,uz;L %d;W Kiw mLf;fpf; njhlh;tJ mLf;Fj; njhlh; MFk;.

tUf! tUf! tUf! –xNu nrhy; ctifapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mLf;fp
te;Js;sJ.
rpWtpdh:
1. 'fz;Nz fz;Zwq;F!
fhiyapy; ePnaOk;G!
khkio nga;ifapNy
khk;G+Nt fz;Zwq;F!
ghbNdd; jhyhl;L!
Mb Mb Xa;e;Jwq;F!' - ,j;jhyhl;Lg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s njhlu; tiffis
vOJf.
. 'fz;Nz fz;Zwq;F! – tpspj; njhlh;.
fhiyapy; ePnaOk;G! – Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;
khkio nga;ifapNy – chpr;nrhy; njhlh;
khk;G+Nt fz;Zwq;F! – tpspj;njhlh;
ghbNdd; jhyhl;L! - tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
Mb Mb Xa;e;Jwq;F! – mLf;Fj; njhlh;

22
fw;git fw;wgpd; …..
1. ,d;W ePq;fs; gbj;j nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; cs;s njhfh epiyj; njhlh;fisj;
njhFj;J tUf.
2. fPo;f;fhZk; gj;jpapy; cs;s njhlh; tiffis vLj;J vOJf.
khbapypUe;J ,wq;fpdhh; KfkJ. mth; ghlfh;. ghly;fisg; ghLtJk;
Nfl;gJk; mtUf;Fg; nghOJNghf;F. mtuJ miwapy; Nfl;l ghly;fisAk;
Nfl;fhj ghly;fisAk;nfhz;l FWe;jfLfis mLf;F mLf;fhf
itj;jpUg;ghh;.
tpil: ,wq;fpdhh; KfkJ – tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;.
mth; ghlfh; - vOtha;j; njhlh;.
ghLtJk; Nfl;gJk; - ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;.
Nfl;l ghly;fisAk; Nfl;fhj ghly;fisAk; -
,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;.
mLf;F mLf;fhf - mLf;Fj; njhlh;

3. tz;zr; nrhw;fspd; njhlh;tiffis vOJf.

 gofg; gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk;. tpil: mLf;Fj; njhlh;.
 tbj;j fQ;rpapy; Nriyia myrpNdd;.tpil: nganur;rj; njhlh;.
 Nkilapy; ed;whfg; Ngrpdhd;. tpil: tpidnar;rj; njhlh;.
 te;jhh; mz;zd;. tpil: tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;.
 mhpaftpijfspd; njhFg;G ,J. tpil: Ntw;Wikj; njhlh;.

nkhopia Ms;Nthk;!
nkhopngah;ff
; :

Respected ladies and gentlemen, I am Ilangovan studying tenth standard. I have come here to
say a few words about our Tamil culture. Sangam literature shows that Tamils were best in
culture and civilization about two thousand years ago. Tamils who have defined grammar for
language have also defined grammar for life. Tamil culture is rooted in the life styles of
Tamils throughout India, Srilanga, Malaysia, Singapore, England and Worldwide. Though our
culture is very old, it has been updated consistently. We should feel proud about our culture.
Thank you one and all.
jkpo;g; gz;ghL
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa nghpNahh;fNs! jha;khh;fNs! ehd; gj;jhk; tFg;Gg; gbf;Fk; ,sq;Nfhtd;.
ehd; ,q;F ek; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;ilg; gw;wp rpy kzpj;Jspfs; Ngr te;Js;Nsd;.
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng jkpoh;fs; gz;ghl;bYk;> ehfhpfj;jpYk; rpwe;J
tpsq;fpdh; vd;gij rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. nkhopf;F ,yf;fzk;
tFj;j jkpoh;fs; tho;f;iff;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdh;. ,e;jpah> =yq;fh> kNyrpah>
rpq;fg;G+h;> ,q;fpyhe;J Nghd;w cyf ehLfspy; thOk; jkpoh;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapd;
mbehjNk jkpo;f; fyhr;rhuk;jhd;. ekJ fyhr;rhuk; goikahdjhf ,Ue;jhYk;
jd;id epiyahfg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ek; fyhr;rhuj;ij vz;zp ehk;
ngUik nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. midtUf;Fk; ed;wp.
fbdg; gjq;fs;:
culture - fyhr;rhuk;>literature - ,yf;fpak;>civilization - ehfhpfk;>proud– ngUik.

gonkhopfis epiwT nra;f.

1. cg;gpy;yhg; gz;lk; Fg;igapNy
2. xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;.

23
3. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;ssTk; epid
4. tpUe;Jk; kUe;Jk; %d;W ehisf;Nf
5. msTf;F kPwpdhy; mkph;jKk; eQ;R

gj;jpiag; gbj;Jf; fUj;ijr; RUf;fp vOJf.

gioa NrhW
gr;ir ney; taiyf; fz;fs; KOJk; Rke;J> ,sney;iy Efu;e;J> mjd; ghiy
Urpj;J> ePuhtpapy; me;j ney; mtpAk; fjfjg;ghd GOq;fy; kzk;tiu Ritj;jts;
ehd;. mtpj;J> fha;e;J> Fj;jpa me;jg; GOq;fy; muprpia> mjd; totog;ig> fLg;G
kzj;ij > NrhwhF Kd;if epiwa ms;sp thapy; Nghl;L neupj;J nkd;wts;
nrhy;fpNwd;. gfnyy;yhk; cr;rp ntapYf;F mJ Rlr;Rlg; GOq;fyuprpr; NrhW. ,uT
KOtJk; me;jr; NrhW ePupy; CWk;. tpbe;j ,e;jf; fhiyapy; mjd; ngau; gioa
NrhW my;yJ gioaJ. fhj;jpUe;J> rpd;d ntq;fhak;> gr;ir kpsfha; fbj;J ePuh
fhuk; Nghy; Fbg;gJ xUtif . thio ,iyapy; me;jg; gioa Nrhw;iwg; gpope;J
Nghl;lhy;> tLkhq;fha; my;yJ cg;G ehuj;jq;fha; mjDld; Nru;e;J nfhs;sj; Jbg;gJ
,d;ndhU tif . Rz;litj;j Kjy;ehs; Fok;G ,d;Dk; cr;rk;! ey;y gioaJ
khk;gothrk; tPRkhk;. gioa NrhW - mJ fpuhkj;J cd;djk;.
“ikf;fly; Kj;Jf;F <lha; kpf;f ney;Kj;J" ……Kf;$lw;gs;S
fz;zd;> gpurhe;jp Nrfuk; - mbrpy; 2017
tpil:
taypy; tpisAk; ney;iy mtpj;Jg; ngw;w GOq;fy; muprpia nkd;W
jpd;dyhk;. gfypy; GOq;fyhprpr; NrhW cz;zyhk;. ,utpy; Cwpa gioa Nrhw;iwg;
gpope;J> tLkhq;fha; my;yJ cg;G ehuj;jq;fhAld; Nrh;j;J cz;zyhk;.

fijahf;Ff
kdpj tho;tpy; xt;nthUtUk; ehSk; ehSk; GJg;GJ kdpjh;fisg; ghh;f;fpNwhk;.
GJg;GJr; nra;jpfs; fpl;Lk;! fpl;Lfpw fUg;nghUs;fisj; jpul;b> fw;gid eak; $l;bf;
fijahf;FtJ xU fiy. mJ rpWfijahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Gjpdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. md;ig
vjph;ghh;j;jpUg;gtuhf> ahUkw;wtuhf .. ,Uf;Fk; xUth; cq;fspd; cjtpahy; kdk;
kfpo;e;j epfo;tpidf; fijahf;Ff.
nghbj; jhj;jh
vOtJ taR fle;j nghbj;jhj;jhTf;Fr; NrhWNtZNkh! ,y;iyNah! gPb
fz;bg;gh ,Uf;fZk;. mJTk; nrhf;fyhy; gPbjhd;. ,y;ydh tTj;J typf;fhukhjphp
JbJbr;Rg; NghapUthU. Ntfkh Rj;Jw gk;guk; Ntfq;nfhwQ;rp tpOwJNghy ey;yh
Ml;lk;Nghl;L ,g;Ngh fz;Zrhpah njhpahk fhJ rhpahf; Nff;fhk thf;fpq; ];bf;Nfhl
mOf;Ff; ifypa fl;bf;fpl;Lj; njdKk; jpz;izy jtq;nflf;fpwJjhd;
nghbj;jhj;jhD vy;yhUk; $g;GLw etkzpj;jhj;jh. thaj;njhwe;jhNy nghbthl Fg;GD
tUk;. mjdhyjhd; mtu nghbj;jhj;jhD $g;L thq;f.
knfd;> kUkf> kf> khg;gps> Ngug;Gs;isq;f vy;yhUk; ,Ue;jhYk; ahUk; ,g;g
,tUf;fpl;l ,y;y. njUf;fhuq;f ahUk; ,tUf;fpl;l neUq;f khl;lhq;f. Vd;dh?
gf;fj;Jy NghFk;NghJ rj;jk;Nghl;lh NghJk;>“ahh;hU ; ” mg;gpbD xU Nfs;tp Fz;l
J}f;fpg; NghLthU. me;jf; Fz;Ly ,Ue;J jg;gpr;Rg; Nghfj;jhd; njUf;fhuq;f
ghg;ghq;fNsjtpu ahUk; mth;l Ngrkhl;lhq;f.
nghz;lhl;b Nghd gpd;dhb kfq;fhud; rhg;ghL nfhLf;f Ntiyf;F tr;r
Ntiyf;fhhp te;J NgRdhjhd; mtUf;Fg; Ngr;Rj; Jiz. mg;gbNa kfd;te;jhYk;
igf;Fs;s fhR itr;Rl;Lg; NghapLthd;. Ngr;Nr ,Uf;fhJ.
Ngr;Rj;JizNa ,y;yhj jhj;jhTf;F ehd;jhd; gpuz;L. mk;kh vd;djhd;
jpl;LdhYk;. md;G+ccc… mg;gpbD Ngur;nrhy;ypf; $g;gpl;lh Xbg; NghapLNtd;.
mtNuhl kPra KWf;FwJjhd; vd;Ndhl nkhj Nty. “V Fl;bf;fOj mg;bD ve;jiyy
ifa;a tr;R Kfj;j jltp> vd; fd;dj;Jy Kj;jq;nfhLg;ghU.

24
“vUkkhL me;jhS thapy xNu nghbthilA gPb thilAkh mbf;Fk;. xdf;F
mUtUg;gh ,y;yahD” mk;kh tQ;rhYk;> eh fhJFLj;Jf; Nff;fNt khl;Nld;.
“jhj;jh rhg;bah”D fj;jpf; Nfl;lJk; rhg;NlD Nfhapy; ahd jiya
Ml;Lwkhjphp jiya mirg;ghU. mth;;l NgrDk;dh xU nrhk;Gj; jz;zpa fhyp
gz;zDk;. jyfhzp mby ,Ue;J epA+]; Ngg;gu vLj;Jj; jUthU. mtUf;F Nyhf;fy;
epA+];y ,Ue;J Nty;L epA+]; tiuf;Fk; thrpr;Rf; fhl;bd gpd;dhb mtU gz;Zw
tpthjk; gaq;fukh ,Uf;Fk;. “xf;fhe;j ,lj;Jy ,Ue;Nj xyf tpraj;j NgRwpNa
jhj;jh”D mtU fhj Gbr;Rj; jpUFdhYk; “` ` ` ` `h”D gykh rphpg;ghU.
vy;yhk; thrpr;r gpd;dhb>“rhp eh nfsk;GNwd; jhj;jh”D nrhd;dJk;>“Ngha;l;L th
jq;Nfhk;: Ngha;l;L th jq;Nfhk;”D jiyy ifa tr;R xU mOj;J mOj;JthU.
eh jpz;izy ve;jpr;r gpd;dhb thf;fpq; ];bf;f jdf;Fj; njhizah
gf;fj;Jy rhr;R tr;Rf;fpl;L ifypa rhpnrQ;R fhy;Nky fhy;Nghl;Lg; gLj;Jf; fz;z
%LdhU. mtU fz;Nzhuj;Jy topQ;r fz;zPUk; xjl;Nlhuk; ntspg;gl;l rphpg;Gk;
re;Njhrkh cUntLj;Jr;R….gpuG – jkpohrphpah; - rp.,.x.V. gs;sp.

fbjk; vOJf
czT tpLjpnahd;wpy; toq;fg;gl;l czT jukw;wjhfTk; tpiy $LjyhfTk;
,Ue;jJ Fwpj;J cupa rhd;WfSld; czTg; ghJfhg;G MizaUf;Ff; fbjk;
vOJf.
mDg;Geh;
mmm>
MMM.
,,,.
ngWeh;
czTj; jukjpg;gPl;Lj; Jiw Mizah; mth;fs;>
czTj; jukjpg;gPl;Lj; Jiw>
,,,.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah>
nghUs;: czT tpLjpapd; jukw;w czT> $Ljy; tpiy ngw;wJ njhlh;ghf
tzf;fk;. Fbkf;fspd; Fiw fistJ NfhNyhr;Rk; mjpfhhpfspd;
flg;ghL vd;gijj; jhq;fs; Vw;gPh;fs; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;L ,t;tpz;zg;gj;ij
tpLf;fpNwd;.
vq;fs; khefhpy; gy Mz;Lfshf ,aq;fp tUk; Gfo;ngw;w czT tpLjpf;F
ehDk; vd; FLk;gj;jpdUk; kjpa cztpw;fhfr; nrd;Nwhk;. mq;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
czTtiffs; jukw;wdthf ,Ue;jd. mJFwpj;J> czT tpLjp chpikahshplk;
Nfl;lNghJ Kiwahd tpsf;fk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. czT cz;zhJ ntspNaw
vz;zpaNghjpYk; mjw;fhd njhifiar; nrYj;jptpl;Lr; nry;YkhW $wpdh;.
cztpw;fhd tpiyiaAk; mjpfkhfNt ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.
“Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;”
vd;gJ gonkhop.
“clk;ig tsh;j;Njd;@ caph; tsh;j;NjNd”
vd;gJ jpU%yh; thf;F. caph; rpwf;f clk;igg; NgZtJ ek; Kjw;flik. capUf;F
%yk; clk;G. mj;jifa clk;igg; Ngz ‘czNt kUe;J’ vd;gij kwe;J
tho;fpd;Nwhk;.
nghUsPl;LtijNa jd; Fwpf;Nfhsha;f; nfhz;L ,aq;fptUk; czT tpLjpfs;
kf;fspd; eyd; fUjpl tpioatpy;iy vd;gNj ,q;F epfOk; mtykha; cs;sJ.
czitj; jukhf;fplTk; Nehaw;W thoTk; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba #oypy;
cs;Nshk;.
“jukhd czNt tskhd tho;T”

25
vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L mt;TzT tpLjpapy; jug;gLk; cztpidj; jug; ghpNrhjid
nra;J> $Ljy; tpiy ngWtJ njhlh;ghf eltbf;if vLf;FkhW kpfj; jho;ikAld;
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
ed;wp
Fwpg;G:
1. cztpw;Ff; $Ljy; tpiy ngw;wikf;fhd rhd;W
2. jukw;w cztpw;fhd rhd;wpjo;
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iw ,j;Jld; ,izj;Js;Nsd;.

,g;gbf;F>
,lk;: ,,,,> jq;fs; cz;ikAs;s>
ehs;: 23.8.19. mmmm.

ciwNky; Kfthp
ngWeh;: mQ;ry; jiy
czTj;jukjpg;gPl;Lj; Jiw Mizah; mth;fs;>
czTj; jukjpg;gPl;Lj; Jiw>
,,,.

eak; ghuhl;Lf.
“fj;Jfly; #o;ehiff; fhj;jhd;jd; rj;jpuj;jpy;
mj;jkpf;Fk; NghJ muprptUk; – Fj;jp
ciyapypl Culq;Fk; Xu;mfg;ig md;dk;
,iyapypl nts;sp vOk;” fhsNkfg; Gytu;

Kd;Diu:
ftp fhsNkfk; Gyth; Nkfk; Nghy; ftp ghLk; jpwDilath;. rpNyilapy;
ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. mth; ehiff;Fr; nrd;W fhj;jhd; tUzhjpj;jd; rj;jpuj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;whh;. neLNeukhfpAk; czT ghpkhwg;glhjjhy; NkNy cs;s ghliy tirahfg;
ghbdhh;. Mjid mwpe;j fhj;jhd;> jd; rj;jpuj;jpd; ngah; ;nfl;Ltplf; $lhNj vd
vz;zp tiukPl;rpg; ghly; ghlkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. kWgbAk; ,Nj ghliyg; ghb
Gyth; NtW tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jhh;. mtw;iw ,dpf; fhz;Nghk;.

jpuz;l fUj;J:
tir nghUs;:
xypf;Fk; fly; #o;e;j ehifg; gl;bdj;jpy; cs;s fhj;jhd; rj;jpuj;jpy; khiyg;
nghOjpy; mhprp te;J NrUk;. mjidf; Fj;jp ciyapy; ,l CNu mlq;Fk;
Kd;dputhFk;. rikj;Jg; ghpkhWk;nghOJ nts;sp Kisj;JtpLk;. mjhtJ tpbe;JtpLk;
vd;gJ tir nghUs;.
tir kPl;rp:
xypf;Fk; fly; #o;e;j ehifg; gl;bdj;jpy; cs;;s fhj;jhd; rj;jpuj;jpy;> ehl;by;
gQ;rk;gl;bdp (mj;jkpf;Fk;) cs;s fhyj;Jk; mhprp %l;ilfs; fzf;fpylq;fhJ te;J
,wq;Fk;. mijr; rikj;J (ciyapy; ,l;L) Ch;kf;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f midthpd;
grpAk; mlq;Fk;. mt;thW rikf;fg;gl;l md;dj;ij (Nrhw;iw) ,iyapy; ,Lk;NghJ
mit tpz;kPd;fs; Nghy; xsptPRk; vd tir kPl;rpahfg; ghbAs;shh;. ekJ Gyth;
,t;thnwy;yhk; ghLk; El;gk; ek; fhsNkfg; GytUf;Nf chpaJ vd;gjpy; vs;ssTk;
Iakpy;iy.
njhil eak;:
vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG> Kuz; Mfpad nfhz;L njhLf;fg;gLtJ njhil eak;
MFk;.
vJif eak;:
26
 xU nra;Aspy; mbapNyh rPhpNyh Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk;
vOj;J xd;W Nghy; miktJ vJif eak; MFk;.
fj;Jfly;
mj;jkpf;Fk; - j; – mb vJif
ciyapypl
,iyapypl - iy – mb vJif

Nkhid eak; :
xU nra;Aspy; mbapNyh rPhpNyh Kjy; vOj;J xd;WNghy; miktJ Nkhid
eak; MFk;.
fj;Jfly; > fhj;jhd;
mj;jkpf;Fk; > mhprptUk; rPh; Nkhid
ciyapypl > Culq;Fk;

nrhy;eak;:
nrhy; vd;gJ ftpQdpd; fUj;Jtsj;ij ntspg;gLj;jf; $baJ. ‘mj;jkpf;Fk’;
vDk; nrhy; ‘khiy NeukhFk’; vd;w nghUspYk; ehifapy; ‘grpgl;bdp Vw;gl;lNghJ’
vd;w nghUspYk; rpNyilahfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh; fhsNkfg; Gyth;.

mzpeak;:
mzp vd;why; moF. nra;Ais moFngw ,aw;WtJ mzpeak; MFk;.
,q;Ff; ftpQh; tirahfTk; tir kPl;rpahfTk; rpNyilahfg; ghbAs;sikahy;
,g;ghlypy; rpNyil mzp gapd;Ws;sJ.

re;j eak;:
re;jk; jkpOf;Fr; nrhe;jk;. re;jk; vd;why; ,d;Ndhir. ,g;ghly; ehd;F
mbfisf; nfhz;L> ntz;ghTf;Fhpa ,yf;fzj;Jld; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W ,U tpfw;gkhf
mike;jpUg;gjhy; ,J Nehpir ntz;gh tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,jd; Xir
nrg;gNyhir.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G:
1. fj;Jfly;> #o;ehif – tpidKw;Wf;fs;
2. Fj;jp> ,l - tpidnar;rk;
3. Culq;Fk; - ,lthFngah;

KbTiu:
Njh;e;njLj;j fUj;Jr; nrwpT> njspe;j rpe;jid> mofpa nrhy;> fw;Nghiu
kfpo;rr
; p milar; nra;Ak; ftpQuJ jpwk; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J ,d;Gw;Nwhk;.
“fhyk; ftpQidf; nfhd;wJ
mtd; ftpij fhyj;ij ntd;wJ”

nkhopNahL tpisahL
tpLgl;l vOj;Jfis epug;gp me;j vOj;Jfis kl;Lk; ,izj;J xspe;Js;s xU
E}ypd; ngaiuf; fz;Lgpbf;f.
, - F (gwitaplk; ,Ug;gJ)
F - jp (rptg;G epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;)
th - (kd;duplk; ,Ug;gJ)
m - fh(jq;iff;F %j;jts;)
k - (mwptpd; kWngau;)
gl- (ePupy; nry;tJ)
27
 xspe;Js;s E}ypd; ngah;: jpUf;Fws;

,U nrhw;fisAk; xNu njhlhpy; mikj;J vOJf.

1. rpiy–rPiy: rpiyiaj; jpiur;rPiyahy; kiwj;jpUe;jdh;..
2. njhL–NjhL:NjhL nra;tJ vg;gb vd;W njhLjpiuiag; ghh;j;J mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;.
3. kL– khL: khl;bd; kL epiwe;jpUe;jJ.
4.kiy–khiy: me;jpkhiyg; nghOjpy; kiyapD}Nl epyT Njhd;Wk; fhl;rp mofhdJ.
5. tsp–thsp: tspkz;lyk; Fsph;e;J kio tUtJNghy; cs;sjhy; thspia vLj;J
it.
6. tpL– tPL: tpLfpd;w mk;G tPL tiu nry;Yk;.

mfuhjpapy; fz;L nghUs; vOJf.

m) Cz; - czT> Cd; - ,iwr;rp> jir
M) jpiz– xOf;fk;> gphpT> jpid– rpWjhdpak;
,) mz;zk; - Nky;tha; > md;dk; - gwit> NrhW
<) nty;yk; - ,dpg;G tif> nts;sk; - ePh;g;ngUf;F

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vOJf.

kdpj Neak;
tho;tNjh Fbir
tha;j;jNjh gpbmbrpy;
gq;fpl;Lf; nfhLj;jNjh
Vq;fpLk; eha;fF
;
caph;Neaj;jhy;!
epiyj;jNjh
cyfpy; thONthh;
cs;sj;J
cz;ik md;gpdpy;!

nray;jpl;lk;
czT> tpUe;J rhu;e;j gonkhopfisAk; tpopg;Gzu;Tj; njhlu;fisAk; jpul;b>
mfutupirg;gLj;jp tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
v.fh. nehWq;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ
1. ehop mhprpr; NrhW cz;lhd;.
vkDf;F caph; nfhlhd;.
2. nehWq;fj; jpd;why; E}W taJ.
3. gpj;jk; jzpf;f ney;ypf;fha;.
4. gj;J kpsF ,Ue;jhy; giftd; tPl;bYk; cz;zyhk;.
5. kf;fisf; fhf;Fk; kzj;jf;fhsp
6. kUe;NjahapDk; tpUe;NjhL cz;.
7. thio tho itf;Fk;.
8. tpy;tg; gok; jpd;ghh; gpj;jk; Nghf:
gdk;gok; jpd;ghh; grp Nghf.
28
fiyr; nrhy; mwpNthk;:
nrt;tpyf;fpak; - Classical literature
fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; - Epic literature
gf;jp ,yf;fpak; - Devotional literature
gz;ila ,yf;fpak; – Ancient literature
tl;lhu ,yf;fpak; - Regional literature
ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpak; - Folk literature
etPd ,yf;fpak; - Modern literature
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf...
“jk;gp.. cdf;Fg; gpbr;r fha; nrhy;Y?” - “Nful;”
“gpbr;r gok;?” - “Mg;gps;”
gpbr;r fhiy czT? - “E}Ly;];”
“kj;jpahdj;Jf;F”- “/g;iuL iu];”
“uhj;jpup…?”- “gPl]
; h my;yJ gh];jh”
,J VNjh Mq;fpyg;glj;jpd; trdk; my;y.“rupah rhg;gpl khl;Nlq;fpwhd; lhf;lu;” vd;W
vd;dplk; mioj;J tug;gl;l xU rpWtDldhd vd; ciuahly;. xl;Lnkhj;j ,isa
jiy KiwAk; ghuk;gupa czit tpl;L Ntfkhf tpyfpr; nrd;wJ vg;gb? ,l;ypAk;>
rhk;ghu; rhjKk;. fj;jupf;fha;g; nghupaYk; ,dp fhzhky; Ngha;tpLkh? mjpu;r;rpahd
gjpy;>‘Mk;> fhzhky; Ngha;tpLk;'! cq;fs; Foe;ijfs;>“ML> khLfisj; jtpu kD\q;f
$l fPiuiar; rhg;gpLthq;fsh kk;kp? vd vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Nfl;f f;$Lk;!
kUj;Jtu; F. rptuhkdpd; ,f;fUj;jpw;Fr; r%f mf;fiwAldhd cq;fspd; gjpy;
vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;?
tpil:
cly; cWjpAld; ,Uf;f JizGhpAk; ,aw;ifahf mike;j ekJ ghuk;ghpa
czTfisg; gw;wp ,isNahUf;F vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ek; ,y;yj;jpy; ghuk;ghpa czTfisr; rikj;Jz;Zk; gof;fj;ijg; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
Kf;fdpfshfpa kh> gyh> thio Nghd;w goq;fisAk; gUt epiyf;Nfw;g
fpilf;Fk; goq;fisAk; cz;zr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fPiufs;> gr;irf; fha;fwpfs;> jf;fhsp> rpd;dntq;fhak;> nts;isg; G+z;L
Nghd;wit cztpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghuk;ghpa mhprp tiffs; (J}a ky;yp> fTdp mhprp> rPuf rk;gh) fk;G> Nfo;tuF
Nghd;w jhdpa tiffis cztpy; Nrh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kisf;fl;ba jhdpaq;fis xU Ntis cz;gJ ey;yJ.
xU ehisf;F xU NtisahtJ ,aw;if czT cz;gNj cly; typik ngw
cjTk;.
“clk;ig tsh;j;Njd;: caph; tsh;j;NjNd” vd;w jpU%yhpd; thf;if Vw;W
tUq;fhy re;jjpapdiug; Ngzpf; fhg;Nghk;.

29
 jpUf;Fws;

gyTs; njhpf:

1. caphpDk; Nkyhfg; Ngz Ntz;baJ

m. xOf;fk; M. fz;Nzhl;lk; ,. tha;ik <. nrq;Nfhd;ik
tpil: m. xOf;fk;.

2. xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth;
m. cah;T M. nry;tk; ,. Nkd;ik <. Gfo;
tpil: ,. Nkd;ik.

3. milaf; $lhj gopfis milgth;

m. fz;Nzhl;kpy;yhjth; M. xOf;fe;jtWgth;
,. nghpahiuj; Jizahff; nfhs;shjth; <. Ms;tpidapy;yhjth;
tpil: M. xOf;fe; jtWgth;.

4. NtnyhL epd;whd; vdj; njhlq;Fk; Fwl;ghtpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzp

m. ctik M. cUtfk; ,. tQ;rg;Gfo;rr
; p <. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
tpil: m. ctik.

5. fhkk;> ntFsp> kaf;fk; mope;jhy; Jd;gkpy;iy vd;W $Wk; mjpfhuk;

m. xOf;fKilik M. nka;Azh;jy;; ,. fz;Nzhl;lk; <. Ms;tpidAilik
tpil: M. nka;Azh;jy;.

6. gy;yhh; gifnfhsypd; gj;Jklq;F jPik jUtJ

m. fz;Nzhl;kpy;yhik M. xOf;fkpy;yhik
,. nghpahiuj; Jizahff; nfhs;shik <. Ms;tpidapy;yhik
tpil: ,. nghpahiuj; Jizahff; nfhs;shik

7. jd; ehl;;il Muha;e;J Ml;rp nra;ahj kd;ddJ ehl;bd; mopitg; gw;wpf; $Wk; mjpfhuk;
m. xOf;fKilik M. nfhLq;Nfhd;ik ,. fz;Nzhl;lk; <. Ms;tpidAilik
tpil: M. nfhLq;Nfhd;ik

8. nghUe;jhj ,iziaj; Njh;f.

m. nfLghh; ,yhDk; nfLgth; - nghpahiuj; Jizahf;fhjkd;dtd;
M. eaj;jf;f ehfhpfk; Ntz;Lgth; - ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;Rz;likth;.
,. jpUtpid Mf;FtJ - tha;ik
<. CioAk; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gth; - ciytpd;wpj; jhohJcQw;Wgth;
tpil: ,. jpUtpid Mf;FtJ - tha;ik

9. nghUj;Jf.
1. cyfNk chpik cilath; - Kaw;rpg;gth;.
2. mrhthik - gpwUf;F cjTjy;.
3. Ntshz;ik - fz;Nzhl;;lKilath;
4. cQw;Wgth; - Nrhh;tilahik
m. 4 3 1 2 M. 1 2 3 4 ,. 2 3 1 4 <. 4 1 2 3
tpil: m. 4 3 1 2
10. gz;vd;dhk; vdj; njhlq;Fk; Fwl;ghtpy; cs;s mzp
m. vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltik M. cUtfk; ,. tQ;rg;Gfo;rr
; p <. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
tpil: m. vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltik
1
11. er;rg;glhjtd; vdj; njhlq;Fk; Fwl;ghtpy; cs;s mzp
m. ctik M. cUtfk; ,. tQ;rg;Gfo;rr
; p <. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
tpil: m. ctik

12. nghUe;jhjijj; Njh;f.

m. mhpatw;Ws; vy;yhk; mhpJ - nghpahiuj; Jizf;Nfhly;
M. ehs;njhWk; ehL nfLk; - nfhLq;Nfhd;ik
,. nghwpapd;ikahh;f;Fk; gopad;W - Ms;tpidAilik
<. nfhLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhh; - fz;Nzhl;lk;.

13. nghUj;Jf:
1. Fws; - m. Nghw;wp
2. Co; - M. nry;tk;
3. jpU - ,. ,uz;lb ntz;gh
4. Ngzp - <. Kd;tpid
m. 1-<> 2-,> 3-M> 4-m M. 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4-m
,. 1-m> 2-M> 3-,> 4-< <. 1-<> 2-,> 3-m> 4-M
tpil: M. 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4-m

2. fijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fwisj; Njh;T nra;J fhuzj;ij vOJf.

“rpd;dr;rhkp..ahNuh kuj;Njhukh epw;fpwhq;f… ahuha; ,Uf;Fk;…” khl;Ltz;b Xl;bf;fpl;Nl mg;gh
Nfl;lhh;.
“njhpayg;gh..”
“,wq;fp ahUd;D ghU..”
thl;lrhl;lkha;> fz;zhbAk; miyNgrpAk; ifAkha; rhiyNahuj;jpy; tz;bAld; xUth;
epd;wpUe;jhh;..
“Iah ..ePq;f..”
“ntspA+Ug;gh.. tz;bepd;DNghr;R..!”
“mg;gbah.. tz;baj; J}f;fp khl;L tz;bapy tr;Rl;L thq;f. kio th;w khjphpapUf;F.. CU
nuhk;g J}uk;.. Ntw tz;bAk; tuhJ…”
mth; ciliaAk; cioj;Jf; fisj;j tpah;it nghq;fpa cliyAk; ghh;j;J tuiyd;Dl;lhh;.
%d;W ehd;F Ngh;jhd; tz;bapy; ,Ue;Njhk;.. rpwpJ J}uk; NghwJf;Fs;s kio nfhl;Lnfhl;Ld;D
nfhl;bUr;R…ehq;f tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghapl;Nlhk;.
,uTy J}q;fg; Nghwg;g…mg;ghnrhd;dhh;. jk;gp.. me;j #l;Lf;fhuh; kio jhq;fhk ele;jpUf;fhU.
Njq;fh tpOe;J kz;l cilQ;R.. NtwahNuh J}f;fpl;L te;jpUf;fhq;f. ek;k CU MRgj;jphpapy..
fl;Lg; Nghl;Lf;fpl;L ,Ue;jhq;f.. ghtk; gbr;rtuh ,Uf;fhU… #o;epiy Ghpahk.. tukhl;Nld;D
nrhd;dhU. ,g;g Ntjidg;gl;lhNu..
m. cyfj;NjhL xl;l xOfy; gyfw;Wk;
fy;yhh; mwptpyh jhh;.
M. ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;Rcz;L mikth; eaj;jf;f
Ehfhpfk; Ntz;L gth;
,. cioAk; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gh; ciyT,d;wpj;
jhohJ cQw;W gth;.
tpil: m. cyfj;NjhL xl;l xOfy; gyfw;Wk;
fy;yhh; mwptpyh jhh;.

2
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;GjUf:
1. fhkk;>ntFsp>kaf;fk; - ck;ikj; njhif
2. Ngzp - tpidnar;rk;
3. Vkuhkd;dd;> va;jhg; gop - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rq;fs;.
4. mUik> ngUik - gz;Gg; ngah;fs;
5. Kaw;rp> xOfy;> tply; - njhopw;ngah;fs;
6. nfhLg;gJ}ck;> Ja;g;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpirasngilfs;
7. eQ;Rz;L - ,uz;lhk;Ntw;Wikj; njhif

gFgjcWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf:

fhz;gh; - fhz; + g; +mh; va;Jth; - va;J+ g; +mh;

fhz; - gFjp va;J - gFjp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;WtpFjp mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;WtpFjp
nfLg;ghh; - nfL+ g; +g;+Mh; cilj;J - cil+ j; +j;+ c
nfL - gFjp cil - gFjp
g; - re;jp j; - re;jp
g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;WtpFjp c - tpidnar;rtpFjp

FWtpdh:
1. ‘er;rg; glhjtd;’ nry;tk; - ,j;njhlhpy; tz;zkpl;l nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs;; jUf.
er;rg;glhjtd; - „tpUk;gg;glhjtd;‟. gpwUf;F cjtp nra;ahjjhy; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjd;
ngw;w nry;tk; vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;. ,J ed;wp ,y; nry;tk; vDk; mjpfhuj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. nfhLg;gJ}ck; Ja;g;gJ}ck; ,y;yhh;f;F mLf;fpa
Nfhbcz; lhapDk; ,y; - ,f;Fwspy; tUk; msngiliafis vLj;J vOJf.
nfhLg;gJ}ck;> Ja;g;gJ}ck; - ,d;dpirmsngilfs;
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj NghJk; ,dpa Xirf;fhff; Fwpy; nebyhfp msngLg;gjhy; ,it
,d;dpir msngil MFk;.

3. nghUSf;Nfw;w mbfisg; nghUj;Jf. (tpil)

1. capiutplr; rpwg;ghfg; Ngzpf; fhf;fg;gLk; - caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;.
2. Chpd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gOj;jJNghd;wJ - eLCUs; er;Rkuk; gOj;jw;W.
3. xOf;fj;jpd; top cah;T milth; - xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik.

4. va;Jth; va;jhg; gop - ,f;Fwsbf;Fg; nghUj;Jk; tha;ghLvJ?

m. $tpsk; Njkh kyh; M. $tpsk; Gspkh ehs;
,. Njkh Gspkh fhR <. Gspkh Njkh gpwg;G
tpil: m. $tpsk; Njkh kyh;.

5. nghpahiuj; JizNfhlypd; rpwg;gpidvOJf.

fpilj;jw;fhpa NgWfSs; vy;yhk; ngUk;NgW nghpahiug; Nghw;wpj; Jizahf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;
MFk;.
Fw;wq;fz;lnghOJ ,bj;Jf; $Wk; nghpahiuj; Jizf; nfhs;shj ghJfhg;gw;w kd;dd;>
gifth; ,d;wpAk; nfLthd;.
“,bg;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkuh kd;dd;
nfLg;ghh; ,yhDk; nfLk;”

3
6. gifNkw;nfhs;tijf; fhl;bYk; gyklq;F jPik jUtJ vJ?
jhndhUtdhf epd;W gyNuhL gifNkw;nfhs;tijf; fhl;bYk; gyklq;F jPikiaj; jUtJ
ew;gz;GilNahhpd; el;igf; iftpLjyhFk;.
“gy;yhh; gifnfhsypd; gj;jLj;j jPikj;Nj
ey;yhh; njhlh;if tply;”

7. nfhLq;Nfhd;ikapd; Fw;wj;ij vOJf.

Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s murd;> jd; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;L thptpjpg;gJ> Nty; Nghd;w
MAjq;fisf; fhl;b topg;gwp nra;tjw;F epfuhdjhFk;.
jd; ehl;by; epfOk; ed;ikjPikfis xt;nthU ehSk; Muha;e;J Ml;rp nra;ahj kd;dtd;> jd;
ehl;il ehs;NjhWk; ,of;f NehpLthd;.

8. NfhbngwpDk; gadw;wnry;tKilath; ahh;?

gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;fhkYk; jhDk; mDgtpf;fhkYk; ,Ug;gth; mLf;fLf;fha;g; gyNfhbg;
nghUs;fs; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; mjdhy; gad; ,y;iy.

rpWtpdh:
1. NtnyhL epd;whd; ,Lvd;wJ NghYk;
NfhnyhL epd;whd; ,uT - Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzpr;Rl;ly; : ctikazp
mzp ,yf;fzk; : xU nra;Aspy; ctik xU njhluhfTk; ctNkak; kw;nwhU njhluhfTk;
mike;J ,;ilapy; ctkcUG ntspg;gilahf te;jhy; m/J ctikazp
vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. : NtnyhL epd;whd; ,Lvd;wJ NghYk;
NfhnyhL epd;whd; ,uT
nghUs; : Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s murd; jd; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;L
thptpjpg;gJ Nty; Nghd;w MAjq;fisf; fhl;b topg;gwpn ra;tjw;F
epfuhdjhFk;.
mzpg; nghUj;jk; :
ctNkak; : Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s murd; jd; mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;L thptpjpg;gJ.
ctik : MAjq;fisf; fhl;b topg;gwp nra;tJ.
ctkcUG : NghYk;.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctik> ctNkak;> ctkcUG %d;Wk; gapd;W te;Js;sjhy;
,/J ctikazpahFk;.
2. ctikazpr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk; : xU nra;Aspy; ctik xU njhluhfTk; ctNkak; xU
njhluhfTk; te;J ,ilapy; ctkcUG ntspg;gilahf
te;jhy; m/J ctikazp vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. : er;rg; glhjtd; nry;tk; eLCUs;
er;R kuk;gOj; jw;W.
nghUs; : gpwUf;F cjtp nra;ahjjhy; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjth;
ngw;w nry;tk;. Chpd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gOj;jJ Nghd;wJ MFk;.
mzpg; nghUj;jk; :
ctNkak; : gpwUf;F cjtp nra;ahjjhy; xUtuhYk; tpUk;gg;glhjth;
ngw;w nry;tk;
ctik : Chpd; eLtpy; er;Rkuk; gOj;jpUf;Fk; goq;fs;
ctkcUG : mw;W
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctNkak;> ctik> ctkcUG Mfpad %d;Wk; gapd;W
te;Js;sjhy; ,/J ctikazpf;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
4
3. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk; : xU nra;Aspy; ctik xU njhluhfTk; ctNkak; xU
njhluhfTk; te;J ,ilapy; ctkcUG kiwe;Jte;jhy;
m/J vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. : gz;vd;dhk; ghlw; fpiagpd;Nwy; fz;vd;dhk;
fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;yhj fz;
nghUs; : ghlNyhL nghUe;jtpy;iy vdpy; ,irahy; vd;d gad;?
mJNghyNt ,uf;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; fz;fshy; vd;d gad;?
mzpg; nghUj;jk; :
ctNkak; : ,uf;fg; gz;G ,y;yhtpl;lhy; fz;fs; ,Ue;Jk; gad; ,y;iy.
ctik : ghlNyhL nghUe;jtpy;iy vdpy; ,irahy; gad; ,y;iy.
ctkcUG : kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctik xUnjhluhfTk; ctik xUnjhluhfTk; te;J ctkcUG
kiwe;J te;Js;sjhy;> vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sij ed;W mwpayhk;.

4. xOf;fKilik rpwg;Gfisf; Fws;top tpsf;Ff.

xOf;fk; vy;yhh;f;Fk; rpwg;igj; jUtjhy; mt;nthOf;fj;ij caphpDk; Nkyhdjhfg;
Ngzpf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;
xOf;fkhf thOk; vy;yhUk; Nkd;ik milth;. xOf;fk; jtWgth; milaf; $lhj
gopfis milth;.
“xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik: ,Of;fj;jpd;
va;Jth; va;jhg; gop”
cyfj;NjhL xj;Jthof; fy;yhjhh;> gy E}y;fisf; fw;whuhapDk; mwpT ,y;yhjtuhfNt
fUjg;gLthh;.
ve;jg; nghUs; ve;j ,ay;gpdjhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; me;jg; nghUspd; cz;ikg; nghUisf;
fhz;gNj mwpthFk;.
“vg;nghUs; vj;jd;ikj; jhapDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gjwpT”
Mir> rpdk;> mwpahik vd;w %d;Wk; mope;jhy; mtw;why; tUk; Jd;gKk; mopAk;.
5. fz;Nzhl;lk; Fwpj;jts;Sthpd; fUj;Jf;fisvOJf.
ghlNyhL nghUe;jtpy;iynadpy; ,irahy; vd;d gad;? mJNghyNt ,uf;fk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
fz;fshy; vd;d gad;?
eLepiyahff; flik jtwhky; ,uf;fk; fhl;LgtUf;F ,t;TyfNk chpik cilajhFk;.
“fUkk; rpijahky; fz;Nzhlty;yhh;f;
Fhpik cilj;jpt; TyF”
tpUk;gj;jFe;j ,uf;f ,ay;igf; nfhz;lth;fs;> gpwh; ed;ik fUjpj; jkf;F eQ;irf;
nfhLj;jhYk; mjid cz;Zk; gz;ghsh; Mthh;.
“ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;rz; likth; eaj;jf;f
ehfhpfk; Ntz;Lgth;”
ftpijiaj; njhlu;f.
KfE}y; Nkhfk;
jz;zPh; epiwe;jFsk;
jtpj;jgbntspePl;Lk; if
fiuapy; ifNgrp glnkLj;jgb
fUizaw;Wf;
ifnfhLf;Fk; vz;zkpd;wpf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; vz;zj;NjhL
Ke;Jk; Kfkpy;yhKfE}y; Nkhfk;!

5
6