CHAPTER 3 Part 4 PDF

Chapter 3
Angle Modulation – Part 4
BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

Faculty of Electrical Engineering 1
3.15 Noise and Angle Modulation
 when a constant density of thermal noise is added to an angle-modulated signal,
unwanted deviation of carrier frequency is expected.
 magnitude of the unwanted deviation depends on the relative amplitude of the
noise with respect to the carrier amplitude.
 Consider a noise signal with amplitude Vn and frequency fn :
 for PM, the unwanted peak phase deviation due to this interfering noise signal is
given by
Vn
peak  rad (6.13)
Vc
 for FM, when Vc > Vn, the unwanted instantaneous phase deviation is approximately,
Vn
 (t )  sin( nt  n)rad (6.14)
taking derivative, Vc
Vn
 (t )  n cos(nt  n)rad / s (6.15)
Vc

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Chapter 3: Angle Modulation 2
therefore, the unwanted peak frequency deviation is
Vn Vn
peak  nrad / s fpeak  fnHz (6.16)
Vc Vc
 when the above unwanted carrier deviation is demodulated, it becomes noise.
- the frequency of the demodulated noise signal is equal to the difference between
the carrier frequency and the interfering signal frequency |fc – fn|.
- the signal-to-noise ratio at the demodulator output due to the unwanted frequency
deviation from an interfering signal defined as
S fsignal
 (6.17)
N fnoise
- the spectral shape of the demodulated noise depends on whether an FM or PM
demodulator is used :
→ noise voltage at the PM demodulator output is constant with frequency.
→ noise voltage at the FM demodulator output increases linearly with frequency.

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Chapter 3 : Angle Modulation 3

3.16 Preemphasis & Deemphasis
 based on the previous figure, noise is distributed non-uniformly in FM.
 noise at the higher modulating signal frequency is greater than noise at lower
frequencies.
 for that, for information signal with uniform signal level, a non-uniform signal-
to-noise ratio is produced as follow :

3.16 Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis
 S/Nratio is lower at the high frequency ends of the triangle (figure a).
 to compensate for this, the high frequency modulating signal is emphasized or
boosted in amplitude prior to performing modulation (figure b).
 at the receiver, to compensate this boosted, the high frequency signal is de-
emphasized or attenuated after the demodulation is performed.
 pre-emphasis network allows the high frequency modulating signal to modulate
the carrier at a higher level while the de-emphasis network restores the original
amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics to the information signal.
 pre-emphasis network is a high pass filter (i.e. a differentiator).
 de-emphasis network is a low pass filter (i.e. integrator).
 schematic diagrams for pre-emphasis & de-emphasis circuit (a) and their
corresponding frequency response curves (b):

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Chapter3: Angle Modulation 7
 the break frequency (the frequency where pre-emphasis & de-emphasis begins) is
determined by the RC or L/R time constant of the network.
1 1
fb   (6.18)
2RC 2L / R
 from the preceding explanation, it can be seen that the output amplitude from a
pre-emphasis network increases with frequency for frequencies above the break
frequency fb.
 from equation 4.15, if changes in fm produce corresponding changes in Vm, the
modulation index m remains constant.
- this is the characteristic of phase modulation (modulation index is independent of
frequency : m = Δθ= KVm).
- i.e. for frequencies below 2.12 kHz produce FM, and frequencies above 2.12 kHz
produce PM.
K 1Vm K 1Vm
m  (unitless ) (4.15)
m fm

A story to think about…
On January 31, 1954 a 64 year old man wrote a letter to his wife, dressed for
work, and walked out of his 13th floor apartment window, plunging to his
death. Colonel Edwin Armstrong, the father of modern radio, and the creator
of the first F.M. system, had committed suicide. A brilliant but sensitive man,
Armstrong allowed the U.S. military to use his patents royalty-free for the
duration of World War II. Before that he played a crucial role in
communications during the First World War. He believed, rightly so, that F.M.
was a revolutionary operating system and that it should replace A.M.
equipment for broadcasting. Tired and despondent after fighting one lawsuit
after another against RCA and others, his personal fortune spent on promoting
and defending F.M., Armstrong finally gave up and killed himself. Every
modern radio has circuits Armstrong designed.
Source : Internet


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Chapter 3

Angle Modulation – Part 4

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

BEKC 3633 Communication Systems

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