chpt2 Vector Analysis Part 2

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS THEORY
Chapter 2
Vector Analysis-Part 2
Textbook : Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics,

David K. CHENG
1
Gradient of a Scalar Field
 Gradient of a scalar:
𝜕𝑉
gradV= 𝛁𝑉 ≜ 𝐚𝒏 𝜕𝑛 (Directional Derivative)
 : del (nabla) operator,
 In general,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛁 ≡ 𝐚𝑢1 + 𝐚𝑢2 + 𝐚𝑢3
ℎ1 𝜕𝑢1 ℎ2 𝜕𝑢2 ℎ3 𝜕𝑢3
 (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) : orthogonal coordinates

 (ℎ1 , ℎ2 , ℎ3 ) : metric coefficients
2
 Gradient in Cartesian Coordinate Systems :
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝛁𝑉 = 𝐚𝒙 + 𝐚𝒚 + 𝐚𝒛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Gradient Operator in Cylindrical & Spherical Coordinate Systems :
 Cylindrical System
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
𝛁 = 𝐚𝒓 + 𝐚𝜙 ( ) + 𝐚𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
 Spherical System
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
𝛁 = 𝐚𝑹 + 𝐚𝜃 ( ) + 𝐚𝜙
𝜕𝑅 𝑅 𝜕𝜃 𝑅 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
3
Example:
4
Soln:
5
 Example:
6
Divergence of a Vector Field
 Derivatives of a vector field : Divergence and the curl of a vector.
 Flux Lines : Directed field lines or curves that indicate the direction of the vector
field at each point (see figure below)
 In Figure (a), the field in region A is stronger than that in region B
 In Figure (b), radial field is strongest in the region closest to q. Because arrow lengths are
decreasing away from the point q.
 Figure (c) represents a uniform field.
7
 The divergence of a vector field A at a point, (div A) :
 The net outward flux of A per unit volume as the volume about the point tends to zero.
 ds = ands,
 an : unit normal vector pointing outward from the enclosed volume.
 The enclosed surface integral represents the net outward flux of the vector field A.
 divA is a scalar quantity.
Example :
8
 A differential volume is centered about a point P(x0, y0, z0) in the field of vector A.
 In Cartesian coordinates, A = axAx + ayAy + azAz.
 Let us find divA at the point (x0, y0, z0) .
A differential volume
in Cartesian coordinates.
 Since the differential volume has six faces, then
 On the front face,
9
Ax(x0 + (x/2), y0, z0) can be expanded as a Taylor series at (x0, y0, z0) :
Similarly, on the back face,
The Taylor-series expansion
Then we have
10
• Similarly, for the right and left faces, we have +y/2 , - y/2, and s = xz, and
• For the top and bottom faces,
• Then
• Since
v = xyz and
Note: 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 is a measure of the strength of the flow source of A.

11
• Divergence in Cartesian Coordinates
Example:
12
Divergence in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
Example:
13
Example:
We again obtain
14
Divergence Theorem
 The volume integral of the divergence of a vector field equals the total outward flux
of the vector through the surface that bounds the volume; that is,
 This identity is divergence theorem.

 ds is always outward normal, perpendicular to the surface ds and directed away from
the volume.
15
Example: Given A = axx2 + ayxy + azyz, verify the divergence theorem over
a cube one unit on each side. The cube is situated in the first octant of the Cartesian
coordinate system with one corner at the origin.
The divergence of A is
Then,
16
Curl of a Vector Field
 The curl of a vector field A (curl A ) ∶ 𝛁 × 𝐀

 Its direction is the normal direction of the area when the area is oriented to make
the net circulation maximum.
17
18
Example:
19
Example:
20
Stoke’s Theorem
 The Stokes’s Theorem converts the integral of the curl of a vector over an
open surface S into a line integral of the vector along the contour C
bounding the surface S.
 If 𝛁 × 𝐀 = 0, then the vector is conservative or irrotational.
21
 Example: Given F = axxy - ay2x, verify Stokes's theorem over a quarter- circular disk with a
radius 3 in the first quadrant, as shown in Figure.
 For the line integral around ABOA
• The part around the arc from A to B:
(Stokes’s Theorem)
22
• For the surface integral of 𝛁 × 𝐅:
Then, Stokes's theorem is verified.

Note: Be careful to use the proper limits for the two variables of integration. We can
interchange the order of integration as
and get the same result.

23
Two Null Identities
24
Two Null Identities
25

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ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS THEORY

Textbook : Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics,

 : del (nabla) operator,

 (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) : orthogonal coordinates

 Gradient Operator in Cylindrical & Spherical Coordinate Systems :

 Since the differential volume has six faces, then

 On the front face,

Similarly, on the back face,

The Taylor-series expansion

• For the top and bottom faces,

Note: 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 is a measure of the strength of the flow source of A.

 This identity is divergence theorem.

 The curl of a vector field A (curl A ) ∶ 𝛁 × 𝐀

 For the line integral around ABOA

• The part around the arc from A to B:

Then, Stokes's theorem is verified.

and get the same result.

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