The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department

Sanitary Engineering- ECIV 4325

L1. Introduction to wastewater

collection system

Based on Dr. Fahid Rabah lecture notes

 SANITARY ENGINEERING
COURSE OUTLINE
Course objectives: This course aims at conveying to the student the concepts of sewage collection
management, storm water management, and wastewater treatment.

1. Introduction 4. Wastewater Treatment

Sanitary Engineering Wastewater treatment Objectives
Course objectives and outline Types and methods of wastewater
treatment
2. Wastewater Collection Activated sludge process
Sewerage systems Trickling filter design
Preliminary studies Introduction to wastewater reuse
Sewer hydraulics Introduction to sludge treatment
Pipe materials
Load on pipes Final Exam
Design of wastewater collection system
Appurtenances
Course Evaluation
3. Design of Storm Water Drainage System
Projects & HM 25%
Objectives
Drainage systems Mid term Exam 25%
Components Final Exam 50%
Approach
Quantities
Design of storm water collection system

Midterm Exam
 Introduction

The sanitary engineer job became essential with the rapid increase of cities and
other rural population concentrations.

Sanitary Engineering Fields

Water Waste water Storm water Solid waste

supply Management Management Management

-Water collection -Collection systems - Storm water - Collection systems

-Ground water -Treatment collection - Treatment
-Surface water -Reuse (and/or) disposal - Storm water reuse methods
-Water treatment (and/or) disposal - Reuse (and/or)
-Water Distribution - Storm water disposal
treatment (if needed)
 WASTE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEM

DIFINITIONS

Sewer: Sewers are under ground pipes or conduits which carry sewage to points of
disposal.

Sewage: The Liquid waste from a community is called sewage. Sewage is classified into
domestic and non-domestic sewage. The non domestic sewage is classified into industrial,
commercial, institutional and any other sewage that is not domestic.

Sewerage: The entire system used for collection, treatment and disposal of Liquid waste.
This includes pipes, manholes, and all structures used for the above mentioned purposes.

Infiltration: It is the water which inters the sewers from ground water through Leaks from
loose joints or cracks.

Inflow: It is the water which inters the sewers from the manholes during rainfall events.
 Type of wastewater from household

Type of Wastewater Source of wastewater

Gray water Washing water from the kitchen, bathroom,

laundry (without faeces and urine)

Black water Water from flush toilet (faeces and urine with flush
water)

Yellow water Urine from separated toilets and urinals

Brown water Black water without urine or yellow water

 Types of collection systems

Separate system Combined system

Storm water
Sanitary system Both sanitary & storm water

1. Used for domestic and industrial wastes in It is used for both storm water and wastewater.
addition to inflow and infiltration. Storm It is preferred for the following cases:
water is not considered. For areas of long rainy seasons.
2. It is preferred for the following: For areas where it is difficult to construct two
The size of pipes is much smaller than the pipelines in the streets crowded with other
combined system sewers. This gives the services (electricity, telephone, gas, etc...).
advantage of good hydraulics in the pipe It’s not preferred for areas of short rainy season,
(the pipe is Designed to have a minimum and for areas poorly paved which leads to
velocity to prevent sedimentation of sand) the accumulation of sand in the system.
Separation of wastewater from storm water Combined system is 40% lower in cost than
minimize the total quantity of sewage which separate system.
has the following advantages :
1. Smaller pumping stations are needed.
2. Smaller and more efficient treatment plants
are needed. Generally, most of the countries
3. Overflow of combined sewers in the storm
events produces pollution to environment recently preferring separate
which is not the case in separate sewer. systems.
Only unavoidable Storm water inters the system
which protects the system from the
accumulation of sand in the sewers in the
non-paved areas.
 ways for transmission of sewage

By gravity: Used always By pressure: It's use is limited

wherever possible for areas which can’t be served By vacuum
by gravity

2 .5 %
S=
v i ty:
Gra
2 5m
ad=
e: He 25
25 30
s sur 35 40 45 50 MSL
P re

1000 m
 Preliminary studies are needed for the design of sewage
collection systems

1. Contour maps, and longitudinal profiles.

2. Geotechnical investigation( type of soil).
3. Hydrological investigation( water table).
4. Metrological data( rain,….).
5. Detailed map of the area showing streets, buildings, levels of buildings
entrance … etc
6. Detailed cross section for the streets showing the underground service
(water pipes, electricity cables, gas pipes, telephone,…..).
7. Water supply and consumption study.
8. Identification of industrial, commercial institutional and domestic areas.
9. Identification of collection points of sewage and possible locations of
pumping stations and point of final collection.
10. Population forecast studies.
11. Expected Development of the area (Master planning).
 Population estimation
Many methods are used to forecast the population in the future. Each method
has it’s own assumptions
1. Arithmetic increases method: Assumption: The rate of change is constant

dp Pt t
= K
dt
(time = t, population =P ) ∫
Po
dp = ∫ K dt ⇒ Pt = P0 + Kt
0 Pt = population after time (t).
Po= present or initial population

90000

85000 Population Projection

80000 Arithmatic increase method

Validity: valid only if the 75000

curve is close to the real 70000

Population

growth of the population 65000

in previous years 60000

55000

50000

45000

40000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Time (year)
Example 1:

The recent population of a city is 30000 inhabitant. What is the predicted

population after 30 years if the population increases 4000 in 5 years.

Solution: The arithmetic increase method

dp ∆P 4000
K= = = = 800
dt ∆t 5
Pt = P0 + Kt = 30000 + 800*30 = 54000 inh.
2. Uniform percentage of increase: ( Geometric Increase ): Assumption: Uniform
rate of increase

dp
= K /P ⇒ ln Pt = ln P + K / (t − t )
dt
By integration
0 0
Pt = P (1+ k)n
/
Where, K = ln(1 + k) , (t − t 0 ) = n , (number of years), and k,
population growth rate.
0
120000
115000
Population Projection 110000 Population Projection
Geometric increase method (Equation 1) 105000 Geometric increase method
100000
Equation 2
95000
Population (Ln Pt)

90000

Population
85000
80000
75000
70000
65000
60000
55000
50000
45000
40000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Time (year) Time (year)
Example 2:

The recent population of a city is 30000 inhabitant. What is the predicted

population after 30 years if the growth rate R = 3.5% .

Solution: Uniform percentage of increase (Geometric Increase)

Pt = P (1+ k)n
0

P = 30000 *( 1+ 0.035 )30 = 84204 inh.

30
3. Curvilinear method:
It is a method of comparison of the city under consideration with similar cities
lager in size.

4. Saturation method:
In this method, the maximum possible density of population is estimated
according to the number of apartments and stories per unit area and the
maximum family members.