SOCIAL WORK

PRACTICE
WITH
COMMUNITIES
Presented by:
DR. SINDYPEARL. P. MELENCIO, RSW, MPA, MSSW (C.)
 FRAMEWORK
is a system of ideas or conceptual structures that help us “see”
the social world, understand it, explain it, and change it.
 Person-In-Development-With-In-Environment or PIDWIE
a trifocal focus of social work practice which includes person, development and environment.
It is founded on the belief that the person’s development is strongly influenced by the environment.

A GENERALIST INTERVENTION FRAMEWORK

Sociological Imagination
“the awareness of relationship between personal experience and the wider society".

Personal Troubles Public / Community Issues

unemployment inadequate job opportunities, economic recessions, technological advancements

mental health issues social stigma, cultural factors, discrimination, gender inequalities
financial struggles lack of access to affordable healthcare, ineffective delivery of social programs
like scholarship support, high prices of goods.
Communal Imagination
collective perceptions of community issues and shared capacity of a community to imagine solutions.
- "the development of individuals will result to the development of the community. And the
development of the community will bring about development to every individual."

By using community organization method, the worker mobilize

communities to collectively address community issues.
The actions of an individual are influenced by:
the situation the person is in
the values he or she holds
the way people around him or her act.
 01 PROFESSIONAL VALUES
- guiding principles that shape social workers' beliefs and attitudes.

KNOWLEDGE
02
- encompasses a wide range of theoretical
frameworks, research findings, and evidence-based
practices.

SKILL
03 practical abilities and competencies that social workers develop
to effectively engage with individuals, families, groups, and
communities.

THE FOUNDATION OF GENERALIST SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

 Community practice is a link between helping the individual restore social functioning and at
the same time promoting social justice by rectifying system inequality and oppressive policies
that shaped the collective fate of individuals.

Community practice seeks to benefit the individual and community by emphasizing personal
and political empowerment of the most vulnerable, disadvantaged, and marginalized.

Basic concepts of the generalist perspective in

community practice:
VALUE ORIENTATION
is the social worker’s judgment about what he or she ought to do in any given circumstance in the
conduct of his or her profession as a social worker.

1. Social work values human dignity and worth.

2. Social workers promote and live by the principles of social justice at all times and at any cost.
3. Social work is rendered as service to humanity.
4. Social workers practice the profession with integrity.
5. Social workers must develop the required competence for the corresponding
methods of work apart from the good intentions to help.
 a combination of methods needed to respond to the complex problems and situations
being presented by the client.

utilizes a systems framework to assess a variety of issues for possible intervention.

an inclusive approach to practice that emphasizes the mutual responsibility of the

worker/system and client/system to deal with the client’s problems in the
environment.

Advanced Generalist Social Work

 An eclectic base of practice that uses generic skills and knowledge drawn differently from all
practice paradigms to fit the unique needs of each client in environment.

A multi-method approach that uses individual, couple, family, group, and/or community levels
of practice chosen differently to fit the unique needs of each client/system.

A focus on social justice in which the worker/system and client/system cooperate to create
and distribute resources in a balanced way that meets the interrelated needs of the individuals,
communities, and the natural environment.

Elements of Generalist Practice

 Social work as a profession requires strong norms, ethics, and codes of conduct.

The social worker should not abuse the privilege of his or her position.

Judgment made by the social worker should always be in the interest of the client in line
with the principle of the person’s self-determination.

Social Work as a Profession

 Social work is simply defined in terms of its statutory responsibilities, that all activities are
relegated behind social control. The work is defined by the law and the function of employing
agencies.

Social work should be defined in terms of the ethical duty of care to the service users and
not the law. The legal grounds for action may exist but the response may not be in the users’
best interest. This approach recognizes that the ethical duty of care extends beyond strict
adherence to legal requirements and requires thoughtful consideration of the unique needs
and circumstances of each service user.

Social work aims to enhance the problem-solving and coping capacities of service users,
to link them with systems that provide resources and services, to promote the effective
operation of these systems, and contribute to social policy development.

Social Work as a Profession

 PRIVATE ILLS
focuses on providing activities to control “deviant” and the “useless”. The problem is
caused by personal inadequacies and capacities.

PUBLIC ILLS
focuses on changing social and economic structures which oppress people and alienate
whole group of people.The problem lies on the systems so a more radical, ideological
and political activity should be done to fix social problems.

focuses on empowering people - the social worker should not be the provider of solution to the
problem of the client.

A Generalist Orientation of Practice

WELFARISM
emphasizes the promotion of social welfare
and well-being through various
interventions, services, and policies.
 01 ENABLER
- provision of support, encouragement, and suggestions

MEDIATOR
02 - resolutions of arguments and disagreement

03 INTEGRATOR / COORDINATOR
- brings people involved in various system together
and organizes their performance

04 MANAGER
- administrative responsibility for a social service agency

05 EDUCATOR
- provision of information and skills to other systems

ANALYST / EVALUATOR
06 - determination of effectiveness of program in the agency

Social Work Roles in A Generalist Macro Practice

 BROKER
07 - Linking the system with resources and services

FACILITATOR
08 - guiding a group experience

INITIATOR
09 - calling attention to an issue

NEGOTIATOR
10 - settling of disputes and/or resolution of disagreement. Take the side of one of the
parties involved.

11 MOBILIZER
- convening of community people and resources to respond to unmet community needs

ADVOCATE
12 Intervention on client system’s behalf to get need resources that are currently unavailable, or to change
regulations or policies that negatively affect that client system.

Social Work Roles in A Generalist Macro Practice

 Social work as a profession requires strong norms, ethics, and codes of conduct.

The social worker should not abuse the privilege of his or her position.

Judgment made by the social worker should always be in the interest of the client in line
with the principle of the person’s self-determination.

Social Work as a Profession

 The Concept of "The Person-In-Community Practice"

The Person as a
Person-In-Environment
a holistic approach, emphasizing the 1 3 Communal Being
importance of considering the person's Mary Richmond emphasized the importance
environment alongside their individual of encouraging individuals to engage in
struggles. collective efforts.

2 4
Community Development
Strength-Based Perspective
systematically examining survival skills, abilities, knowledge, resources, and desires a process designed to create conditions of
that can be used in some way to help meet client goals. economic and social progress for the whole
community with its active participation and the
- based on the belief that people, regardless of the severity of their problems, have fullest possible reliance on the community’s
the capabilities and resources to play an active role in helping solve their own initiatives.
problems.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Competence Capabilities
sufficient skills to take the lead in shaping the ability to translate values, competencies,
their own development alongside other and assets into productive outcomes.
community members
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Participation Empowerment
active involvement and engagement of enabling individuals or communities to gain
individuals in decision-making processes, control over their lives, make informed choices,
activities, or initiatives that affect their lives and take actions that lead to positive change.
or the communities they belong to.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Prescriptive Catalytic
emphasizes providing specific solutions or facilitating and supporting the community or
recommendations to address a problem or stakeholders to take charge of their own
achieve a desired outcome. development process.
 a social worker may suggest, propose,
Ben advice, persuade. By the nature of this
e
1 Dir volen intervention, the client may or may not
ec
tio t
n follow the direction provided by the
Com social worker.
Pre mand 2
scr i
ipt ng The social worker works collaboratively
ion
from the start of the helping process with

the social worker use the full authority 3 Ne

go
tia
tio
the client involvement on the decision,
sharing and comparing views on the
of his or her role as a helping n issues and the options. Both the client and
professional Con social worker agree on the final decision.
pre sulta
scr tive 4
ipt
Social worker may propose some ion
behavior, and also consult the client,
eliciting his or her views which the 5
social worker will carefully consider.
Fac
ilit
ati
o
the social worker is concerned only to dire n of
cti sel
facilitate the client in making up his or her o n f
mind in his or her own way in the direction
that the client thinks is best to take.

The Prescriptive-Catalytic Gradient Framework

 In
t In
co his a t
n pp ba his a
pro trol roa c p
j o all k fro proa
im ect f the ch, o m ch
ple de h the ac wing t h e , th
an m t e tio
d e en ermi lping soci pro ns the de
v
clie elo oci
es
lim v ta n a m for
ite alua tion ation proc l wo C lie
se oti
lf-m ng t h ec n t p m
al
wo
im d , r to
ple to tion ma , pla ess, ker n ts an sel om tak nt p rke e
me follo , wh nag nn inc take h ip ag f-d mu e in roc r st
nta win ile em ing lud s em ire nit d es eps
tio the en , ing full en c y e s
n. g ins c t, m t, a tion, 's w pend ,
tru li nd se elf en
cti ent's onito se l f a
-de re, t
on lf-r
s d role ring, In
thi P ar eli term
uri is vie s a tn e an
ce inatio
ng ws pp rsh .
pro
jec
ac
hie the oach
r ip n,
t ac v c
tiv ing lient , the
ca e d s
pa ly ut eve as a ocia Sel
sy b i lo
ne ilitie lizing pme artn l wor
p f-Em
int
en
rgy sa
n the nt g er i ker pow
tio with d re clie oals n erm
ns
. the sou nt's , ent
so r
cia ces i
lw n
ork
er'
s

The Continuum of Social Worker-Client’s Control

 ASSETS FREEDOM RIGHTS
the resources, strengths, and an individual's capacity to make are legal and moral entitlements
capabilities individuals possess choices, exercise autonomy, and that individuals possess in
within society, such as education, pursue self-determination without society, ensuring fairness,
skills, talents, financial resources, limitations or constraints that equality, justice, and protecting
social connections, and personal hinder their pursuit of goals, their dignity while providing
attributes, which contribute to expression of opinions, and opportunities for development.
their potential for success, well- engagement in activities aligned
being, and societal contribution. with their values and interests.

The Person In Relation To Society

 Child-led discussions and forums
Youth councils or committees
Peer education and mentoring
Participatory research
Arts and creative expression
Community service and volunteering
Advocacy and activism

- an active involvement and inclusion of children in decision-making processes

that affect their lives, allowing them to express their views, contribute their ideas,
and participate in activities that promote their rights, well-being, and development.

Child Participation
 The process of improving the well-being and quality of life of individuals and communities
by enhancing social conditions, fostering social cohesion, and promoting equitable access to
resources, opportunities, and services. It involves addressing social issues, promoting social
justice, and facilitating positive social change through collective action, community
engagement, and the fulfillment of human rights.

It encompasses various dimensions, including economic, political, cultural, and environmental

aspects, with the ultimate goal of creating a more inclusive, cohesive, and sustainable society.

Social Development
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES FAMILY

POLITICAL
1. Family. 4. Religious. ECONOMIC
strong emphasis on the family unit, which serves various religious beliefs and practices,
as the core foundation of social organization. including indigenous spirituality and Islam

2. Political. 5. Cultural.
includes the executive, legislative, and judicial influenced by indigenous traditions, Spanish
branches, as well as various government agencies and colonial heritage, and global influences. EDUCATIONAL
local government units. Filipino values, customs, languages, arts, and
traditions contribute to the unique cultural
identity of the country.
3. Economic.
a mix of market-oriented practices and government
interventions. It is characterized by sectors such as 6. Social Welfare
agriculture, industry, and services, with a significant RELIGIOUS
support and assistance to vulnerable
portion of the population engaged in the informal sector.
populations, such as the poor, elderly,
RAL
LTU
CU
persons with disabilities, and marginalized
4. Educational. groups. It includes programs and services
encompasses formal education from primary to tertiary in areas like health, housing, education, SOCIAL
levels. It includes public and private schools, as well as and social assistance.
alternative learning systems. WELFARE
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Theory System
serves as a framework for analyzing, a collection of interconnected units or elements
improving, and adapting existing laws, working together to fulfill a specific purpose,
guiding the search for better solutions, and characterized by organized components and
providing guidance for action, beliefs, and exhibiting order, pattern, and purpose.
professional practice in a particular field.
 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
focuses on strengthening social ties GENERAL SYSTEMS
and fostering collaboration among this analyzes the
community members through regular interconnectedness and
neighborhood gatherings, cultural events,
interdependencies between
and volunteer activities, creating a sense
different community systems
of belonging and social cohesion within
the community.

HUMAN ECOLOGY
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONS
Bronfenbrenner's perspective on human
emphasized the importance of
ecology emphasizes the
society in shaping the individual’s
interconnectedness between individuals
personality and sense of self.
and their environment, emphasizing the
influence of various systems and contexts on
human development.

Theoretical Framework
 EMERGENT PROPERTIES

OPEN SYSTEMS HOLON

ENTROPY MULTIFINALITY

STEADY STATE EQUIFINALITY

HOMEOSTASIS

Concepts in General Systems Theory

 Concepts in General Systems Theory

01 02 03

EMERGENT OPEN SYSTEMS ENTROPY

PROPERTIES
A local community collaborates with external The natural tendency of a community to
This can be observed when individuals come
organizations like government agencies, non- experience disorder, decline, or deterioration
together and collaborate to address a
profits, and community partners to access if left unattended. It highlights the need for
common issue. Through their collective efforts,
resources, support, and expertise to address ongoing efforts to prevent social problems,
new ideas, strategies, and solutions may maintain community cohesion, and promote
community needs and foster development.
emerge that were not apparent at the individual positive change.
level. This concept suggests that systems are
"There are no two communities that are exactly dynamically connected to the environments of It refers to a process in which order is lost or
alike." which they are part. "disorganized".
 Concepts in General Systems Theory

04 05 06

STEADY STATE HOMEOSTASIS EQUIFINALITY

The community's ability to maintain a stable This recognizes that different pathways or
Refers to attaining a balance or equilibrium
and balanced state. It involves the community's approaches can lead to similar outcomes
within the community system. This may involve
capacity to adapt, self-regulate, and respond to in community practice. It highlights the
establishing sustainable programs, services,
internal and external changes while preserving its importance of flexibility and recognizing
and resources that meet the ongoing needs of diverse strategies that can achieve common
overall functioning and well-being.
community members and promote stability. goals in community development.
is premised on the notion of a fixed optimum
It pertains to the constancy of a favorable state or balance. “There is more than one way to skin a cat”
balance of input and output exchanges a
system has with its suprasystem.
 Concepts in General Systems Theory

06 07

MULTIFINALITY HOLON

This concept refers to a community organization within a larger

It emphasizes that similar inputs or starting points in
community functioning independently while also contributing
community practice can lead to different outcomes for
to the overall functioning and well-being of the broader
different communities or individuals. It recognizes the
community.
uniqueness and complexity of each community's context,
resources, and dynamics, resulting in varied outcomes. It refers to the attribute of all systems as being simultaneously
oriented outward to the environment and inward toward
internal functioning.
 Organismic Morphogenic
Each part of the system has a Change is ongoing and the structure of
special function; if each performs as it the system is continually emerging.
should, the parts work together for
common good.

Factional
Conflict is basic; change and
Mechanical instability are ongoing
All parts of the system work
closely together-well coordinated and
integrated. The task of the community
practitioner using this analogy is to reduce
conflict and restore a sense of order, Catastrophic
connectedness, and mutual purpose. Conflict taken to extremes; the system
is chaotic

The Community From A System's Perspectives

 ECOLOGY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
MACRO SYSTEM
This involves the scientific study of the dynamic interaction between a growing
individual and their changing environment, as influenced by the relationships
between them. This refers to the presence or potential presence of consistent
patterns in the structure and characteristics of smaller systems,

MICRO SYSTEM
which can exist within a subculture or the overall culture.

is a pattern of activities, roles, and interpersonal relations

ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION
experienced by the developing person in a given setting with
particular physical and material characteristics.
This occurs when a person's position in the environment
changes due to a change in their role, setting, or both.
MESO SYSTEM
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
This refers to the interactions between multiple settings in which a person
actively engages. It is formed or extended whenever the developing person moves
into new This process refers to how individuals gain a broader and
setting. more accurate understanding of their ecological environment
and become motivated and capable of engaging in activities

EXO SYSTEM that sustain or transform that environment at similar or higher

levels of complexity.
refers to one more settings that do not involve the
developing person as an active, but in which events occur that
affect, or are affected by, what happens in the setting containing
the developing person.

Human Ecology Perspectives

 - close and long-term interaction between
two different species in an ecological - the hierarchical power or
relationship. It recognizes the patterns of control exerted by individuals or
relationships that exist to support and groups over others within a
sustain survival of the different species. social or ecological system.

SYMBIOSIS DOMINANCE

BIOTIC COMPETITION SUCCESSION

- refers to living organisms or factors - humans compete for space and for - process of ecological change over time
that are directly associated with living dominance in their habitats. This refers in a particular area or habitat. It involves
organisms within an ecological system. to the struggle between individuals or a sequence of communities replacing
It refers to the sub-social system that species for limited resources, such as one another as a result of natural or
links all forms of life, plants, and food, water, territory, or mates. human-induced disturbances.
animals, to their habitats.

Understanding Human Ecology Theory

 These are tangible things that have

OBJECTS meaning and significance within social

interactions.

SYMBOLS
involve the actions and behaviors of
ACTS AND individuals that are shaped by social
refer to words, gestures, or objects that carry
SOCIAL ACTS
interactions and the shared meanings
shared meanings within a social group. attached to symbols and objects within
These symbols are used to represent ideas, a specific social context.
concepts, or objects and are essential for
communication and understanding.

Concepts in Symbolic Interactionism

 Geographical or
1
Shared Identity. 7 Virtual Spaces
LGBTQI+. ethnic/cultural
village, barangay, sitio, district, municipality,
communities, religious
city, province, region, nation or world.
communities, professional
communities
gaming communities, online Collective Identity
Social Intereaction
2
Neighborhoods, online communities,
6 and Culture
student communities, fiestas and Indigenous communities,
other social activities within the religious, ethnic communities,
community historic communities, fans clubs

Common Goals Sense of Belonging

3 Mutual Support 4 and Interest and Inclusion
5
Support groups (victim-
Activist, Community Community centers,
survivors, solo parents,
Development rehabilitation centers,
elderly, peers.
organizations, LGBTQI+, home for the
environmentalist, business aged, child institutions
networks

Concepts of Community
TYPES OF COMMUNITY
Geographic community
- refers to the people in a specific geographic area as the village, barangay, sitio,
district, municipality, city, province, region, nation or world.

Functional community
- composed of the people who hold common values, share common functions or express
some common interests.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM
01 02
Individual Social Interactions and
(Holistic wellbeing) Relationships
Community is composed of (Interconnectedness)
individuals who live, work, or share Social interactions and relationships
common interests within a particular are fundamental to community
geographic area or social group. functioning.

03 Norms and Values

04
Social Structure
(Collective Identity)
Family is a fundamental social
Communities develop shared norms
structure within a community.
and values that guide the behavior,
attitudes, and expectations of
community members.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM
05 06
Institutions and Community Resources
Organizations (Shared Resources)
Communities consist of formal and Communities possess resources that
informal institutions and contribute to their well-being and
organizations that provide essential functioning. These resources can be
functions and services. natural or social resources.

07 08
External Environment
Cultural (Diversity) (System's Perspectives)
Communities develop a collective
Communities exist within a broader
identity and culture that
external environment that includes
distinguishes them from other
regional, national, and global
communities.
contexts.
 Community Collaboration and Empowerment and Evaluation and
Engagement Partnership Capacity Building Reflection

Needs Assessment Asset-Based Approach Social Justice and Advocacy

ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS OF WORKING WITH COMMUNITIES

AS A METHOD OF PRACTICE IN SOCIAL WORK
GOALS
OF WORKING WITH COMMUNITIES

COMMUNITY ENHANCING EMPOWERMENT AND

DEVELOPMENT WELL-BEING SELF-DETERMINATION
 MODELS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
COMMUNITY (LOCALITY)
DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL PLANNING SOCIAL ACTION

popularly associated with

refers to efforts to mobilize the refers to efforts directed towards
activism, protests rallies, and
people, the victims, the integrating the different action
other forms of group dissent to
unaffiliated, the unorganized, and systems of the community with
dissatisfaction.
the non-participating who are the other systems in the local
affected by a community community; efforts aimed at
- in CO model, refers to individual
condition into groups and bringing about reforms in
or group activity designed to
organizations to enable them to attitudes, policies and practice.
influence a change in social
take action on social issues.
policy.
 01 Societal goals.
selecting social goals and setting targets for their
achievements (needs assessment)

REE
H
levels of 02 Testing consequences.
T

the application of social values and action criteria to the assessment of

action in
programs undertaken in pursuit of economic and political goals and the testing
of consequences in terms of inter-group or interpersonal relations of everything
from broad economic development programs to specific redevelopment projects

social
planning 03 Social programming.
planning the more traditional welfare activities of public and
private agencies and the coordination by many groups.
 TRENDS THAT GUIDE PRACTICE AND
ADDRESS COMMUNITY NEEDS
Intersectionality Trauma-Informed Practice Culturally Responsive Practice
acknowledges that individuals and emphasizes understanding the acknowledging and valuing the cultural
communities experience multiple and impact of trauma on individuals and diversity of communities, respecting
intersecting forms of oppression, communities and adopting trauma- cultural practices and beliefs, and
such as race, gender, class, and informed approaches to service adapting interventions to meet the specific
sexuality. delivery. cultural needs of communities.

Participatory Action Research Community Resilience

combines research and community a focus on community strengths, social
engagement, where community workers increasingly work to build community
members actively participate in the resilience by fostering social connections,
research process and use the findings enhancing coping mechanisms, and promoting
to inform action and promote community community-level support systems.
change.
WHAT IS COMMUNITY MURRAY ROSS
ORGANIZATION? Process of identifying problems and
needs, prioritizing them, formulating
solutions in solving problems/attaining
needs and implementing them through
cooperative and collaborative efforts
PERLMAN AND GURIN which results to improved capacity in
CO as a process of finding solutions to social community problem-solving process
problems by redistributing resources, functions and and community integration.
decision-making power

ARTHUR DUNHAM
The process of matching needs with resources and as a conscious
process of social interaction concerned with three types of
objectives which are task goals, process goals and relationship
goals.
 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
TASKS GOALS
assessment of the community through data gathering by use of survey, interview with
families & leaders; informal conversation with the people, group discussions, uses of
statistics and studies made by different agencies / groups in the community.

PROCESS GOALS
to motivate people to be aware of their conditions, problems / needs, & aspirations
and be able to concretize and express them through the survey interview, informal
conversations and group discussions.

RELATIONSHIP GOALS
to engender wider cooperation and understanding through
collaborative and joint efforts of the people in solving their
problems / needs and attaining the people's aspirations.
KINDS OF COMMUNITY PROBLEMS
Residual problems
- brought about by the operational breakdown of their either the
producing system or the consuming public (needs-based)

Institutional problems
- irrelevant or defective social policies and community decision-making
process which need to be changed or modified as they adversely affect the
interests and welfare of the majority of the people. (rights-based)
THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRINCIPLES OF C.O.
Acceptance of the right of the community to decide
what it wants rather than the organizer's views imposed
upon it.

Philosophy
principles or ideals that guide
our behavior and decisions.

Values

Assumptions
beliefs or premises that we take for granted
without necessarily questioning them.
 Four Fundamental Elements of Community Organizing

02 COMMUNITY CONSCIOUSNESS
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT WORKER (CDW)
The responsibility of the catalyzer is to enable
The CDW engaged in CO could be a single
community members to see all opportunities, to
person or a team of development workers
facilitate the access of the community to existing
usually attached to an institution. The CDW 03 resources and to support a process awareness
serves as the facilitator who assists the people
creation and empowerment (Ewalt, et. Al:288). It is
in organizing themselves.
the people’s awakening of their discerning
consciousness that could properly lead them to a
united effort at achieving a commonly perceived
desirable end.
01

COMMUNITY PEOPLE (CP) 04

The community is the stage for CO. It
consists of people, now popularly known
as stakeholders, who have different
interests in development. Stakeholders COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PROCESS
are classified as: CO process means developing a partnership with
Directly affected the community. It is a process that facilitates
Indirectly affected participatory development in which
Government “stakeholders” can influence and share control
over the decisions and resources that affect
themselves.
 FI VE MAJOR I NTERRELATED
PHASES OF THE CO PROCESS

1.PRE-ENTRY 2.ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY- 3.IMMERSION WITH THE

(PREPARATORY PHASE) OUTER LAYER PEOPLE – INNER LAYER
·Gather basic preliminary Establishing a friendly yet purposeful This refers to the basic continuing effort by
information about the potential CO relationship starts upon entry. which the Community Development Worker
area/s, becomes one with the community
It involves courtesy call to the formal and people by integrating himself/herself in the
site selection and validation informal leaders of the different community community life.
transect walk stakeholders initially identified during the
community mapping pre-entry phase. She builds rapport by This involves listening to community
introducing him/herself and the DO s/he members, conducting informal interviews,
spot mapping
represents. and data validation to understand the
needs and priorities of the community.
Outreach and Relationship Building.
 1. Baseline Survey

2. Problem & Objective Analysis

COMPONENTS OF
COMMUNITY 3. Stakeholder Analysis
SITUATIONAL
ANALYSIS

4. SWOT Analysis

5. Feasibility Study
 Baseline survey
A baseline survey is a study that is done at the beginning of a
project to collect information on the status of a subject (anything
from crop yields to birth weights) before any type of intervention
can affect it.

An endline survey, on the other hand, is the study conducted after

the end of that intervention.
Problem Tree Analysis

A Problem Tree Analysis is a pictorial representation of a problem, its

causes and its consequences. This analysis tool helps the project team
get a quick glance of how a range of complex issues contribute toward a
problem and how this problem branches out into a set of consequences.
 S.M.A.R.T
GOAL SETTING

S Specific
Objective Tree
M Measurable

An Objective Tree is a Problem Tree that is transformed

into a set of future solutions to the problems. Each negative A Achievable

problem is converted into an objective by rewriting it as a

positive future statement (see Johns Hopkins University
(2013), Groenendijk, (2003)). R Relevant

T Time Bound
PROBLEM TREE VS OBJECTIVE TREE
 ENGAGE
Clients
CLOSELY Leaders
Suppliers
The press
Shareholders

Stakeholder Analysis NAMES Interest groups

Students/Participants
Customers
Governments
Analysts
The community
The public
Senior executives
Prospects
Partnerships
Key contributors
Trades associations
Key advisors
KEEP Co-workers
SATISFIED
NAMES
A stakeholder analysis is a process of identifying DESCRIPTION:
people before the project begins; grouping them
according to their levels of participation, interest, and
influence in the project; and determining how best to KEEP
High power, highly interested people
involve and communicate each of these stakeholder
INFORMED
NAMES High power, less interested people
groups throughout.
Low power, highly interested people

MONITOR Low power, less interested people

NAMES
 WEAKNESSES

SWOT Analysis
Where do you need
to improve?

W
S O
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES

SWOT stands for: Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat. A What are you What are
doing well? your goals?
SWOT analysis guides the organization inidentifying

T
organization’s strengths and weaknesses (S-W), as well as
broader opportunities and threats (O-T). Developing a fuller
awareness of the situation helps with both strategic planning and
decision-making. THREATS
What are the blockers
you're facing?
 FI VE MAJOR I NTERRELATED
PHASES OF THE CO PROCESS
4. CO PROPER – 5. PHASE OUT – TURN OVER
(ORGANIZATION BUILDING) From the very start, during leveling of expectations done
upon entry and consistently demonstrated all throughout the
This phase of the process signals that the Community People suceeding phases, the community people have already been
and Community Development Worker are already prepared to made aware of the progressive nature of their working
work together as partners in development. relationship with the community development worker.
community diagnosis - (situation, needs, resources)
social / situational analysis Evaluation - the process of discovering by the people
what has been accomplished, what has been left out,
MAJOR ACTIVITIES: and what remains to be done.
Leadership Development (core group formation)
Building Coalitions and Alliances (spotting potential partners/organizers)
Strategic Planning (Community / Barangay Development Plan)
Mobilization and Action (Plan / Project Implementation)
Capacity Building and Skill Development (Training, workshops, seminars)
 FUNCTIONS OF C.O. WORKER
FACT-FINDING
- To secure and maintain an adequate factual basis for sound planning

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
- To initiate, develop new programs and services and modify or terminate social
welfare programs and services that had become irrelevant.

ESTABLISHING OF STANDARDS
- To establish, maintain and improve social welfare standards, and to increase the
effectiveness, efficiency and economy of operation of social welfare agencies.
 FUNCTIONS OF C.O. WORKER
COORDINATION
- To improve and facilitate inter-relationships and to promote coordination
between organizations, groups, and individuals concerned with social welfare
programs and agencies.

EDUCATION
- To develop better public understanding of social welfare needs, problems,
resources, objectives, services, methods, and standards.

SUPPORT & PARTICIPATION

- To develop adequate public support of and public participation in social welfare
activities.
 Surveys and Interviews Focus Group Community Existing Data Mapping and
Questionnaires Discussion Meetings and Reports Geographic
Information
Systems

TOOLS IN ASSESSING COMMUNITY NEEDS / PROBLEMS

Project Development
and Management
 Project management helps in efficiently allocating resources to achieve the
project goals. It involves identifying the key tasks, establishing timelines, and
distributing resources accordingly.

Project management provides a structured approach to set clear goals and

objectives for social work projects. It ensures that the project is designed to
achieve specific outcomes and addresses the needs of the target population.

Project management facilitates effective communication, collaboration, and

engagement with these stakeholders. It helps build partnerships, obtain buy-
in, and ensure that the project meets the needs and expectations of all involved
parties.

Project management enables practitioners to identify potential risks, develop

contingency plans, and mitigate the impact of adverse events. It helps in
proactive problem-solving and ensures project sustainability.

Why is project management an important skill in

social work and related development work?
 Working with
Participation
Marginalized Sector

Social Justice and Bottom-up Development

Human Rights
RELATED CONCEPTS IN
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
AND SOCIAL WORK

Sustainability The Role of the State

Empowerment and Self- Social Planning

determination
 A Supervising State Social Capital

Social Policy Development Advocacy

RELATED CONCEPTS IN
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
AND SOCIAL WORK

Working with local

Globalisation
government units

The Relocalisation
Approach
FRAMEWORK OF GLOBALIZATION centralization occurs in decision-making
processes and policy implementation,
particularly in matters concerning
national security and certain key

UNIVERSALIZATION VS.
sectors.

PARTICULARIZATION CENTRALIZATION VS.

English has been widely adopted as
DECENTRALIZATION
a universal language for The Local Government Code of 1991
communication, however, there is still granted more autonomy and
preservation and promotion of local devolved powers to local government
languages and dialects units (LGUs)

INTEGRATION VS. INTERCONNECTEDNESS VS.

FRAGMENTATION WITHDRAWAL
The Philippines participation in regional economic
The country has become a hub for Business Process
blocs such as the Association of Southeast Asian
Outsourcing (BPO) services, attracting foreign investments
Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic
and creating job opportunities for Filipinos. Withdrawal
Cooperation (APEC) to promote economic integration,
restricted foreign ownership in certain industries, to safeguard
trade liberalization, and cooperation among member
local interests and promote domestic economic development.
countries.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Universalization Particularization
the process of spreading or adopting recognizes and values local or regional
certain ideas, values, norms, or practices differences, diversity, and uniqueness. It
globally, aiming for a more homogeneous emphasizes the preservation of local
global culture or system. It emphasizes identities, traditions, and practices.
commonality and standardization across
diverse regions and cultures.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Integration Fragmentation
increasing interconnectedness and division or separation of regions, societies, or
interdependence among nations, groups based on cultural, economic, or
economies, cultures, and societies. It political differences. It can result in
involves the removal or reduction of barriers isolationism, protectionism, or the formation
to trade, communication, and collaboration, of subgroups with limited interactions.
leading to greater cooperation and shared
decision-making.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Centralization Decentralization
the concentration of power, authority, involves the distribution of power,
and decision-making at a central or authority, and decision-making to lower
higher level, often in a central governing levels, such as local communities,
body or institution. It can provide efficiency, organizations, or regional entities. It can
uniformity, and coordinated action. promote local autonomy, participation, and
tailored approaches to address specific needs.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Interconnectedness Withdrawal
growing interconnectedness and
refers to the tendency of nations or entities
interdependence of countries, economies,
to retreat from global engagement and
and societies due to advancements in
limit their interactions with other countries
communication, transportation, and
or regions. It can be driven by factors such as
technology. It facilitates the flow of ideas,
protectionism, nationalism, or a desire to
information, goods, services, and people across
safeguard local interests.
borders, leading to increased global
cooperation and mutual influence.
 01 Market/community demand.

02 An organizational need.
Reasons for
undertaking a
Project: 03 A customer need.

04 A technological advance.
What is a project?
/ˈpräˌjekt/

a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique

product, service, or result.
What is a program?
/ˈpro.gram/

a collection of related projects, activities, and resources

that are managed in a coordinated manner to achieve
broader strategic objectives.
 COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF
PROJECT AND PROGRAM
Defined objectives Project quality, timeliness,
throughout the project Managers manage the Monitors to produce
project team project results budget compliance,
life cycle beneficiary satisfaction

SCOPE MANAGEMENT MONITORING SUCCESS

PROJECT

Improve a society's To advance the social

overall well-being conditions of a community

PROGRAM

SCOPE MANAGEMENT MONITORING SUCCESS

Broad scope and desired Manager manages the Progress of the program Success is measured by the
benefits. program staff and the degree to which the program
project managers satisfies the needs and benefits
for which it was undertaken.
What is Project Management?
Process of combining systems, techniques, and knowledge
to complete a project within the established goals on time,
budget, and scope.

The purpose of project management is to plan and manage a project

to successfully complete its listed goals and deliverables. It involves
identifying and managing risks, careful resource management, smart
budgeting, and clear communication across multiple teams and
stakeholders.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS A FORMAL PROCESS.
IT USES TOOLS TO ENSURE THAT:

Detailed tasks are identified and

laid out;

Responsible people are allocated

to the tasks;

Measurable objectives are put in

place to ensure that targets are met;

Changes are made in time to ensure

targets can be met;

The budget is well controlled;

The correct allocation of equipment

and materials is made.
 Technical Feasibility

Beneficiary Needs Analysis

6
PROJECT
Organizational Viability

FEASIBILITY STUDY Social Acceptability

Economic Capability

Environmentally Safe
Project Context
understanding the
internal and external
factors that can
influence the project's
planning, execution,
and outcomes.
 THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
Stage 1:
Designing a project

Stage 4: Stage 2:
Ending /closing a project Developing a project plan

Stage 3:
Implementing a project

The project life cycle is a 4-step framework designed to help project managers guide their
projects successfully from start to finish. The purpose of the project life cycle is to create
an easy to follow framework to guide projects.
 MODEL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT (TUCKMAN)

TASK FOCUS PMI PROCESS FOCUS SOCIAL WORK FOCUS

Forming Project identification,

Initiating developing the project,
analysis of the situation
Planning Storming
Defining objectives, produce
a project plan.
Executing Norming
Implementing the plan.

Controlling Performing Monitoring the

performance.

Closing Adjourning Evaluation, debriefing.

 Identify the main
issue/concerns;
Provide an analysis of
the problem.
Conduct assessment /
research / feasibility
study.
Goal and specific
Does it address priority
objectives to address
issues?
the concerns
Does it support overall FACT FINDING Strategies
national policy?
Budget / Resources
Did the outcomes lead
to the desired impact?

DETERMINE DEFINE GOALS

OUTCOMES
(Monitoring and
Evaluation)

DESIGNING A PROJECT

CREATE A
IMPLEMENTATION
WORKPLAN

Putting the project Specific activities

plan into action Human resources
Timeline
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Baseline Assessment Baseline Survey

An evaluation of the current situation or A type of assessment that involves collecting
conditions related to a project or program primary data through surveys, interviews, or
at the beginning or prior to its other data collection methods to establish a
implementation. baseline.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Problem Analysis Objective Analysis

A causal analysis diagram; a visual tool used It entails identifying the desired outcomes,
to analyze and understand the root impact, and intermediate steps required to
causes of a specific problem or issue accomplish the project's goals.
THE PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT

Project Identification 01

02 Project Preparation

Project Design 03

04 Project Planning

Project Implementation 05
Project Monitoring
06 and Evaluation
Project Time Management

refers to the processes and activities involved in planning,

scheduling, monitoring, and controlling the time-related aspects
of a project. It encompasses the effective management of
project schedules, ensuring that activities are completed
within the allocated timeframes and the project is delivered on
time.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Project Development Project Management

- the initial stages of a project, where the - focuses on the day-to-day management of
project idea is conceptualized, defined, and resources, tasks, timelines, risks, and
refined. It involves identifying the need or stakeholders to ensure successful project
opportunity, conducting feasibility studies, implementation.
setting goals and objectives, and designing the
project concept.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Project Preparation Project Designing

initial phase of project development, the process of creating a detailed plan and
where the groundwork is laid for the framework for the project. It is a phase
successful implementation of the project. where the project concept is translated into a
comprehensive design.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Project Planning Project Implementation

process of creating a detailed roadmap the phase of a project where the planned
for how the project will be executed. It activities, tasks, and processes are put into
involves breaking down the project into action to accomplish the project objectives
smaller tasks, estimating the time, effort, and deliver the desired outcomes.
and resources required for each task, and
developing a project schedule.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Project Monitoring Project Evaluation

systematic process of tracking, observing, systematic process of assessing the success,
and assessing project activities, progress, effectiveness, and efficiency of a project.
and performance to ensure that the
project is on track and achieving its
objectives.
PROJECT
PROPOSAL
A document that outlines the key details and components of a proposed
project. It serves as a formal request for funding, approval, or support from
stakeholders, such as clients, donors, or management
 TITLE PAGE

PROJECT 01. Project Title

PROPOSAL 02. Date

FORMAT 03. Names and contact information of the

project team members

04. Name and contact information of the

organization or individual receiving the proposal
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PROJECT 01. A concise overview of the project, highlighting

its key aspects

PROPOSAL 02. Summarize the project objectives, scope, and

expected outcomes

FORMAT 03. Provide a brief statement of the project's

budget and timeline
 INTRODUCTION

PROJECT
01. Background information about the problem or need
that the project addresses

PROPOSAL 02. Clearly state the purpose and goals of the

project

FORMAT 03. Explain the relevance and importance of the

project within the organization or community
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

PROJECT
01. Provide a detailed explanation of the project,
including its objectives, scope, and deliverables

PROPOSAL 02. Describe the methodology or approach that will

FORMAT be used to achieve the project goals

03. Outline the key activities and tasks involved in

implementing the project
 BUDGET

PROJECT
01. Present a detailed breakdown of the project's
estimated costs.

PROPOSAL 02. Include both the direct costs (e.g., materials,

FORMAT
equipment, personnel) and indirect costs (e.g.,
overhead, administrative expenses)

03. Specify any external funding sources or in-kind

contributions, if applicable
 METHODOLOGY

PROJECT TIMELINE
PROPOSAL M&E
FORMAT
SUSTAINABILITY & IMPACT

APPENDICES
 WORK PLAN
This illustrates the project's major
activities, milestones, and
estimated duration. It provides a
visual representation of the
project's timeline, highlighting the
sequence of activities and key
deliverables.
PURPOSE: RESULTS FRAMEWORK
GOAL: OBJECTIVES ACTIVITIES OUTPUT OUTCOME
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?
Project Scope Management Project Time Management
the processes and activities involved in the processes and activities involved in
defining, controlling, and managing the planning, scheduling, monitoring, and
scope of a project. controlling the time-related aspects of a
project. It encompasses the effective
management of project schedules, ensuring
that activities are completed within the
allocated timeframes and the project is
delivered on time.
PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT
WORK PLAN known as the
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)

CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES known as

the GANTT CHART

CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)

SEASONAL CALENDAR

VENN DIAGRAM
 Work Breakdown Structure
The Work Breakdown Structure is used to get a complete overview of the project and to
define its scope before the start of the project.

A work breakdown structure is often created together with the project team, which enables
a better cost and effort estimation and time it takes to complete tasks and increases
project team's motivation and feeling of self-efficacy as they are actively involved in the
planning.
 Calendar of Activities or Gantt Chart
A Gantt Chart is used to schedule all the activities before the start of the project. It lays out all
the tasks horizontally, allowing all members or stakeholders to get an overall view of the time
frame expected for the project to be completed.
 CRITICAL PATH METHOD
The critical path method is used to determine the length of a project and
to identify the activities that are critical to complete a project.
 Seasonal Calendar
The seasonal calendar helps project team map out and identify seasonal or
other events that could impact project activities and create potential bottlenecks.
 DESIGN

Venn Diagram Closing Initiation

Adjourning Forming
A Venn diagram is an illustration that uses circles to Planning
show the relationships among things or finite Storming
groups of things. Circles that overlap have a
ENDING / CLOSING
commonality while circles that do not overlap do not PROCESS DEVELOP
share those traits. Venn diagrams help to visually
represent the similarities and differences between
two concepts. Controlling Executing
Performing Norming

IMPLEMENT
 1. Accountability.

2. Improve performance.

3. Learning.

4. Communication.

REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING M&E ACTIVITIES:

 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Procurement Bidding
the process of acquiring goods, services, a procurement method in which vendors or
or works from external sources to support suppliers compete to win a contract by
the successful execution of a project. submitting their proposals or bids. It is a
competitive process used to obtain the best
value for goods, services, or works required
for a project or organization.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Risk Assessment Risk Mitigation

identifying, analyzing, and evaluating It involves systematically analyzing potential
potential risks and uncertainties that could risks, making informed decisions on how to
impact a project, organization, or process. address them.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Impact Assessment Risk Management

involves evaluating the potential effects the process of implementing strategies and
or consequences of a proposed action, actions to reduce the likelihood and/or
project, or policy on various aspects such as impact of identified risks.
the environment, social factors, economy,
and stakeholders.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Gender and Development Gender Equality

an approach that recognizes the refers to the equal rights, opportunities,
importance of gender equality and and treatment of all individuals, regardless
women's empowerment in achieving of their gender. It emphasizes the elimination
sustainable development. of discrimination, biases, and inequalities that
are based on gender.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Gender Mainstreaming Gender Responsivenes

creating inclusive spaces for all genders to
integration of gender perspectives into all
voice their concerns, ideas, and suggestions. It
stages of policy, program, and project
also explore opportunities to promote
development and implementation.
economic empowerment, particularly for
women, through the project which may
involve supporting women's involvement in
income generating activities.
COMMUNITY EDUCATION
AND TRAINING
a holistic and inclusive approach to education that takes
place within and for the community. It focuses on lifelong
learning, personal development, and community empowerment.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Andragogy Pedagogy
emphasizes the importance of adults taking focused on teaching children and young
responsibility for their own learning. learners.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Liberal Model Liberating Model

emphasizes individual autonomy, recognizing aims to challenge and transform oppressive
the rights and freedom of individuals to structures and power dynamics within
pursue their own interests and goals in the education and society.
community.
GENDER & DEVELOPMENT
HARMONIZATION (MAINSTREAMING)
refers to the integration of gender equality and social justice
principles into community education programs and
practices. It aims to ensure that community education initiatives
are inclusive, equitable, and responsive to the needs and
experiences of all genders.
TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
a systematic process of identifying gaps in knowledge, skills, and
competencies within an organization or among a group of
individuals. It helps determine the specific training and
development needs required to bridge those gaps effectively.
 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?

Training Design Training Techniques

a systematic process of developing a training methods and approaches used to deliver
program or curriculum to address identified training and facilitate effective learning
training needs. It involves planning and such as role playing, drama, ice breakers,
creating the structure, content, and delivery small group discussions, workshops, lectures,
methods that will enable effective learning and etc.
skill development.