S-405

A ::~
m 2
v.::h[~"~
c 3 2 2 + ~]
2
Derive the prismoidal correction formula for a _ bl +b2
triangular end areas using the prismoidal bm- 2
formula.
hm:: ~
2

v=h[~"~~
c 3 2 2
~]
2+ 2

Solution: V =h[~.~"~ ~"~

c32 4 4"44+2
!ii]
V :: hIb lh1 " b l h2 " bill + b2h2]
c 3 L- 4

V~ :: 1~ [b1 (~1 " h2)" ~ (hI" hv]

L
Vc :: 12 (b 1 " bV (hI" h2)
(prismoidal correction to be subtracted
algebraically from the volume. by end
area method.)

Derive the Prismoidal Formula for determining

Let us consider the triangular prismoidal shown volumes of regular solid.
below:

Solution:

//~:/
/f==A

L
Vc ::"3(A I -2Am +A2)

A-~
1- 2

A-~
r 2
 5·406
UITHWORIS

V --~A
A 2- .1!1.&
3 VOLUME OF EARTHWORK

fu_~
A2 -hi
(1) End area
{A;=b1 ~=!Y2 _ (A, +.4.2) L
..fA; hz fA; h, V- 2

A2 = h,2
~
(2) Prismoidal Formula
V=~.hlAl
3h, 2 3
, _ 11,3 A, - h,3A,
V- 3 h,2
V= A12 (hz3 • h,3)
3 h,
V= A, 2(hz - h,) (hz2 + hzh, + h,2)
3 h,
,A,h 2 h 2\
V=3h,z,(h2 +hzh, + n
'V - At! h22 A, h h2 .~ L
. - 3 h,2 + 3 h, + 3 VP =6(AI +4A",+A2)

V =&!! (~)
+ fu.!! + &J). y;;; Am =area of mid-section
3 A, 3 A, 3
V= ~ (Az + ~ A, A2 + A, ) (frustum ofa
(3) Volume with Prismoidal Correction:
pyramid)
(Applicable only to three level section)

~
~=_2_
A, h,2
4Am =~(hl +2h2h, +h,~
A - A A, h,2 2 A, h2
4 "m-'+
h, 2+'h ,
w:;
4 A", =A, + A + 2 A, _r-
2
V=VE-Vcp
VE = volume by end area
'V A, Vcp = prismoidal correction
4 A", =A, + A2+ 2 ~ A2 A, L
Vcp r1 2 (e, . Cz) (0, • 00
2 .y A, A2 = 4 Am - A, - A2
- r.-:-
'1/
fu &.
A, A2 = 2 A",. 2 - 2
h fu ~
V= 3" (A, + 2 Am - 2 • 2 + A2)

V= ~ [lA, +4A", .~. A2 + 2A2 l

V = ~ (A, +4 A", +A2) Prismoidal Formula
 8-407

® Distance of left slope stake from center of

the road:
2· hi _..!fL
1.5 hL + 3.5 -100

•••
2·hL =0.15hL +0.35
1.15hL = 1.65

I!I,.,·"
hL = 1.43

Distance of left slope stake = 1.5 hl + 3.5

Distance ofleft slope stake = 1.5 (1.43) + 3.5
Distance ofleft slope stake = 5.65 m.

•• •
~ ·Et&nI.~~~t.~~~9fi1 SI~e • @ Diff. in elevation· of right and left slope
stake:

'i!l!t• ••
Solution:
Bev. ofleft slope stake = 152 • 1.43
Bev. of/eft slope stake = 150.57 m.
Bev. ofright slope stake = 152 • 2.76
Bev. ofright slope stake = 149.24 m.

Diff. in elev. = 150.57 -149.24

G) Distance of right slope stake from center of
the mad: Diff. in elev. = 1.33 m

1.5hr
- ·]SI,;i·······!

JlJ'I, ...,j..
2·hL:
r·····_···
i hr., I"
· - ----~;-.·~~·;:~~r

h,·2 _..!fL_
3.5 + 1.5 h, -100 - 0.10
hr' 2 =0.35 +0.15 h,
0.85 h, = 2.35
h,= 2.76

Distance of right slope stake = 3.5 + 1.5 h,

Distance ofright slope stake = 3.5 + 1.5(2.76) @ compute the side s1ope()f both sect!o(ls•.
Distance of right slope stake = 7.64 m. ® Compute the value ofx at statkln 10 +200
it it has a cross sectiona' area of 14.64 m2.
Compute the volume between stations
10 + 100 and 10 + 200 usfng end area
method with prismoidal correction.
S-408

URTIWHD

Solution: Prismoidal correction:

<D Width ofbase: L
Vp = 12 ('1 - CV (~.~)
100
Vp =12 [(10.95 - 12.9)(1.5 - 1.2))
.
I
I

2.~ : Vp =- 4.875 m3
LL _ V. =VE-V:
V: =1390.125 - (- 4.875)
1=2.35 6 I sn. Vcp= 139Sm3
.45--1---4.

B
2+ 2.35 =6.45
B
2+ 1.05 =4.5
1.35= 1.95
5:; 1.5
2B +1.0(1.5) =4.5
B.=6m.

® Value of x:

t-----Dl"12.99---~~
@~m!tlllwlQth()fthebase.> .
,,
I
p
:2.6 @ c.••. om
• . 2•.•.•.•.•.• • • •. •.•.•.hasailareaOf . • .• •.•. '•. b.•6.•.•• . •. "•.• 16.82m2.
.• . •. . •. •. . . •. t•.•1t. • .•.•.e •. a
. . . .• I.OO
.•. . . •.•.•.•.•. O
.•.•. •.f•.•.•. c• • • •tIt
. •.•. •.•.•.•.••a..•• .•.'•.•. .• .•.S
.•..•..I..•. a ..••.•..•.•.••..••..• ..S
.•.••.•..•.i.OO
t. ..•.•••. J.•f.• •....it.•
________J ·~· • ·.·CQf:llf.Wle•• t~~.·.VOlul'l'le • bf.llW~~n.Aand • .B
With Piismoidal.CotrectiOit
f-----fr-----+----(il~ Solution:
CD Width ofbase:

@ Volume between sia. 10 + 100 and

10+ 200:
A - ~ 1.5(6.45) 4.5(1.5) ~
1- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
Al =13.1625 m2
A2 = 14.64 m2
~ _(At+A,) L
E- 2
~ _ (13.1625 + 14.64)(100)
E- 2
VE =1390.125 m3
 S-409

B <D ~~.~~(M at thecentef ()f

6.3=2.2S+2"

7.2=2.8S+2"
B ~ =t~ ill !he .glJt s10pe
@ C>etermille .1he.·.·~lti~ betw~en $ta;
0.9 =0.6 S .1 +1001tld1 .. 20Q by apPlYing ptismoidal
S= 1.5 c:ol'ftlC1jQft. . . ..
B
6.3 = 2.2(1.5) +2"
SoIufIon:
B=6.m. CD He9It of cut at tM center of sta. 1 + 1()():
@ Value of cut at station B: Stalion 1 + 100
2.2(3} 6.3x ?11& ~ = 1682
2+2+2+2 .
6.75x=9.32
x= 1.38 m.
@ Volume using Prismoidal correction:
- ~ 6.6(2) 4.8(2) ~
A,- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
A, = 16.80 m2
v. -~~
E- 2
A = 100sq.m.

\I
VE-
_ (16.80 + 16.82X20)
2
5h ~ h(5+h) 5(~)_
2+ 2 + 2 + 2 - 100
VE = 336.20 5h +5h + 2ff. + 5h + Iil + 2.5h =200
L
Vp = 12 (e, - C0 (0, - ~) 3h2 + 17.51'1·200 =0
...-_---
20 _ -17.5- ~(17.5f.4(3)(-200)
Vp = 12 (2· 1.38X11.40 - 13.5) h- 2(3)
II =- 2.17
if= VE- II
h- -17.5- WOO .
- 6
V= 336.20- (2.17)
V = 338.37 CU.m. h = -17.5 + 52.2
8
h= 5.7Im.

@ Height of the right slope stake at sta.

t + 200:
At. $taljpn.·.1.+•• 1QO•• maP9rtjon.of~~~tl~ij'. Slalion 1 + 200
an•.
slrelch•• ha~ • <ire,g•• ·Qf.1(}O$q··.m~~~~.m • ~~·
while.that~f.S~tion • 1"'••~.~~.'8~$i$~$A?
melers•• j'l(;Ut••·•.. AI·.~U1lioi.llt~09;~··~·
SUrface•• lo!tleIeft•• ()fllle~ll"~I~'~t·i'll1 ••.

~1'I~'II.tllII
sta.k~ • j~·.3 • till1e!!•• tlil;Ih~tf¥l!lttl<:it·.(jf··.lflj.·.l!i!ft
slope.!lfake; • • ~.~l)tf!tllUljt$@li19.t .... ~'
Thewidthofll1ero~yj$Wm.Wilha~
slopeof~;l. . .. . . A =240sq.m.
5-410

EARTHWORIS

5x 2.89 (5 + 2x) 2.89 (5 + 6x) ~

2+ 2 + 2 + 2 =240
5x + 14.45 + 5.78x + 14.45 + 17.34x+ 15x =480
43.12x = 451.1
x= 10.44 m.
3x= 31.32m.

@ Volume between sta. 1 + 100 and 1+ 200:

CD Compute the area of station 1+040..

. ® Find the $re8 of sfallon 1 + 100, . '.
@Oelermine lhediff. in volume of cutand·fift
using end area melhod~ . .

Solution:
CD Area of station 1+ 040:

62.64

Volume by end area:

1/ _ (A, + A2 ) L
VE- 2
1/ _ (100 + 240) (1oo)
VE- 2 1 1
A~= '2(4)1.84 +'2 (1.22) 6.76
VE = 17,000 cu.m.
L 1 1
Cp = 12 (C l . G.1) (D, - D0 +'2(1.22)4.63 +'2(4) 0.42
100 Afill = 11.47 m2
Cp =12 (5.78 - 2.89}(27.34 - 93.52)
100 @ Area of station 1+ 100:
Cp =12 (2.89) (- 66.18)
Cp =,- 15.94 cu.m.

Corrected volume:
V= VE - Vp
V= 17,000· (-1594)
V= 18,594 cU.m.
 S-411

URr....IS

1 1 Solution:
Acut ="2 (4.5) 0.98 +"2 (3.05) 5.48 CD Value of x:.
1 1
+ "2 (3.05 5 + 2" (4.5) 0.5
~3.7
Acut = 19.31 m2
r-=-!~~-_~I ".,.. .2......5""""'~;;.,;.;;;;~'-r-
I
I

@ Diff. in volume of cut and fill using end 0.8:

I
area method: I

x=3+1.8
x=4.B

® Area offill:
Area offill = 2.5 (D.8)
2
Area of fill = 1.0 m2
1.22 _ 1.22 + 3.05
x - 60 @ Area of cut:
x=17.14 . Area of cut = 3 (1.8)
6O-x=42.86 2
D+ 19.31 Area of cut = 2.7 m2
Vcut = 2 (42.86)

. Vcut =413.18m3
11.47+0
VRlI = 2 (17.14)

VRlI = 98.3 m3 The following is a set of nOtes. of an

Diff. = 315.51 m3 earthworks of a roadcQr'istrtlctitinwhich' is'
underfal(en by the BureauofPubilcWOl'I<$. '., .
:-' " _,.,:- 'c-.'.: . . :-.: -,-.,-.-:,-.'.-"'-'-"_:'-':-:':'.-:'.:-<:'::-::::::<:>':'::::-::::::>~>::':::::

StaliooCross$4!CllOn . .... .".

Jt02O •.•.. ~~••.. ~••..,. +~:~~~>~' .•.

Given the folloWing section of an earthworks
for a proposed road conslruct!t>n ana hiUy
portion of the route. The width of the fOadbase
for cutis 6 m. for alklwance of d~lnage canals
and 5 m. fbffin. Sideulopes rot cut is 1:1 and
for fill is 1.5:1. .

3.7 0 . x
-0.8 + 1.8

CD Compute the value of x.

® Compute the· atealn fill.
@ Compute the area in cut.
5-412

EARTHWOIIIS

Solution: Assume a level section with an average value

CD Area section f + 020: of cut and fill for each stretch.

CD Determine the volume of cut.

,, ® Determine the volume of fill.
3.0: @ If the shrinkage factor is 1.2. determine the
: volume borrow or waste.
t--- ;;i---..+--4.S---I-----4.5-1-;--;.l

- 4(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) Solution:

A1- 2 + 2
Average depth of cut:
(2 + 1.5){4.5) ~
+ 2 + 2
A1 = 31.50 m2
® Area of section 1 + 040:

- 7800
C - 850
C=9.18m.

Average depth of fill:

_~ (5 + 4)(4.5) (4 + 2)(4.5) 2(4.5) 8500
A2- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 f= 1200
A2 = 45.75m2 f= 7.08
@ VOlUme between stations:
(A 1 + A2) L 1-----37.54.------1
V= 2
V- (31.50 + 45.75)(20)
- 2
V= 772.5 m3

Side slope =1.5 : 1 Cut

In determining the position of the balance line
in the profile diagram, a horizontal grade line _ (10 + 37.54) (9.18)
A- 2
is drawn such that the length of the cut is· 850
m. and that of fill is 1200 m. The profile area A = 218.21 sq.m.
between the ground line and the grade line in
the cut is 7800 sj:l.m. while that of fill is 8500
sq.m. If the road bed is 10 m. wide for cut and'
8 meters wide for fill and if the side slope for
cut is 1.5 : 1 while that for fill is 2 : 1.
 S-412-A
EARTHWORKS

CD Volume of cut:
Vc :; 218.21 (850) Solution:
Vc = 185,500 cU.m.

(1) Slope of the new road:

Side slope = 2 : 1 Fill Slope = ~.~ = 0.016

_ (8 + 36.32) (7.08) (2) Distance in which the fill is extended:

A-. 2
0.048x = 1.2 + 0.016(50 - x)
A = 156.89sq.m. 0.064x'= 2
x = 31.25
(2) Volume of fill:
V, = 156.89 (1200) @ Stationing of the point where the fill is
V, = 188,000 cU.m. extended:
Sta. = (7 + 110) + (31.25)
Sta. = 71 + 141.25
@ Volume of borrow:
Vol. of borrow == 188000 (1.2) - 185500
Vol. of borrow =40100 cU.m.

428-A CE Board May 200 At station 95 + 220, the center height of the
,h>i/'C;':;>:$"'''''' "kM.',"o/.. }·'·h';'>N' ",<' ,,' ",."•., .. " '«l;< road is 4.5 m. cut, while at station 95 + 300, it
is 2.6 m. fill. The ground betweens!ation
The center height of the road at sta. 7 + 110 is 95 + 220 to the other station has a uniform
2 m. fill while at sta. 7 + 160 it is 12 m. cut. slope of - 6%.
From sta. 7 + 110 to the other station the
ground makes a uniform slope of 4.8%. CD What is the grade of the road?
(2)How far in meters, from station 95 + 300
(I) Compute the slope of the new road.
toward station 95 + 220 will the filling
@ Find the distance in meters from station
extend?
7 + 110 in which the fill is extended.
@ At what station will the filling extend.
@ Compute the stationing of the point where
the fill is extended.
 S-412-B
EARTHWORKS

Solution:
CD Grade of road
From station 0 + 040, with center height of
1.40 m. fill, the ground line makes a uniform
slope of 5% to station 0 + 100, whose center
height is 2.80 m. cut. Assume both sections to
be fevel sections with side slopes of 2 : 1 for
fill and 1.5 : 1 for cut.

<D Find the grade of the finished road

surface.
(2) Find the area at each station.
® By end area method, find the amount of
cut and fill.
Slope of road = 2.3 @ Between these two stations, is it borrow or
80 waste?
Slope of road =0.02875 say 0.029 Roadway for fill is 9.00 m. and for cut it is
10.00 m.

(2) Distance from 95 + 300 where filling will

extend:
Solution:
CD Slope of roadway:

0.029(80 - x) + 0.30 =0.06x

0.089x = 0.029(80) + 0.30
x = 29.44 m.
- 1.20
Slope of roadway =. 60 . .
® Station where filling extend:
(95 + 300) - (29.44) = 95 + 270.56 Slope of roadway =. 2% (downward)
 S·413

EARTHWORKS

@ Area at each station: 1.40-0.02 x = 0.05 x

0.07 x= 1.40
x= 20
6O·x=40

L
Vol. of fill =2(A 1 + A2)
Station 0 + 040
20
1--------18.40-------1 Vol. offiH ="2 (16.52 + 0)

Vol. of fill = 165.20 cU.m.

L
~--+--lOl--t--4 Vol. of cut =2(A 1 + A2)
Station 0 +100
40
Vol. of cut = "2 (39.76 + 0)
_ (14.60 + 9) (1.40)
A- 2 Vol. of cut = 795.20 cU.m.
A= 16.52 sq.m. (fill)
_ (10 + 18.40) (2.8)
A- 2
A = 39.76 sq.m. (cut) @ Since the volume of cut is excessive than
the volume of fil" it is then necessary to
throw the excess volume of cut as waste
@ Volumes of cut and fill:
by an amount equal to
795.20-165.20 = 63.00 cU.m.
S-414

EARTHWORKS

@ Area ofsection 0 + 040;

The following data are the cross section notes

r----·--
I
1.5 x 0

I
I
at station 0 + 020 and 0 + 040. The natural
ground slope is almost even. I
Xi
I

Base width
Cut = 9m.
Side slope
Cut=1:1
I
I
!
FiII=8m. Fill =1.5 : 1 I
~ __x_
Station 0 + 020 8 - 1.5x + 8
? +3.0 +1.5 0 8x = 3x + 16
? 4.5 0 0 5x= 16
x= 3.2
Station 0 + 040 A - 3.2 (8)
? - 2.0 -1.0 0 - 2
? 4 0 0 A = 12.8 m2 (fill)

CD Compute the area of section 0 + 020. @ Volume of borrow or waste:

@ Compute the area of section 0 + 040.
@ Compute the volume of borrow or waste
from station 0 + 020 and 0 + 040
assuming shrinkage factor of 1.20.

Solution: 1.5 1.0

CD Area of section 0 + 020: x·= 20·x
x = 30 ·1.5x
2.5x = 30
x= 12
20 - x= 8
(A 1 + A2l L
Vol. of cut = 2
III f _ (20.25 + 0) (12)
va. a cut - 2'
Vol. ofcut= 121.5 m3
(A 1 + A2l L (1.20)
1.5 h Vol. of fill =. 2
4.5 =h+ 9
4.5h = 1.5h + 13.5 Vol. of fill = (12.8 + 0!(8)(1.20)
h=4.5
Vol. of fill =61 .44 m3
A - 4.5 (9)
- 2
A = 20.25 m2 (cut)
Vol. of waste =121.5 - 61.44
Vol. of waste =60.06 m3
 S-415

EARTHWORKS

In a 20 meter road stretch, the following crOSS7

section of the existing ground and
corresponding subgrade cross-section notes
were taken.
1
Existing Ground Cross Sections A1 = '2 [6(- 5.5) + 7(1) + 18(2)+ 12(1) + 4(0)
+ 0(- 1) + (-S){- 2) + (-16.5){-5.5)
Sections Left Center Right
o ~2 -1 o 1 2 1 + (- 7)(- 5) + (- 6)(- 5)]
10 + 280 16.5 9 5 o 4 12 "18
- [- 5(7} + 18(- 5.5) + 1(12) + 2(4) + 1(0)
-3 -2
10 +300 13.5 10
1 1 1 0 - 1.5 + 0(- 5) + (- 1)(- 9) +- (- 2){-16.5) +0(- 7)
7 o 5 917
+ (- 6)(- 5.5) + (- 5){6)]

Subgrade Cross Sections

1
A1 ='2 [(247.75) - (- 69)]
Sections Left Center Right
A1 =158.375 sq.m.
o -5.5 -5 -5 - 5 - 5.5 1
10 +280 16.5 -7- 6 o 6-7-"18
@ Area at station 10 + 300:
- 3 - 7.5 - 7 -7 -7 - 7.5 - 1.5
10 + 300 13.5 -7- 6 o 6-7-"17

CD Compute the cross sectional area at

station 10 +280.
@ Compute the cross sectional area at
station 10 + 300. (1.-1.5)
(-7,-7.."i)
@ Compute the volume between the two
stations.

Solution:
(1) Area of station 10 + 280:
A =.1. [~ x2 ~~ Xs x6 X7 ~ Xg x10:U~ ]
1
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Y6 Y7 Ya yg Y10 Y11 Y1
A = 1. [2.-_7_. 18 QiQ:1.:1- 16 .5 ...:L.:!2.- ]
1 2 - 5 - 5.5 1 2 1 0 - 1 - 9 0 - 55 • 5 - 5
 I.
5-416

fIIT. . .

1 Q)Coinp!JltJJI)$~~9fc~t~1isla~(Jff
A2 =:2 [6(. 7.5) +7(-1.5) +(17(3) + 9(1) + 5(1)
'19f040. / , > •.•..••.•••••••.••.•••..•..••••..••••..•••.••••••.•.••.•......•.
+(- 7)(- 2) +(. 10X· 3) +(-13.5* 7.5) ®.. . 4~mPllte.~tl • ~llffl'l~ • 9f•• ~t.~t • $tatiO~
+(- 7)(- 7) +(- 6X-7)] 10tQ60' <
- [7(- 7) + (17)(- 7.5) +9(·1.5) +0(5) + 1(- 7) @•• ·.ewnPUt~.f~~.%llJffiff.Qf.!)C)1'I'9wor.~ti~~
+ 1(-10) +(- 2X-13.5) +(- 3)(- 7) frl)lll·••. $:latjon • • 111•• f.~P.to.10 • •.• f(laO·.
+(- 6)(- 7.5) + (- 7)(6)1 .glfI$kt~_li!I:l~~gorQf~$~4. .'
1
A2 =:2 [(194.75)- (-156)} Solution:.
A2 = 175.375 sq.m. ill .Area of cut at station 10+ 040:

@ Volume between two stations: A1 =1 [!t!2.!.l~~!6.!.L!t]

L 2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Ys Y7 Y1
V=2(A1 +A;il
fQ - 7.5 - 5 - 3 3 5 8.3 0]
20
V= 2"(158.375+ 175.375) 2A1 = LOo -2.5-2 -2 -2.5 0.820
V = 3,337.50 CU.tn. (10,1)

2 A1 =[0(0) + (. 7.5X- 2.5) +(- 5X- 2) +(- 3X- 2)

+3(- 2.5) +5(0,82) +8.3(0)]
- [0(- 7.5) + 0(- 5) + (- 2.5X- 3) +(- 2)(3)
+(- 2)(5) + (- 2.5X8.3) +(0.82XO)]

2 A1 = [(31.35) - (- 29.25)]
2A 1 =60.60
A1 = 30.30 sq.m.(cut)

@ Area(){cut· at sfa, to+{)6();

A2 =1 [!t~!.l&~~!t]
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Ys Y1
0 3 -3 - 8.1 - 5 - 2 0]
2A2 = [OO.50.5-0.8:-2~O
2 ~ = (0(0.5) +3(0.5) +(- 3X- 0.80) +(- 8.1)(- 2) Volume of cut from station 10 + 060 to
+(- 5X- 1.5) +(- 2XO») 10+080
- (0(3) +0.5(- 3} +(0.5)(- 8.1) +(- O.BO)(- 5} L
V2 ='2(A,+A2l
+(- 2X- 2) + (-1.5}(0»)
" _ 20 (1.70 +0)
V2- 2
2A2 =27.60 - 2.45
V2 = 17 cu.m. (cut)
A2 = 12.575 sq.m. (fill)

Area olcut: Volume of fiff from station 10 + 040

10+ 060
A =1 [~~.&~~]
3 2 111 Y2 Y3 Y4 Yl L
V, =:2 (A, +A2l
L3 56.45 3]
2A3 = lQ501.41 0.5
2 A3 =[3(0} +5(1.4) +6.4(1) +5(0.5»)
v, -20 (0 +212.575)
1/ _

- [0.5(5) +0(6.4) + 1.4(5} +1(3)) Vl = 125.75 cu.m. (fiU)

2 A3 = 15.9 -12.5
2 A3 = 3.4 Volume of fiff from station 10 + 060 to
A3 = 1.70sq.m. (cut) 10+ 080
L
@ Volume ofborrow or waste: V2 =:2 (A l + A2l
Considering station 1 + 080
. . V = 20 (12.57i +25.40)
1 rO 5 8.5 3 - 3 - 9 - 6 - 2 Ql 2
A4 ='2LO 0.5 0.151.51.5 o::-t5::-t5Q.J
V2 =379.75 cu.m. (fiU)
(-3.15) (0.1.5) (3.15)

Total volume ofcut = 320 + 17

Tota/volumeof cut = 337 CU.m.

Total volume offill = 125.75 + 379.75

2 ~= [(0(5)+5(0.1Sf+ 8.5(1.5) + 3(1.5) Total volume of fiN ", 505;50 Gllom.
+(0)(- 3) +(- 9X-1.5) +(- 6)(-1.5) + (OX- 2)1
- [0(5) +0.5(8.5) +3(0.15) +(1.5}{- 3) + 1.5(- 9) Volume of fill reqUired from sta. 10 + 040 to
+0(. 6) +(- 2X-1.5) + (0)(-1.5)1 10+ 080
Vol. offill =505.50 (1.25)
2 A4 =40.5 + 10.3
A4 =25.40 sq.m. (fill) Vol. offill = 631.875 m3

Volume of cut from station 10 + 040, to Therefore there is a need of borrow since
10 + 060 vol. of fill is greater than that of the volume
L of cuI.
V, ='2 (A 1 +A2)
Va. ofborrow = 631.875 -337
_20 (30.30 + 1.70)
V1- . 2 Vol. ofborrow = 294.875 fn3
V1 =320 cU.m. (cut)
 S-418

URTHWORIS

A = (10 + ~.412) (11.603)

A= 385.29
.[h$•• cenl~r#ne • • Qf•• a.·.·prl:lP05ed • toad·•• crOSs
~~c,Uon9fOss~a,stn~llvalleYbelweE!rt
s~l~on • • 10•• t.p??.(ele'9li~tI • 12~'()O • m·)·.~M· ® Vol. offill from (10 + 022) fo (10 + 037)
$tatjonJQ",qaO(elev~llOn1Z2.5Qm.l.The
• Sfationing.at•• th~·txlttom(it • tte.• valley.• iS•• 10 •+ V= (A1 +0) (15)
2
·.037•• •.•.• •.• . (el~v.. l11.2rn.),.The.grade.line .of.fhe· V= (385.29 + OJ (15)
·prqpOsedroagPa#e$.lI'ie·.grOUlld·POinls 3t.lhe
2
edges()f~viJl~Y{$ta·Wt022)an(t \(10
t.~}l!nl.tme~llqn.~ttlny.ofthese.slation$··· V= 2890m3
ate~hree}evel$et66n~.Wldthof toad base;;:
.1Qm·.·lNjtryside~qpeof.?;1~ ••.• Assume•• that.the ® Vol. offill from (10 + 037) fo (10 + 060)
.~!l'~.qM~yaij.eY·.~'9pe.·qlreetlytq.the • lowest
poiIltftofutfleedgM' .. V= (385.29 +0)(23)
2
Q).• Find the .cross si!ctiollal area of fiU at V= 4431 m3
.••••..• statiOO·1Q+63f ..
@}Compute thevolumtt of fiU from station
• {11)H)22}~(10+ 037)· . ... .
® Compijte tIleVQtume of flU from station {10
+03mQ{1ll+000l. . .. .

The location' survey Qf thllproposed road

passes lhrough srough terrain; and crosses a
small valley between two points along the
. center line of the proposed road: One of the
points is at station 40 +536.00 al1d at
elevation (150.42 m.), the other point is at
station 40 + 584.00anl:L ·at . elevation
ELJ1I.2
(149.82 m,). The iowestpoinl~t the bottom of
fbe valley is 23 m. from the highest point arrd
has an elevaUonof its bottom equal to
140:64m. The road ~sesthr'OOglt these
three points. All sections an this proposed
roadway are three level sections having a
width of roadway equal to 12 m. with side
slape of 1.5 : 1. Assume shtlnkage factor to be
1.30. .
Solution: CD Compute the cross sectional area at
CD Area of fill af 10 + 037
station 40 + 559.
L_O.5
15 - 38 @ Compute the volume of fill needed starting
from the highest point of road to the lowest
y=0.197 point of the valley. .
f+ y= 123 -111.2 Compute the volume of fill needed from
f = 123 - 111.2 - 0.197 station 40 + 559 to 40 + 584. .
'f= 11.603
 8-419

Solution:
CD Cross sectional area at 40 + 559:

EL 140.64.

Q).. ~%rlte • •the•• •VOlum1•• • US~g.· • ~~~fI1~1

® C0Jl'lP'*~.th~Yol~l:lllSinsF;tI<J~l'l$.·~h
Prisnl6ld~llffilt~lftln'i«i
L_O.6
23 - 48 .®.. . CqmP~ • ~~e.x~l1llle • usill9l;tld~W~.~h·.
······ClJrv~hlrf!.r.ol'ffl«io~iflhtlrOcidlsl:irt~~'
y=O.29 ClJr":eWhiCh• • turo$wthe.right~ittl.·.·lfI~
giv¢h¢t~$S$e¢ti()illh ..... .
f = 150.42 • 0.29·140.64
f=9.49 m. Solution:
CD Volume using Prismoidal Formula:
Area =(12 +40.47) (9.49)
2
Area =248.97 m2

® Volume offillfrom 40 + 536 to 40 + 559:

V= (0 +248.97) (23) (1.30)
2 @ STA5. +000
V= 3722.10 m3

@ Volume of fill from (40 + 559 to 40 + 584):

V=(0 +248.97) (25) (1.30)
2
V= 4045.76 m3 ® STAS +020
8-420

Use average values of dimensions of AI

and A2 Am (mid-section) As, =A, - [5 (1:.5) + ~l (2)

!Q@ §(ill ~ §@
As, = 150:25 • 85.5
A, = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 As, =64.75 m2
1
A, = 150.25 m2 e'=3 0 ,
6(14) 7(41) 7(17.25) ~ 44.5
~= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
e'=3
A2 =259.375 m2 e, = 14.83 (positive the excess area is
_ 12(6) ~ 6(15.375) 3.75(6) away from the center ofcurve)
Am - 2 + 2 ~ 2 + 2
Am =201.375 m2

L
Vol. =6(A, + 4Am + A2)

Vel - ~o [150.25 + 4(201.375) + 259,375]

Vol. = 4050,42cu.m.
_ [7 (17.25)· 6 (4.5)] (2)
A"2- Ar 2 + 2
@ Volume by End area with PrismoidaJ As2 = 259.375 - 147.75
Correction:
AS2 =111.625 m2
Va. = VE- Vp
v; - (A, + A,) L ~=~.
E- 2
58.25
_ (150.25 + 259.375) (20) 92=-
VE- . 2 3
e2 = 19.42 (positive)
VE =4096.25 m3
Vol. = VE + Vc
L L
Vp =12 (C, - ~ (0, • D-J Vc = 2R(As, e1 +AS2e2)
20 - 1145.916
Vp = 12!(5 • 7) (44.5 - 58.25)] R- 0
.. '1140.916'
Vp =45.83 m3 R
- - 6- -
R= 190.99 m.
Va. = VE - Vp
Vol. =4096.25 • 45.83 Vc 2 (1~~.99) [64.75(14.83) + 111.625(19.42)]
Vol. = 4050.42 m3 Vc =163.78 m3
II _ (A 1 + A2) L
@ Volume with curvature correction: VE- 2
II (150.25 =259.375) (20)
_
VE- 2
VE =4096.25 m3

Vol.=VE+Vc
Vol. =4096.25 + 163.78
Vol. = 4260.03 m3
 8-421

h,-hl _1-
2hL + 12 +2h, -12
9·h/ _1
2hL + 12 + 18 - 6
54-6hL =2hL +30
.
BhL =24
hL =3m.
,. .,
:
...,
..
.. ..
... .
~
• '7
--, ?

<D•.• •ComPuw•• the • volullle • ti~1\¥een • thelWp Al =(3+9)(36)_~_~

2 2 2
·".,.,$taticln~.·lJSlogPnsOl?k1alfort1'IlI~, ....•,.,. • ,•.,•..,.•.•.• ',
®····q(linPute..• • tht~ • ·•• Pri§ml)@ll • • • (:()rt~CtjP" Al =126 m2
"•.• • belWee(llh~lWo. slati()OsJh.CU,m.• \ . •.",•••.••.,•.••.•••••••
®.·•.• CQmputelhe.culVaturecorrectjC)".~Il.· STA5+ 140
the tvl0~ta~0l"is..W.ther(Ja~j~.0l"i.a • 5de9((!e
~!Ve.Which.tums ,tQlhe.right.Qf.
s®t1OMi6cu,m. . . • ~·.¢m~ .
Solution:
CD Volume using Prismoidal formula:
STA 5+ 040

~_1-
12 + 2h, -12
6h,. 36 = 12 + 2h,
4h,=48
h,= 12
hr - hi' _1-
2hL + 12 + 2h, -12
12·h/ _1
h -4 2 2hL + 12 + 24 - 6
~=-
12 +2h, 12 72- 6hL =2hL + 36
6h,- 24 =12 + 2h, 8hL =36
4h,= 36 hL =4.5
h,= 9 m.
S-422

1
e, =3" (O,)

e, =3"1 (36)
e, =• 12 (neg. towards the center of cUNe)
A =(4.5 + 12}(45}.~.~
2 222
A2 =206.75 m2

A~ =206.75 • [6 (~.5) +7 (~5)] (2)

AS2 = 74.75 m2
Am (mid· section) 1
~=3"D:!
A = (3.75 + 10.5)(40.5}. 7.5(3.75}. 21(10.5} 1
m 2 2 2 6:! =3" (45)
Am = 164.25 m2• ~ =-15 (neg. toward$ the center of ClJNe)

L - 1145.916
Vol. =6(A, + 4Am +A2) R- 0
100
Va. ::"6 [126 + 4(164.25) + 206.75] R= 11~916=229m.
. Va. = 16495.83 m3 L
Vc =2R (As, e, + As2 ~)
<il Prismoidal correction: 100
L Vc =2 (229) [(48)(- 12} + 74.75 (- 15))
Vp = 12 (C, . Cz) (0, • ~
Vc =• 370.58 m3
100
Vp =.12[~5·~(~:45))
Vp = 150m3
@ CUNature correction:

As, = 126. [~+ 5 (~2)] (2)

As, =48m2
 5-423

w•• comPllt~ • • .t6&VQ1t!~ .• ~• • mt.lW(f

$tatl<lI1~l.lSillggnsll'\Oic!~lfOfJTlll~;>« ••••
®•• ComJll1t~tb~ • • vqtplJle • PeM'eenffiK.W&
. .··$tatiOf!:;ifJsil1lJ.~lldareaWilhPfj$ITlQi<l~
CQIT~..<
tije/VoflJrrffl • •bAAveen • ttJ¢ • ~·
@ ••••• QomPt!te • •
stalions.if··tbe··roag.js.oll.a•• cUfV~~~ich-
. tllf~ •.·.to •.• lh~ • I~ft· •. Wllh•• ·tb~ •.• giVI:\tl • (1{~$$·
.$~$itithli$·liI·fEldittsQf.200rrk< ..
Solution:
G) VoIiJme by Prismoidal Formula: Am section
I·
,
I Note: Use average dimensions of
2.3: I
sla. 1 + 020 and 1 + 040
: ,:1.0
_2.15(3) 1.35(6.225) ~. 3(1.8L
f;;;-614.~B_n_l--B_n-4.5I--~l Am- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
Am = 13.974 m2
,, L
I Vol. =6(A 1 + 4Am + A2)
2.3:,
,, Vol. = ~ [(13.1625) +4(13.974) + 14.64)
[;~;~-31~..l..- Vol. =279",3
STATION 1+4J20

STA 1 +020 @ Volume by end area with Prismoidal

correction:
B
2" + 2.3S = 6.45
B
2" + S=4.5
1.3S= 1.95
S= 1.5
B .
2"+ 1.5 =4.5 ,,
B=6m. ,
I
,
:2.6
- 2.3(3) 1.5(6.45) 1.5(4.5) M!l ,,,
A1- 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
A1 = 13.1625 m2 _ _ _--+-3-.+.-----;.~
STA1+040
,. \I _ (A 1 + A2) L
=-~'}
-",,~C.Y(tT/
,
:
,
VE- 2
,:2.6
,
11_ (13.1625 + 14.64) (20)
VE- 2
--+-__
3---61; -- ;F3 VE = 278.025 m3
8-424

L 1
Vp :: 12 (C, - ~ (0, - ~ &2 :: 3' (12.90)
20 . &2 :: +4.3 (positive away from
Vp :: 12 ((1.5 -1.2) (10.95 -12.90)1
center ofcurve)
Vp :: - 0.975 m3 L
Vc :: 2R (As, e, + AS2 ~)
Vcp :: VE-lip 20
Vcp :: 278.025 - (- 0.975) Vc :: 2(200) [3.4125(- 3.65) + 1.44(4.3)]
Vcp :: 279m3 Vc :: - 0.313 m3
@ Volume by end area with curvature V:: VE+ Vc
correction: V:: 278.025 + (- 0.313)
V:: 277.712 m3

~_:"1i:iltl
'The earthWQrtsdata of a propciSedhlpClYis

===~~c,.c·
----D,slO.95l---

... " t+498,0:3artd 2... 94S,@·· .•. • .

As, :: 13.1625 _[!3)J1) + 1.5 ~4.5)] (2) Stationing of limitsm free haul ••.. . ..• .•..
As, :: 3.4125 Free=h~:I~~~:~~~~3~ 12 . . .
1
e, :: '3 (10.95) AsSume fhegmundsurface to be unifoonly .
. sloping. . .
a, :: - 3.65 (neg. towards the renter of cUNej
STAnON. -:-------,

G).];:~ . Q'l¢rbau4'lol1!!D~'.'.'
® COl1lJlut~~Mvolu~Qfw~st~.
@ COInpuletttevolume of-borrow.
Solution:
G) Overhaul volume:

As.1 :: 14.64 - [(3J1"J+ 1.l}69(2)

"As.1 :: 1.44
 8-425

h 50 SoIuIioIf:
26.88 =300 (j) Urrit of economical /J8UI:
h=4.48
a SO
241.97 =300
a =40.33
Overhaul voIll718 - (4.48 + 40.33) (215.09)
- 2
C,C FHD'
Overhaul volume =4819.10 m3 LEft :: en +

@ Volume of waste:
l.EH =42.0 @J} + 50
21
V:: (40.33 + SO) (58.03) LEH::.lI'L
2
@ Free haufvolum.:
V = 2620.92 m3 h 41.13
x=~1.97
@ Volume of borrow: h= O.17x
C 70 47.85 _-L
208.03 = 300 208.03 - SO - l
C=48.54 y= 0.23 (SO- x)
\ I I Alb _ (48.54 + 70) (91.97) hX_~
vo. UI onow-. 2 2- 2
Vol. of borrow = 5451.06 m3 0.17~ :: 0.23 'SO - xi
2 2
O.86x=50-x
x=26.88
5O-x=23.12
hx
FrH haul volume ='2
The giv~n data off a proposed M<lt'l~ - Cavite h = 0.17 (26.88)
Coastal road is tabulated below. Thetrae tia~ h=4.57
distance is 50 m. andth~ cost of borrOW 1$ y=O.23 (23.12)
P420 per cu.ffl.'\oostof~is-P.350per. y= 5.32
CU.m. and the cost of haul Is P21 perineter
station. The ground sutface is assume to be'
'i
Fret haul val. =4.57 6 .88}
uniformly sloping. Free haul 't'd z 11.42 cu.m.
@ Overhaul voIum8:

10+ 160
10 +401.97
10+610

CD Compute the limit of economical haul. '.

ct Compute the free haUl volume. - (41.13 +•. 57) (215.09)
V,- 2
@ Compute the overhaul volume.
V1 =4915""
 5-426

EARTHWORKS

The!following data are results of the earthwork

computations of areas, free haul distance and
limits of economical haul by analytical
solution instead of graphical solution (mass
di39ratns). iM cross sectional area at station
1 +460 is40sq.m. in fill and at stanon 2 + 060 Overhaul volume
the cross sectional area is 60 sq,m. in cat.
The- balancing point is at slation 1 +- 760 where
+t
=(4.494 o.452 ) (179.79)
area Is equal ro zero, Assume the· ground =4040cu.m.
surface to be sloping upward unifomlly from'
station 1 + 460 to f + '760 and then with @ Volume of waste:
sflghtlysteeper slope to 2 + .060. Assume fr~ V J40.45~ + 60) (97.74)
.hau/distanCe ;: 50 m. and limitofecbfiomical
MLiI;:;4$Om. '. .... , V=4909
Stafloning of lhelimits offree haul distance .
;:; (1 +732.47) and (1+ 782.47) . ® Volume of bofTOW:
StatiOning the ijmits of economiCal haul V = (40 + ;3.032) (52.26)
, =(1 + 512.26) and (1 + 962.26)
V = 1908 cU.m.
(DOIHe@in~tbeoverhaut vOlume.
.~.· • !¥tel1tlinethev0k.lmeafwaste,
@ [)e(eI'fuine1lJevoliJineofborfuw~

Solution:
CD Overhaul volume: Here under' shows a table of quantities' of
earthworks ofa proposed Highway to conned
Sago City and Danao City, The length of the
free haul distance is specified 10 be 50 m. long
and the limit of economical haul is 462,76
long. Assume the ground surface to be slOping
uniforrtlly.

Cut Fill .

10 + 020 80.00 lnitialooirll

x 40 110 +"115.65 54.57 Umltof
27.53 =300 economical haul
x=3.67 10+ 297,92 5.90 L1mitoffteehalll
o
i47=~ 10 + 320
10 + 347.92
Bafanclnoooint
. 4.60 Limit offree haul
y=4.494 10 + 578.41 43.15 Umitof
a 40 economical haul
220.21 =300 10 + 620 50.00 End ooinl
a =29.36
b 60 (D Compute the overhaul volume.
179.79 =300 @ Compute the volume ofbofTow.
6'=35.958 ® Compute the volume of waste.
 S-427

Solution: Solution:
CD Ovemaul volume: CD Umit of economical haul:
LEH = fb..f + FHD
Cb
LEH = 6~;~) + 50
LEH=450m.

® Stationing of limits of freehaul distance:

(54.57 +5.00) (182.27)

Overhaul volume = 2
Ovemaul volume = 5510.93 m3

tID Volume of bOfrow:

""-" (SO +43.15) (41.59)
~~me 01 ~/UW= 2
!!..28.6
Volume ofborrow = 1937.05 m3 x- 200
h=OJ43x
@ Volume of waste: ....L_~
" I f~"" (80 +54.57) (95.65) SO-x-250
vo,ume 0 W"",8 = 2
y= 0.08 (SO· x)
Volume of waste = 6435.61 m3
Vol. of excavation = Vol. of embankment
hX_~
2- 2
0.143 x (x) _ 0.08 (SO - x) (SO - x)
2 - 2
The profile of the ground surface along which 0.143'; =0.08 (50 - x)2
the center line of the rQadWay issJoping 0.378 x = 0.283 (SO - x)
unifOrmly al acertaiJfgrade. At sta.5 '" 400 ih~ 50-x=133697x
cross sectional area is 20.89 I'nL in fill and the x= 21.40 m.
finished roadway slopes upward producing a
cross sectional area of 28.6 m2 In cut at station Limits offreehaul distance
5 + 850 The stationing of the balancing point
= (5 +650) +21.40
isS +650.
=5 +671.40
Free haul distance =SOm.
Cost of haul. =PO.20p¢fmeter$tatioo =(5+671.40)-50
Cost of borrow =P4 perro.m. =5 +621.40

CD Computethelimltof economicalhauL limIts of freehaul distance

@ Compute the stationing of the limits of = 5 + 671.40 and 5 + 621.40
freehautdistance.
@ Compute the freehaul volume.
S-428

EARTHWORIS

@ Freehaul volume: Solution:

hx CD Overhaul volume:
Freehaul vol. ="2
h = 0.143 (21.4)
h=3.06

c: h I I _3.06 (21.4)
rree au vo. - 2

Freehaul vol. =32.74 m3

"".' rha I vol (3.845 + 40.18)(180)

vv8 U ume=2
Overhaul volume = 3962.25
® Volume ofwa$fe = (40.18 ~60X98)

Volume of waste = 4908.82 cu.m.

(33+40)52
@ Volume of borrow = 2
Volume of borrow = 1898 cu.m.
 5-429

EARlHWDRIS

CD Volume of waste:
Vol. of waste:: 350 - 200
Vol. of waste:: 150 m'J
@Overl7aul volume:
Overl7aul volume :: 910 • 350
Overl7aul volume :: 560 m3
@ Volume ofborrow:
Volume ofborrow = 350 + 520
Volume of borrow = 870 m3

Solution:

STATION VOLUME Mass Ordinates

10+000 +200 -+-200
10+040 +100 +300
10 +080 +150 +450
10 +120 +140 +590
10 +160 +110 +700
10 +200 +190 +890
10 +240 t50 +940
10 +280 ·40 +900
10 +320 ·120 +780
10 +360 -90 -tti9O
10 +400 -80 +£10
10 +440 . ·200 +410
10 +480 ·220 +190
10 +520 -110 +80 (D•• • ·~~ • lheQ~lJlv~rnelrieu'lll·> • • •.·.•·
~ • • • (»~t~.tbe~~gth(itovt~\lll(lt@te~if
10 +560
10+600
·320
-280
-240
-520
••
·~ ~~:l-r~.~=~(~~~G~~~·············
Solution:
CD Overl7aul volume:

·130

Overhaul volume =600 - 200

Overhaul volume:: 400 m3
 5-430

EARTHWORIS

@ Length of ovemaul:
LEH= Cb C + FHD @ Mass ordinate of inital point of limit of
Ch economical haul:
450 = 500 (20) + 50 Cost of haul:
Ch
Ch = P25 per cU.m. I meter station 171100 = 25 (201.40) Vol. of overhaul
20
Total cost of haul = P105750.OQ
Vol. of overtlaul =680 m3
105750 - 25(L) (400)
- 20
L = 211.50 m. Mass ordinate of inital point of limit of
economical h8uJ •
® Total cost of borrow:
Vol. of borrow = 200 + 130 =800-68G
Vol. of borrow; 330 m3 = 120m3
Cost of borrow = 330 (500)
Cost of borrow = P165,OOO

+800

Th~ • cO$t.of.l)OrroW.pet.Cl.nn·••I$.·A5po.atld.lbe
cq~t.of.bt:lul.~r.m~tel"~tiPl1i$.P25· • 9q$t·.Q(
~~",\)~li® • • i$ • i!PPt9Xki)~teJy • P6~.pElr • CU.m·
me
Th~.·fO*! • bl:lyl•• djstanl:El.ls50••Itl·•• IoIl~ • ~.IKi • -60
leJlgltlm.()~mallli$.~q®I!P.?Qt4Q·tl1< • • lfthe
.mass • ~rgliJ~t~.Of • lh~ini~~.poJtlt • oftM.ftee , o.Vtrhl1M1
m3••.
.~~l1l •. djsmn:C~ •.• j$ .• t80Q • • 'tld•• • ttl~>roa$$ Was"vQlw,",

·oroinates•• l'fthe • ~urnrnit.ma,sS • diagram.fJ'Ql1l

lQt{)(}QJo10+6()Ollre·60I'I'I~alld. 140m3
respecllvely.

$ • • • CQfuputelhe.length.ofeeonomicalhaut
®•• • COItlPot~ • th~lTlass • • otditl~ • of•• lhe.jrlitial
·PQint.. Qf.lhe•• limit.of.ecQtlOItl!cal•. t18ul.lf.the·
• • • total¢()~of.haulih9.jS.P17H~. ® Cost of waste:
® Computethefotalcostofwaste. Cost = 650 (120 + 60)
Solution: Cost = P11T,()(JO
CD Limit of economical haul:
LEH= CbC+ FHD
Ch
LEH = 5O~~20) + 50
LEH=450m.
 S-430-A
EARTHWORKS

@ Length of overhaul:
192000 = 120(400) x
, 20
The following are the data on a simple summit x=80m.
mass diagram.
STA MASS ORDINATE (m3)
0+000 -80
0+ 500 -130
Initial point of limit.of freehaul distance = +600
Inmallimit of economic haul = +200 Using the following notes on cuts and fills and
Freehaul distance = 60 m. a shrinkage factor of 1.25.
limit of economical distance =400 m. (j) Find the. mass ordinate at station 20 + 040.
Cost of haul = P120 per cU.m per meter station. @ Find the mass ordinate at station 20 + 120.
@ Find the mass ordinate at station 20 + 180.
(j) Determine the volume of waste in m3•
@ Determine the volume of borrow in m3.
STATIONS VOLUMES
@ Determine the overhaul volume in cU.m.
CUHm3) FILLim 3)
@ Determine the length of overhaul if the
total cost of hauling is P192,000. 20 + 000 60
20 + 020 70
Solution: 20 + 040 30
20+ 060 110
(j) Volume of waste:
20 + 080 50
20 + 100 50
20 + 120 40
20 + 140 60
20 + 160 20
20 + 180 30
+600 :f---++-P:dU.~!lIbO.,.
solution:
+2oo~--------.f--~=-",=--">'" CD Mass ordinate at station 20 + 040:

0+000-:-{---------\-..:..'0+5oo MASS
STATIONS VOLUMES ORDINATES
-80 CUT CORRECTED FILL
(m'l m'l
-130 20 + 000 1.25 60 =- 75 20 + 000
Volume of waste = 200 + 80 20 + 020
, 1.25 70 =- 87.5 20 + 020
Volume of waste = 280 m3 20 + 040 1.25 30 =- 37.5 20 + 040
20 + 060 110 + 110 20 + 060
@ Volume of borrow: 20 + 080 50 + 80 20 + 080
Volume of borrow = 200 + 130 20 + 100 50 + 50 20 + 100
Volume of borrow = 330 m3 20 + 120 1.2540 =-50 20 + 120
20 + 140 1.25(60\ =- 75 20 + 140
20 + 160 20 -+ 20 20 + 160 I
@ Overhaul volume:
20 + 180 30 -+ 30 20 + 180
Overhaul volume = 600 - 200
Overhaul volume =400 m3
Mass ordinate at station 20 + 040 =- 200
S-430-B
EARTHWORKS

@ Mass ordinate at station 20 + 120 = • 10 @ Overhaul volume:

@ Mass ordinate at station 20 + 180: =·35

2+040
The grading works of a proposed National Borrow

Road shows the following data of an

_h1_=~
earthworks:
208,03 300
h1 =47,85
Free haul distance = 50 m,
Cost of borrow = P5 per cu,m, ~=~
Cost of haul = P0.25 per meter station 23,12 300
Stationing of one limit of Free Haul h2 = 5,32
= 2 + 763,12
Stationing of one limit of Economical Haul ~=~
241.97 300
= 2 + 948,03 h3 =41,13
Assume the ground surface has auniform ~=~
slope from cut to fill. 26,88 300
h4 =4,57
STATION AREA
CUT 1m2) FILL 1m2) Overhaul volume = (h 3 + h4 ) (215,09)
2 + 440 51 m2 2
Balancing Overhaul volume = (41,13 + 4,57) (215 ,09)
2 + 740 0 2
Point
3 + 040 69 m2 Overhaul volume = 4915 ~3
Check:
CD Compute the length of economical haul. (h + h )
Vol. = _2_ _ 1 (184,91)
@ Compute the overhaul volume, 2
@ Compute the volume of borrow,
Vol. = (5.32 + 47.85) (184,91)
® Compute the volume of waste,
2
Vol. = 4915m 3
Solution: @ Volume of borrow:
CD Limit'of economical haul:
Vol. of borrow = (47,85 +69) (91 ,97)
LEH = Cb 20 + FHD 2
Ch Vol. of borrow = 5373.35 m3
LEH = 5(20) + 50 ® Volume of waste:
0.25
LEH = 450m. Vol. of waste = (51 + 41.13) (58,03)
2
Vol. of waste = 2673.15 m3