BRITISH STANDARD BS EN

14583:2004

Workplace
atmospheres —
Volumetric bioaerosol
sampling devices —
Requirements and test
methods

The European Standard EN 14583:2004 has the status of a

British Standard

ICS 13.040.30

12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
BS EN 14583:2004

National foreword

This British Standard is the official English language version of

EN 14583:2004.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/2, Workplace atmospheres, which
has the responsibility to:

— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible international/European committee any
enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the
UK interests informed;
— monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of
British Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 15 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

Amendments issued since publication

This British Standard was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and Amd. No. Date Comments
Strategy Committee on
22 September 2004

© BSI 22 September 2004

ISBN 0 580 44499 6

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 14583
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM September 2004

ICS 13.040.30

English version

Workplace atmospheres - Volumetric bioaerosol sampling

devices - Requirements and test methods

Air des lieux de travail - Appareils d'échantillonnage Arbeitsplatzatmosphäre - Volumetrische

volumétrique des bioaérosols - Exigences et méthodes Probenahmeeinrichtungen für Bioaerosole - Anforderungen
d'essai und Prüfverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 July 2004.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14583:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 14583:2004 (E)

Contents
page

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5
3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................5
4 Abbreviated terms .................................................................................................................................6
5 Requirements .........................................................................................................................................7
6 Test conditions ......................................................................................................................................9
7 Environmental conditions for test methods .....................................................................................11
8 Test report ............................................................................................................................................11
Annex A (informative) Bioaerosol sampling................................................................................................12
Annex B (informative) Example of test facility usable for assessing biological performance of
bioaerosol sampling devices..............................................................................................................13
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................14

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 EN 14583:2004 (E)

Foreword
This document (EN 14583:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of
workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by March 2005.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.

3
EN 14583:2004 (E)

Introduction
A European Standard is needed to promote the development of new equipment for measurement of micro-
organisms in the work environment. This document can also apply to existing equipment. It is intended to
specify requirements and methods to determine performance characteristics of sampling devices used to
collect bioaerosols from the workplace atmosphere. Examples of test environments and methods will be
described and test methods will be provided.

WARNING — The use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

4
 EN 14583:2004 (E)

1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods to determine the performance of volumetric sampling
devices used to assess bioaerosols in the workplace.

For clean room measurements EN ISO 14698-1 is applicable.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 1232, Workplace atmospheres — Pumps for personal sampling of chemical agents — Requirements and
test methods

EN 12919, Workplace atmospheres — Pumps for the sampling of chemical agents with a volume flow rate of
over 5 l/min — Requirements and test methods

EN 13205, Workplace atmosphere — Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne

particle concentrations

EN 50015, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres — Oil immersion ‘o’

EN 50016, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres — Pressurised apparatus ‘p’.

EN 50017, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres — Powder filling ‘q’.

EN 50020, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres — Intrinsic safety ‘i’.

EN 60079-0, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres —Part 0: General requirements (IEC
60079-0: 2004)

EN 60079-1, Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres — Part 1: Flameproof enclosure ‘d’
(IEC 60079-1:2003)

EN 60079-7, Electrical apparatusfor explosive gas atmospheres — Part 7: Increased safety ‘e’(IEC 60079-7:
2001)

EN 60079-18, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 18: Construction, test and marking
of type of protection encapsulation “m” electrical apparatus (IEC 60079-18:2004)

EN 60079-25, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 25: Intrinsically safesystems (IEC
60079-25:2003)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
accuracy
closeness of agreement between a test result and the accepted reference value

5
EN 14583:2004 (E)

[ISO 3534-1:1993]

NOTE The quantity referred to in this document as accuracy provides an estimation of the range around the
measured value in which can be found the accepted reference value with the confidence of 95 %.

3.2
bias
consistent deviation of the results of a measurement process from the true value of the air quality
characteristic itself

[EN 482:1994]

3.3
culturable number
number of micro-organisms, single cells or aggregates able to form colonies on a solid nutrient medium

[EN 13098:2000]

3.4
total number of micro-organisms
number of micro-organisms determined as single organisms (or a corresponding measure)

[EN 13098:2000]

3.5
personal sampler
device, which samples air in the breathing zone of a person to determine exposure to biological agents

NOTE 1 Some sampling devices have integral pumps, and some do not. Where the instrument requires the use of an
external pump, the pump is not subject to the requirements of this document.

NOTE 2 Adapted from EN 1540.

3.6
particle aerodynamic diameter
-3
diameter of a sphere of density 1 g cm with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational force in calm air,
as the particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity

[EN 1540:1998]

3.7
sampling device
total equipment used for sampling, e. g. pump, sampling head and sampling substrate

4 Abbreviated terms
ATCC American Type Culture Collection

BTC bioaerosol test chamber

CBS Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures

CCUG Culture Collection University of Göteborg

DSMZ Deutsche Stammsammlung für Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen

HEPA high efficiency particulate aerosol

6
 EN 14583:2004 (E)

NCTC National Collection of Type Cultures

RH relative humidity

T temperature

5 Requirements

5.1 General

Performance requirements for volumetric sampling pumps shall comply with EN 1232 for low flow rate pumps
or EN 12919 for high flow rate pumps. This shall apply both to integral and separate pumps.

5.2 Use in potentially explosive atmospheres

When the sampling device covered by this document is to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres, it
shall comply with EN 50015 to EN 50017, EN 50020, EN 60079-0, EN 60079-1, EN 60079-7, EN 60079-18
and EN 60079-25.

5.3 Mechanical construction

Every sampling device shall be constructed in such a manner that it is easily accessible for regular function
checks and that airflow can easily be measured and calibrated. The sampling pump shall maintain the
required airflow rate throughout the sampling period.

NOTE Material used in the sampling head should be chosen to avoid moisture uptake and electrostatic charges.

5.4 Indicator devices

An indicator device shall be provided to show that the sampling device is switched on. If the sampling device
has more than one measuring range, the selected range shall be clearly identified.

NOTE It is an advantage if elapsed time indicators, low flow rate indicators, flow interrupted indicators are given.

5.5 Adjustments

Any equipment (switch, knob, etc.) used for modifying the operating parameters (sampling time, flow rate, etc)
of the sampling device shall be protected against involuntary action during sampling. The operational settings
should be displayed.

5.6 Battery powered sampling devices

Sampling devices powered with integral batteries shall be provided with an early indication of low battery
condition. Short recharge time, light-weight and low noise levels are recommended.

5.7 Airflow-control

During the sampling deviation from the required airflow should not exceed ± 5 %.

5.8 Airflow-meter

A device to measure the airflow through the sampling device before and after sampling in the field should be
supplied if required.

NOTE This device can be different from that used for calibration.

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EN 14583:2004 (E)

Sampling devices with integral airflow meters shall be calibrated against a traceable external airflow meter
before use.

5.9 Labelling and marking

The source and the manufacturer of the sampling device shall be clearly identified to ensure traceability to
published performance characteristics.

5.10 Instruction manual

The instruction manual shall be written in a language, which is understandable in the country of the operator.
It shall be easily understood and every function explained. It shall illustrate all operation knobs and their
handling by figures. It shall give the environmental and other conditions under which the instrument shall be
operated including limitations to its use. It shall give exact calibration instructions and recommended
equipment (e.g. flow meters) to be used. The manual shall also give the address for service of the instrument.

5.11 Fraction to be sampled

To measure personal exposure to bioaerosols the sampling device should follow the criteria for size fractions
of airborne particles according to EN 481.

5.12 Physical sampling efficiency

Physical sampling efficiency is defined in EN 13098 and EN 13205. It shall be measured as a function of
particle aerodynamic diameter and other influent parameters.

NOTE 1 Annex A gives some information about the physical behaviour of a sampling device and the experimental
assessment of its physical sampling efficiency in the laboratory.

Physical sampling efficiency can be interpreted as the percentage of ambient particles of specific size that are
sampled and collected by the sampling device. As airborne micro-organisms often adhere to non-biological
particles of various sizes, the measurement of micro-organism concentration implies an accurate knowledge
of this parameter.

Sampling devices shall collect a representative sample of the required health related fraction of the bioaerosol
(see EN 481).

When assessing the performance of any bioaerosol sampling device, the overall sampling efficiency shall be
determined. The performance of a personal sampler will be affected by the proximity of the operator's body
when worn within the breathing zone, and therefore personal inhalable sampling devices need to be assessed
whilst attached to a torso or other well characterised equivalents.

NOTE 2 Personal sampling is performed when assessing the exposure to evaluate a suspected disease. Many
biological tests are more effectively carried out with a personal sampler used as a free standing device. A free-standing
sampler can be used to scan the environment for high emissions of micro-organisms.

5.13 Preservation efficiency

Preservation efficiency is defined in EN 13098 as the capacity of the sampling device to maintain the
culturability of the airborne micro-organisms during collection and also to keep the microbial products intact.
The loss of culturability of micro-organisms due to sampling stress shall be tested on relevant model
organisms.

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 EN 14583:2004 (E)

5.14 Concentration range

The manufacturer shall give the operational range and its limitations. An ideal sampling device should be able
10 -3
to sample concentrations of culturable micro-organisms and/or total number of micro-organisms up to 10 m
air.

5.15 Duration of sampling

The collected bioaerosol samples should refer to a time period representative of that corresponding to the
exposure pattern. The manufacturer shall give the operational range of duration.

NOTE The sampling time can vary from a few minutes up to an 8 h workshift. Overloading can affect the analysis
negatively.

5.16 Loading of the sampling device

The sampling device shall be easy to aseptically load, empty and reload with new sampling substrates at the
work place with a minimum loss of collected bioaerosol.

5.17 Cleaning of the sampling device

The sampling device shall be constructed to allow easy cleaning and decontamination in the field and to allow
disinfection in the laboratory.

5.18 Accuracy

Bias and accuracy shall be determined according to EN 13205. For personal samplers the target conventional
fraction of the bioaerosol is generally the inhalable fraction, but it may be other subfractions (thoracic or
respirable). The bias shall refer to one of these conventional fractions. For static sampling devices the
reference fraction for the calculation of bias can be any of the conventional fractions.

6 Test conditions

6.1 General

The conditions applied during the test shall be within the range specified by the manufacturer. For test of
sampling device EN 13205 can give additional information.

For the purpose of sampling device performance testing, the tests shall be carried out on at least two
specimen of the sampling device and compared to the performance of a reference sampling device.

6.2 Reference sampling device

The reference sampling device used shall be well characterised and the samples shall be taken to allow
analysis of both viable and total number of micro-organisms (see EN 13098). If appropriate, two different
reference sampling devices may be used.

6.3 Stabilisation time

For the purposes of the tests in each instance where the sampling device is subjected to different test
conditions, the sampling device shall be allowed to stabilise.

Maximum time for stabilisation should not exceed 30 min.

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EN 14583:2004 (E)

6.4 Test environment

6.4.1 General

The test environment shall consist of single particles as well as aggregates of particles in an atmosphere with
controllable humidity and temperature. The concentration range of particles within which the sampling device
is suitable shall be given. The temperature and humidity of the test environment shall be stated.

Limitations in temperature and humidity shall be given by the manufacturer.

6.4.2 Test facilities for assessing physical performance of bioaerosol sampling devices

The experimental conditions for measuring the physical sampling efficiency of bioaerosol sampling devices
shall be the same as those that are described in EN 13205. However, when bioaerosol sampling devices are
only designed to measure micro-organisms and not their microbial products, the calculation of bias and
accuracy relative to mass concentration is not required.

6.4.3 Test facilities for assessing biological performance of bioaerosol sampling devices

The biological performance of the bioaerosol sampling devices shall be studied in a test chamber into which
specified aerosols of micro-organisms can be generated in suitable conditions. Annex B describes such a test
facility. The ratio between the measured concentration of micro-organisms and the concentration assessed by
some reference equipment shall be calculated for each micro-organism species to be studied.

6.5 Production of test bioaerosols and recommended strains

Microbial cell suspensions shall be controllably aerosolised and homogeneously mixed in a test chamber at
selected temperature and relative humidity. The particle size shall be specified.

The test organisms and used media shall be specified and should be appropriate to the end use of the
sampling device. The test strains shall be available from a standard culture collection (i.e. ATCC, CCUG,
NCTC, CBS, DSMZ).

NOTE Test bioaerosols can be produced from cultivations in liquid or semisolid culture media, water, or from
selected buffer solutions. This can change the surface characteristics of the bioaerosol particles. Spore aerosols can also
be generated from dust or powder.

6.6 Orientation

The manufacturer shall state in which orientations the sampling devices have been tested relative to the
bioaerosol air-stream. The personal samplers shall be tested on a mannequin.

The sampling device should be tested in the test environment within the orientation limits stated in the
manufacturers instruction manual but in no case less than 15 ° from the normal orientation. Rotate the inlet or
the whole sampling device if relevant, in the test environment, through 360 ° in steps of 90 ° around each of its
mutually perpendicular axis. Record the indication in each position (see EN 13205).

6.7 Calibration

The manufacturer shall state the way in which the sampling device has been calibrated.

6.8 Air flow velocity

The manufacturer shall state the airflow velocity in which the sampling device has been tested.

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 EN 14583:2004 (E)

7 Environmental conditions for test methods

7.1 General

The tests shall be carried out to determine the impact of variable air temperature, barometric pressure, and
relative humidity conditions on flow rate and sampled air volume, the sampling device being initially calibrated
for referenced ambient conditions. The measurements shall be performed inside a laboratory chamber, with
controlled temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH). A separate enclosure can be used for the tests with a
variable pressure. The measurements shall be repeated at least five times for any series of (T, RH). The
sampled air volume or representative values of sampling time shall be measured for all predetermined values.
The average value of each measured variable and its standard deviation shall be estimated. The results of the
tests shall be given in the test report and the operating conditions shall be documented.

7.2 Temperature

The tests shall be carried out at specified temperatures. At least two temperatures shall be used to cover the
range as expected to be used by the samplling device.

7.3 Humidity

The tests shall be carried out at two humidity conditions for each temperature used in 7.2.

8 Test report
A test report describing the results of all the tests shall be provided with the sampling device.

The test report shall contain at least the following information:

a) reference to this document

b) description of the test environment;

c) method of flow rate measurement;

d) physical conditions used;

e) reference sampling device used;

f) sampling duration;

g) test chamber used;

h) test strain used;

i) warm up time to achieve stable conditions.

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EN 14583:2004 (E)

Annex A
(informative)

Bioaerosol sampling

A.1 General
The behaviour and potential hazard of bioaerosols can only be accurately described once the principles of
aerosol sampling, micro-organism viability, culture preparation and biological assay are understood. It is
important that sampling devices collect a representative sample of the required fraction of the bioaerosol with
the minimum of stress, so that the biological activity of the aerosol is not significantly impaired. It is possible,
that these two requirements will not be compatible, particularly with vegetative micro-organisms. Ideally, the
total number concentration, size distribution and viable number concentration of the airborne micro-organisms
need to be known in order to assess possible hazards.

A.2 Aerodynamic behaviour of bioaerosol sampling devices

The performance of a sampling device designed to collect airborne particles can be described in terms of a
number of parameters (see [14]): the aspiration efficiency is the efficiency with which particles enter the
sampling device directly through the aspiration orifice or slot, the apparent aspiration efficiency is the
efficiency with which particles enter the sampling device directly and from external surfaces by rebound or
blow-off, and the overall sampling efficiency is the efficiency by which the particles reach the collection surface.
When assessing the performance of any bioaerosol sampling device, the aspiration, apparent aspiration and
sampling efficiencies have to be determined over a range of wind speeds with a series of particles of different
size. These studies can be carried out experimentally in test chambers (calm air conditions) or in wind tunnels
(see [13]). The performance of a personal sampler will be generally affected by the proximity of the operator's
body when worn within the breathing zone, and therefore need to be assessed whilst mounted on a life-size
-1
mannequin or under circumstances shown to give equivalent results when wind speed exceeds 1 m s .
EN 13205 describes methods which can be used for laboratory testing of sampling devices with respect to
sampling conventions defined in EN 481, and laboratory comparison of instruments.

A.3 Biological activity of micro-organisms after sampling

Sampling devices that are used to collect airborne liquid or solid particles are often unsuitable for bioaerosols,
which often are collected with minimal damage to establish their viability in the airborne state. Shear forces,
static forces and dehydration can damage bioaerosols (see [4]). Sampling devices, which operate with low
shear forces cause least damage to micro-organisms, although these sampling devices usually have low
physical sampling efficiencies (see [4]). Birch and Griffiths (see [3]) showed that the viability of some
bioaerosols was affected by different degrees using a number of different personal samplers.

12
 EN 14583:2004 (E)

Annex B
(informative)

Example of test facility usable for assessing biological performance of

bioaerosol sampling devices

A possible bioaerosol test chamber (BTC) consists of a vertical, rectangular structure over 4 m high with
approximately 1 m × 1 m internal working section. The chamber is constructed from stove enamelled
aluminium angle, sheet and toughened glass, and consists of five sections, with square pyramid upper and
lower sections.

High efficiency particulate aerosol HEPA-filtered air enters the BTC through the top section, which contains
arrangement of stainless steel wire meshes of different porosity designed to reduce the funnelling effect of the
airflow through the pyramidal section into the main section of the BTC. This arrangement minimises the
uniformity of flow across the working area. Aerosols are generated in the second section and are forced
vertically downwards into the third section by the flow of air and gravity where mixing occurs. The airflow
contains large and small swirls and eddies moving slowly downwards towards the fourth section, which
houses the bioaerosol sampling devices. Turbulent components of the airflow are reduced by passage
through a flow laminator mounted between the third and fourth sections to maximise the uniformity of aerosol
concentration across the fourth section.

Each bioaerosol sampling device can be mounted on a reciprocating carousel so that they are challenged with
the same aerosol concentration. The carousel is constructed from perforated stainless steel sheet to facilitate
the flow of air. Air from the fifth and lowest section of the BTC passes through a HEPA filter to remove aerosol
3 -1 -1
particles. The airflow rate through the BTC is 2,7 m min , giving an airflow velocity of 0,045 m s in the
1 m × 1 m cross section of the sampling section. A specially designed air conditioning system is used to
support the flow of air and aerosol through the BTC. This air conditioning system and ducting were fitted with
thermal insulation to help ensure that air supplied to the BTC was controllable in the temperature range from
20 °C to 40 C and relative humidity range from 30 % to 80 %.

In the actual work environment the temperature where the sampling device is used can vary between – 20 °C
and +40 °C. Also the relative humidity can vary within the range from 0 % to 100 %.

NOTE Another possible test facility especially for determination of low concentrations of bioaerosols is described in
EN ISO 14698-1 particularly aimed at evaluating sampling devices for use in clean rooms.

13
EN 14583:2004 (E)

Bibliography

[1] Barrett, C.F., Ralph, M.O. and Upton, S.L. (1984) "Wind tunnel measurements of the Inlet efficiency of
four samplers of suspended particulate matter", EUR 9378 EN, Commission of the European
Communities, Brussels

[2] Benbough, J.E., Bennett, A.M. and Parkes, S.R. (1993) "Determination of the collection efficiency of a
microbial air sampler", J. Appl. Bact. 74, 170-173

[3] Birch, D.J. and Griffiths, W.D. (1994) "The performance of a number of personal samplers in the
assessment of bioaerosols", J. Aerosol Sci. 24, (Suppl. 1), 335-336

[4] Cox, C.S. (1987) "The Aerobiological Pathway of Micro-organisms", John Wiley and Sons. Chichester

[5] Edwards, I.W., Futter, S.F., Griffiths, W.D., Lewin, A.R., Maynard, K.R., Morgan, G.R. and Stewart, I.W
(1996) "Administration and Characterisation of Gene Therapy Bioaerosols" Drug Delivery to the Lungs
th th
VII", The Aerosol Society, 12 and 13 December 1996, Church House, Westminster, London (1997,
in press) . J. Aerosol Med

[6] Edwards, I.W., Griffiths, W.D., Morgan, G.R. and Stewart, I.W. (1997) "Performance Testing of Inhaled
th th
Biotherapeutic Formulations". Drug Delivery to the Lungs VIII", The Aerosol Society, 15 and 16
December 1997, Church House, Westminster, London. pp. 10-13. (1998, in press) . J. Aerosol Med

[7] Griffiths, W.D. and DeCosemo, G.A.L. (1994) "The Assessment of Bioaerosols: A Critical Review", J.
Aerosol Sci. 25, (8), 1425-1458

[8] Grinshpun, S., Chang, C-W., Nevalainen, A. and Willeke, K. (1994) "Inlet Characteristics of Bioaerosols
Samplers". J. Aerosol Sci., 25(8),1503-1522

[9] Hall, D.J., Upton, S.L., Marsland, G.W. and Walters, R.A. (1988) "Wind Tunnel Measurements of the
Collection Efficiency of Two PM10 Dichotomous Samplers: the Sierra-Andersen Model 321A Hi-
Volume Sampler and the EPA Prototype Dichotomous Sampler". Warren Spring Laboratory Report LR
669 (PA), Stevenage, Herts, UK

[10] Henningson, E.W. and Ahlberg, M.S. (1994) "Evaluation of Microbiological Samplers: A Review", J.
Aerosol Sci. 25, (8), 1459-1492

[11] Jensen, P.A., Todd, W.F., Davis, G.N. and Scarpino, P.V. (1992) "Evaluation of 8 bioaerosol samplers
challenged with aerosols of free bacteria", Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53, (10), 660-667

[12] Niven, R.W. (1996) "Atomisation and Nebulisers". From "Inhalation Aerosols: Physical and Biological
Basis for Therapy". Ed. A. J. Hickey., pp. 273-312

[13] Upton, S.L., Mark, D., Douglass, E.J., Hall, D.J. and Griffiths, W.D. (1994) "A Wind Tunnel Evaluation of
the Physical Sampling Efficiencies of Three Bioaerosol Samplers", J. Aerosol Sci. 25, (8), 1493-1502

[14] Vincent, J.H. (1989) "Aerosol Sampling: Science and Practice", published by John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester

[15] EN 481, Workplace atmospheres — Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particles

[16] EN 482:1994, Workplace atmospheres — General requirements for the performance of procedures for
the measurement of chemical agents

[17] EN 1540:1998, Workplace atmospheres — Terminology

[18] EN 13098:2000, Workplace atmospheres — Guidelines for measurement of airborne micro-organisms

and endotoxin

14
 EN 14583:2004 (E)

[19] EN ISO 14698-1, Clean rooms and associated controlled environments — Biocontamination control —
Part 1: General principles and methods (ISO 14698-1:2003).

[20] ISO 3534-1:1993, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols — Part 1: Probability and general statistical
terms.

15
BS EN
14583:2004
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