CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Inverter systems have become increasingly important in recent years, especially in

developing countries like Nigeria, where the problem of epileptic power supply has become a
major issue. Inverter systems can be used as backup power supplies, uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS), and renewable energy sources. They are also used in a variety of
applications, such as in homes, offices, scientific laboratories and industries.

This section will look into the general overview of a 2KVA inerter system’s design and
implementation, the components involved in the design, the targeted specifications and the
importance of an inverter system in terms of renewable energy, backup power supply and
uninterruptable power supply systems.

The design and construction of a 2KVA inverter system is a complex process that requires
careful consideration of several factors. One of the critical components in an inverter system
is the switching circuit, which is responsible for converting DC power to AC power.
MOSFET transistors are commonly used in inverter circuits due to their high switching
speed, low on-resistance, and low gate drive power.

Another critical component in the inverter circuit is the driver's circuit, which is responsible
for driving the MOSFET transistors. The Hex 4049 IC is used in this design as a driver circuit
due to its high noise immunity, low power consumption, and ability to drive high capacitance
loads. Capacitors and transformers are also essential components in an inverter system, as
they help to regulate voltage and provide the necessary power output.

Power electronics circuits are essential components in many applications, including

renewable energy, backup power supply, and uninterruptible power supply. They play a
crucial role in converting DC voltage to AC voltage, ensuring that electrical devices can be
powered efficiently and reliably[1]. With the increasing importance of renewable energy and
the need for reliable backup power, inverters will continue to play a key role in the field of
power electronics [1].

1.1 OVERVIEW
The design and implementation of a 2KVA inverter system involves the creation of a device
that can convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The system is capable of
providing a power output of up to 2 kilovolt-amps (KVA) at a standard frequency of 50Hz.

The inverter system is typically composed of several key components, including a battery
bank, a DC-DC converter, a driver circuit, and an H-bridge inverter circuit. The battery bank
serves as the power source for the inverter, providing the DC voltage that is required for the
system to operate. The DC-DC converter is used to step up or step down the voltage as
needed to achieve the desired output voltage level. The driver circuit is responsible for
sending signals to the H-bridge inverter circuit to switch the DC voltage into AC voltage.
Finally, the H-bridge inverter circuit generates the AC voltage with the required waveform
and frequency[1].

The design process involves selecting the appropriate components for each of these key
components based on the desired output voltage, frequency, and power level. This includes
choosing the battery bank size, selecting the right DC-DC converter, and determining the
necessary components for the driver and H-bridge circuits.

The construction process involves assembling the various components onto a printed circuit
board (PCB) or Vero circuit board (VCB) and wiring them together according to the design
specifications. The system is then tested to verify its performance and efficiency, including
measuring the output voltage, frequency, and waveform under various load conditions.

The completed 2KVA inverter system can be used in a variety of applications, including
backup power systems for homes and businesses, power supplies for remote locations, and
portable power supplies for camping or other outdoor activities.

In conclusion, the design and construction of a 2KVA inverter system requires careful
consideration of the components and design specifications to ensure that the final product is
efficient and reliable. The completed system can provide a stable and clean AC output
voltage with the desired waveform and frequency, making it suitable for a variety of
applications in the field of power electronics.
1.1.2. IMPORTANCE OF INVERTERS

Inverters are essential components in many applications, including renewable energy, backup
power supply, and uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Here are some of the key reasons
why inverters are so important in these applications:

1. Renewable Energy: Renewable energy sources such as solar panels, wind turbines,
and biomass energy generates DC voltage, which needs to be converted to AC voltage
for use in homes and businesses. Inverters play a crucial role in this process by
converting the DC voltage from these renewable energy sources into AC voltage that
can be used to power electrical devices. Inverters are also used in grid-tied solar
systems to synchronize the output of the solar panels with the grid and to feed excess
power back into the grid.

2. Backup Power Supply: Inverters are an essential component in backup power supply
systems, which are used to provide power during power outages. Backup power
supply system typically consists of a battery bank, an inverter, and a charger. When
the grid power goes out, the inverter takes over and provides power to the loads.
Inverters can also be used in conjunction with a generator to provide backup power
when the battery bank is depleted.

3. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): Inverters are also a key component in UPS
systems, which are used to provide uninterrupted power to critical loads such as data
centres, hospitals, school/scientific labs and emergency services. UPS systems
typically consist of a battery bank, an inverter, and a charger, as well as monitoring
and control circuits to ensure that the system operates smoothly. When the grid power
goes out, the UPS system provides power to the loads without any interruption,
ensuring that critical operations can continue without interruption.

1.2. BACKGROUND

The development of inverter technology has a long and fascinating history, dating back to the
early 1900s. Here is a brief background of the history and development of inverter systems:
1.2.1 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF INVERTERS

 Early Inverter Technology: The first inverter systems were developed in the early
1900s to convert DC power from batteries to AC power for use in homes and
businesses. These early systems used mechanical switches to convert the DC power to
AC power, and were not very efficient.

 Electronic Inverter Technology: The development of electronic inverter technology in

the 1960s and 1970s marked a major milestone in the history of inverter systems.
Electronic inverters use solid-state switches such as transistors to convert DC power
to AC power, and are much more efficient than mechanical systems. The development
of electronic inverters paved the way for the widespread use of inverters in a variety
of applications.

 Microcontroller-Based Inverters: In the 1980s and 1990s, the development of

microcontroller technology led to the creation of microcontroller-based inverter
systems. These systems use microcontrollers to control the operation of the inverter,
improving efficiency and performance. They are commonly used in applications such
as solar power systems and UPS systems.

 Advances in Inverter Technology: In recent years, there have been significant

advances in inverter technology, including the development of high-frequency
inverters and the use of advanced control algorithms. These advances have led to
further improvements in efficiency and performance, as well as new applications for
inverter technology.

1.2.2. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF AN INVERTER SYSTEM

An inverter system is an electronic device that converts DC (direct current) power into AC
(alternating current) power. It uses electronic switches to create a synthetic AC waveform
that resembles the AC waveform of a utility grid.

The basic components of an inverter system include a DC power source (such as a battery),
an electronic switching circuit, and a transformer. The switching circuit is responsible for
converting the DC power into AC power, and the transformer is used to step up the voltage of
the AC power to the desired level.
The switching circuit of an inverter system typically consists of one or more electronic
switches, such as MOSFETs. These switches are controlled by a pulse-width modulation
(PWM) circuit, which generates a series of high-frequency pulses that turn the switches on
and off. By varying the width of the pulses, the PWM circuit can control the voltage and
frequency of the AC output waveform.

Once the switching circuit has created a high-frequency AC waveform, it is sent through the
transformer to step up the voltage to the desired level. The transformer also helps to filter out
any unwanted harmonics or noise that may be present in the output waveform.

The basic principle of an inverter system is to use electronic switches and a transformer to
convert DC power into AC power. By controlling the switches with a PWM circuit, the
inverter system can create a synthetic AC waveform that closely resembles the waveform of a
utility grid.

1.2.3 TYPES OF INVERTER SYSTEMS

1. Pure sine wave Inverter: A Pure sine wave inverter system is a type of inverter
system that produces an output waveform that is a smooth, continuous sine wave,
similar to the waveform of a utility grid. It is the most efficient and provides the
cleanest power for sensitive electronic devices such as computers, medical lab
equipment, and audio equipment.This type of inverter provides high-quality, stable
power that is suitable for powering sensitive electronic devices like computers and
smart electronics appliances. Some advantages and disadvantages of pure sine wave
inverters are:
 Advantages:
High-quality, stable output waveform
Can power sensitive electronic devices without causing damage or interference
Low harmonic distortion
High efficiency
 Disadvantages:
Higher cost compared to modified sine wave

2. Modified sine wave inverter: Amodified sine wave inverter produces an AC

waveform that is similar to a pure sine wave, but with some distortion. It is less
 expensive than a pure sine wave inverter and is suitable for use with most electronic
devices, but may cause some appliances to run less efficiently.
 Advantages of a modified sine wave inverter:
It is less expensive than a pure sine wave inverter,
It is suitable for use with most electronic devices,
It produces a good quality waveform.
 The disadvantages:
It may cause some appliances to run less efficiently,
It may not work with some sensitive electronic devices.

3. Square Wave Inverter: A square wave inverter produces an AC waveform that is the
most simplest and least expensive to produce. However, it is also the least suitable for
use with most electronic devices.
 The advantages of a square wave inverter:
It is the least expensive and simplest to produce.
 The disadvantages:
It produces a poor quality waveform that is not suitable for use with most electronic
devices.

1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES:

The aim and objectives of the power inverter system are as follows;

1.3.1 AIM

 To design and implement a 2KVA inverter system with a high level of efficiency and
reliability.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES

 To develop a circuit design that can convert DC power from a battery into AC power
at 220V, 50Hz with a power factor of 0.9.

 To use MOSFET transistors and Hex 4049 IC for the switching and driver circuits
respectively.
  To test and evaluate the performance of the inverter system under various load
conditions in terms of efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

 To identify any limitations or challenges encountered during the design and

implementation process.

 To propose recommendations for future improvements and advancements in the

2kVA power system design.

1.4. SCOPE:

The scope of this project is to design, implement and test the 2KVA inverter system that can
be powered from a 24V DC battery and evaluates its output performance under various load
conditions to meet the 80 per cent efficiency.

The project involves; designing the 2KVA inverter system from scratch, i.e. selecting the
appropriate components for the project, such as MOSFET transistors and the Hex 4049 IC,
capacitors, inductors, and other required components. Once the design is complete, the
project would involve constructing the inverter system. This would include assembling the
PCB/VCB and mounting the various components such as the MOSFETs, capacitors, and
inductors onto it. There will be a suitable enclosure for the inverter system and assembling all
the components together. The inverter system will be powered from a 24V DC battery.
However, the end user can used solar power panels to charge the inverter batteries when the
need arises.

Load testing is required to evaluate the performance of the inverter system. We will need to
test it under various load conditions. This would involve connecting different types of loads
to the output of the inverter system and measuring the output voltage, frequency, and current
to assess the performance of the system. This is to evaluate the efficiency, stability, and
reliability of the inverter system under these different load conditions.

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE:

The significance of this project lies in its potential to address the issue of epileptic power
supply in Nigeria. With a reliable inverter system, individuals and businesses can have access
to uninterrupted power supply, which is crucial for various activities such as running
household appliances, powering critical equipment in scientific labs, and sustaining business
operations. This project can also contribute to the development of renewable energy solutions
in the country by providing a means to store and utilize energy from renewable sources such
as solar panels. Additionally, the knowledge and skills acquired during the design and
implementation of an inverter system can be applied in other related projects, further
advancing the field of electrical engineering.

1.6. LIMITATIONS:

Though power inverters offer lower operating costs and higher efficiency, they are not
without their problems.

 Limited access to resources: The availability of necessary resources such as materials,

tools, and equipment may be limited, as sourcing this material may be hectic, hence
we don’t have a standard electronics components market within our rich.

 Cost implication: Because this inverter is powered by 24V DC batteries, there will be
need to use higher batteries amps hour for maximum performance. Therefore it will
require two numbers of 12 volts, 200Ah to 220Ah batteries to run this inverter
effectively.The cost of materials and equipment required for the project may be higher
for some students, particularly which we are working with limited budgets.

 Technical knowledge and skill: Designing and constructing an inverter system

requires a certain level of technical knowledge and skill in electrical engineering. As a
group, we faced some challenges in understanding the concepts involved and
executing the project.

1.7 METHODOLOGY:

The research methodology for this project consists of several key steps:

1. Conducting a comprehensive literature review to gather relevant information on

power inverter system design principles, renewable energy integration, and energy
storage technologies.
2. Identifying the specific requirements and constraints of a 2kVA power inverters
system based on the targeted applications.
 3. Designing the power inverter system architecture, including the selection of
appropriate components, such as driver circuit, switching circuit, batteries, and solar
panels.
4. Implementing the designed system in a laboratory or real-world environment,
considering safety regulations and standards.
5. Performing rigorous testing and evaluation of the system's performance in terms of
power quality, efficiency, and reliability.
6. Analyzing the results and identifying any limitations or challenges encountered during
the design and implementation process.
7. Drawing conclusions based on the findings and proposing recommendations for future
enhancements and advancements in the 2kVA power inverter system design.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT

This Project is organized into five chapters to provide a structured and coherent
presentation of the project. The chapter’s breakdown is as follows:

 Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter provides an overview of the project topic, problem statement, objectives,
scope, methodology, and organization of the project.
 Chapter 2: Literature Review
A comprehensive review of relevant literature is presented in this chapter, covering
power inverter system design principles, backup power supplies, and uninterruptible
power supplies (UPS), renewable energy sources, and related studies in the field of
power electronics.
 Chapter 3: System Design
The design methodology and architectural details of the 2kVA power inverter system,
including component selection and integration, are discussed in this chapter.
 Chapter 4: System Implementation and Testing
The implementation process, including the setup of the designed system in a controlled
environment, as well as the testing procedures and results, are presented in this chapter.
 Chapter 5: Results, Analysis, and Conclusion
This is where we present the results obtained from the system implementation and
testing, Analysis and the conclusion werealso discussed in this chapter.