CEMC's Open Courseware - All Exercises

10/9/2020 CEMC's Open Courseware - All Exercises, Answers, and Solutions
Exercises
Transformations of Simple Polynomial Functions
1. In an appropriate order,
a. Describe the transformations that must be applied to y = x 3 to obtain the graph of y = [− 3(x + 1)] 3 − 2.
1
b. Describe the transformations that must be applied to y = x 4 to obtain the graph of y = − 5 (x − 4) 4 + 1.
2. Match each graph with its corresponding function.

a. y = 7(x − 2) 2 − 1
b. y = − 6x 3 + 1
c. y = (x − 4) 5 + 2
d. y = (x − 2) 4 − 5
I.
II.
https://courseware.cemc.uwaterloo.ca/8/43/assignments/821/0 1/28
III.
IV.
3. For each function, y = f(x),
a. Identify the parent function and describe the transformations that must be applied to the parent function to obtain the
graph of y = f(x).
b. Graph y = f(x) and the parent function on the same set of axes. State the domain and range of y = f(x).
i. f(x) = − 2(x + 3) 3
1
ii. f(x) = 2 x 4 − 5
iii. f(x) = ( ) 1
2
x −1
3
iv. f(x) = − (2x) 4 + 7
4. Describe, using mapping notation, the image of an arbitrary point (x, y) on the graph of y = x 3 under the following
transformations and state the equation of the transformed function.
a. Vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of 3, vertical translation 2 units up
b. Horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of 4, horizontal translation left 2 units
1
c. Reflection in the y-axis, vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of 2 , horizontal translation right 3 units
1
d. Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of 4 , vertical translation 2 units up
5. Express each equation in the simplified form y = a(x − h) n + k.

2
a. y = 9 ( − 3x + 6) 3 + 4
1
b. y = − 48( − 2 x + 2) 4 + 2
6. Determine an equation for the transformed function obtained from each set of transformations described below. Express the
equation in the simplified form y = a(x − h) n + k.
a. The function f(x) = x 3 vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of 2, and translated downwards by 5 units.
1
b. The function f(x) = x 4 reflected in the x-axis, reflected in the y-axis, vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of 2 ,
3
horizontally stretched about the y-axis by a factor of 2 , translated right 2 units, and down 3 units..
c. The function f(x) = (x − 3) 4 + 1 reflected in the y-axis, translated 2 units left, and 1 unit up.
7. For the following graphs, determine an equation for the transformed function in the form y = a(x − h) n + k.
a.
b.
8. Given the point P(x, y) on the base graph of the form y = x n, n ∈ N, identify the corresponding point on the transformed
function using mapping notation.

a. y = (x − 2) 3 + 4
5
b. y = 2 x 2 − 7
5
c. y = 2(x + 2 ) 4 − 1
d. y = − ( − 2x + 5) 5 + 8
9. Given a point P(x, y) on the following transformed functions, describe (using mapping notation) the corresponding point on the
base graph of the form y = x n, n ∈ N, that maps to P.

a. y = (x + 2) 2 − 1
1
b. y = 5 x 4
c. y = − (2x − 4) 3
1
d. y = − 2 (x − 3) 5 + 4
10. How many x-intercepts will the function
f(x) = − (x + 2) n − 2, n ∈ N
have if
a. n = 3?
b. n = 4?
c. n = 2k + 1, k ∈ N?
d. n = 2k, k ∈ N?
5
11. a. The function h(x) = 2(x − 4)(x + 2)(x − 3) is reflected in the x-axis, vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of 2 ,
and translated 4 units left, 5 units down. Write an equation for the transformed function.
b. What transformations are applied to the function p(x) = 3(2x − 4)(x + 2)(x − 3) to obtain the function
q(x) = (x − 2)(x − 1)(x + 3)?
12. The graph of the function f(x) = (bx) n + k, n ∈ N is vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of 2, reflected in the x-axis,
horizontally stretched about the y-axis by a factor of 3, translated right 5 units, then down 1 unit. Three points on this new
graph g(x) are (5, − 21), (14, − 75), (11, − 37). Determine the equation of y = f(x) and the equation of the new function g(x)
under the transformations applied.
Characteristics of Polynomial Functions
1. Consider the following polynomial functions.

a. y = − 2x 3 + 4x − 5
b. f(x) = 5x 4 + 2x 3 − 4x 2 + x − 7
c. g(x) = x 5 + 2x 3 − 5x + 8
For each one, perform the following tasks.
i. Describe the end behaviour of the function.
ii. Determine the maximum and minimum number of turning points.
iii. Determine the maximum and minimum number of x-intercepts.
2. Given the graph of the polynomial function y = f(x), identify the minimum possible degree of the function and the sign of the
leading coefficient.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. If false, explain or provide a counter-example.
a. An even degree polynomial must have an even number of turning points.
b. An odd degree polynomial must have at least one x-intercept.
c. An even degree polynomial function has an absolute maximum or absolute minimum value.
d. A polynomial function with three x-intercepts must be of degree three or greater.
e. A polynomial function with n turning points must be of degree n, n ∈ N.
f. An odd degree polynomial function can have even symmetry (symmetry about the y-axis ).
4. Match the equations of the polynomial functions to the most appropriate graph. Justify your choice.
a. y = − x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x + 3
b. y = x 4 − x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x + 3
c. y = x 4 + 5x 3 + 6x 2 − 4x − 3
d. y = x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x − 3
e. y = − 2x 6 + 13x 4 − 15x 2 − x + 3
f. y = − 2x 5 − 7x 4 + 3x 3 + 18x 2 + 3
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
5. What possible number of zeros can a quartic polynomial function have? Sketch a quartic polynomial function with a negative
leading coefficient for each possibility?
6. Sketch a graph of a polynomial function that satisfies each set of conditions.

a. Degree three, two distinct x-intercepts, two turning points, and end behaviour such that y → ∞ as x → − ∞ and
y → − ∞ as x → ∞
b. Degree four, two distinct x-intercepts, three turning points, and end behaviour such that y → ∞ as x → ± ∞
c. Degree four, negative leading coefficient, three distinct x-intercepts, three turning points
d. Degree three, positive leading coefficient, one x-intercept, two turning points
e. Degree five, negative leading coefficient, two distinct x-intercepts, two turning points
f. Degree five, positive leading coefficient, one x-intercept, four turning points
7. Sketch a possible graph of each function by identifying the end behaviours and determining the x- and y-intercepts of the
function.
a. f(x) = (x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 1)(x + 4)
b. y = − 2x 3 − 3x 2 + 9x
8. Given the graph of the polynomial function f(x) = x 3 + x 2 − 6x, sketch the graph of
a. y = |f(x)|
b. y = f(|x|)
Graphs of Polynomial Functions in Factored Form
1. Match each equation to the most appropriate graph.

a. f(x) = 2x(x − 1) 2
b. y = − (x − 1) 2(x + 2) 2
c. y = − x 3(x + 1)
d. g(x) = (x + 2)(x − 1) 3
e. g(x) = − 2(x + 1) 2(x − 2) 3
I. II.
III. IV.
V. VI.
VII.
2. Sketch a possible graph of a polynomial function that satisfies the following conditions.
a. A quadratic function with a negative leading coefficient and a zero at x = − 5 of multiplicity 2.
b. A 5th degree function with a positive leading coefficient, a zero at the origin of order 2, and a zero at x = 3 of order 3.
c. A quartic function with a positive leading coefficient and two real zeros, x = 0 and x = 3 of order 2.
d. A cubic function with a negative leading coefficient and only one zero at x = 4 and two non-real zeros.
e. A quintic function with a positive leading coefficient, a zero at x = − 2, and a second zero at x = 1 of multiplicity 4.
3. Given f(x) = − 2x(3x − 2)(x + 5) and g(x) = 3x 2(x − 2) 3:

a. State the degree of each polynomial function.
b. State x-intercepts and y-intercept of each function.
c. Describe the end behaviour of each function.
d. Graph each function.
4. Sketch a possible graph for each of the following functions.
a. y = − x(x + 2)(2x − 5)
b. f(x) = 2(x − 2) 2(x + 3) 2
c. g(x) = − 0.5(x − 3)(x + 1) 3
d. y = 2x 2(x − 4) 3
e. f(x) = − x(2x + 3)(x − 2) 2
5. a. State the equation of a cubic function that has exactly two x-intercepts.
b. State the equation of a quartic function that has exactly two x-intercepts.
c. State the equation of a quintic function that has exactly two x-intercepts.
6. Sketch a possible graph for each function.

a. f(x) = − 2x 3 + 8x
b. f(x) = − x 4 − 5x 3 − 6x 2
c. f(x) = x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
7. State the x-intercepts of each function and identify at which zeros the value of the function, f(x), changes sign.
a. f(x) = x(x − 2)(x + 4) 2
b. f(x) = − 2(x + 3)(x − 4) 2
c. f(x) = − 2(x − 1) 2(x + 4) 2
8. Identify the intervals in which the following polynomial functions are positive and the intervals in which they are negative.
a. f(x) = (x − 2)(x + 1)(x + 4)
b. f(x) = − 2x(x − 4)(x + 3) 2
c. f(x) = − x 2(x − 3) 3
1
9. The cubic function f(x) = 2 (x + 3)(x − 3) 2 has a turning point at x = − 1.
a. Identify the intervals in which the polynomial function is increasing, and those in which it is decreasing.
1
b. Consider the polynomial function y = (x + 3)(x − 3) 2 + c for some constant c ∈ R. Determine the values of c such that
2
1
the graph of y = 2
(x + 3)(x − 3) 2 + c has
i. three zeros.
ii. two zeros.
iii. one zero.
iv. no zeros.
10. A family of quintic functions has a zero at x = − 3 and turning points tangent to the x-axis at x = 1 and 4.
a. State the general equation of the family.
b. State the equations of two members of the family that have end behaviour y → ∞ as x → − ∞ and y → − ∞ as x → ∞.
11. Determine a possible equation for the polynomial function y = f(x) shown below.
Equations of Polynomial Functions in Factored Form
1. Match each graph with the corresponding equation.

a. y = − x(x − 2) 2
b. y = − (x − 2)(x 2 + 2x + 3)
c. y = x(x − 2)(x + 2)
1
d. y = 2 x 3(x − 2)
e. y = x(x + 2) 2
f. y = − 2x(x + 2)(x − 2)
g. y = − (x − 2) 2(x + 2) 2
h. y = − (x − 2)(x 2 + 2x − 5)
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
2. State the equation of the family of polynomial functions satisfying the following conditions:
1 5
a. A cubic with zeros x = − 3, x = − 2 , and x = 3 .
b. A sixth degree function with zeros x = − 2 (order 2), x = 1 (order 1), and x = 5 (order 3).
c. A quartic that passes through the origin and has a point of inflection at ( )
2
3
,0 .
d. Cubic function, x-intercept at x = − 4, a turning point at (1, 0), and f(x) → − ∞ as x → ∞.
e. A quartic function with zeros at x = ± √5 and x = − 1 ± √2.
3. Given the graph of y = f(x), determine a general equation for a family of polynomials with the same end behaviour and zeros of
f(x) (note: all zeros are integer in value).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1
4. State the equation of the quartic function with zeros x = − 2 and 5 (both of multiplicity 1) and x = 2 (multiplicity 2), having a y-
intercept of 4.
5. Determine the equation given the graph of the polynomial function y = g(x) with integer zeros.
6. Find the general equation of the family of

a. quadratic functions with zeros − 3 − √5 and − 3 + √5.
b. cubic functions with zeros 0, 1 − 2√3, and 1 + 2√3.
c. quartic functions with zeros − 2, 1, and ± 3i.
d. quartic functions with zeros 3 ± √2 and − 4 ± i√3.
7. Determine the equation of the quartic function with rational coefficients, zeros 4 − √2 and − 3 + √6, and a y-intercept of − 21.
1
8. The function f(x) = 4 (x − 2) 2(x + 2) 2 has a turning point at (0, 4). Determine
a. The intervals where f(x) is positive and negative.
b. The intervals where f(x) is increasing and decreasing.
2
9. a. Determine the equation of the cubic function with zeros − 1, , and 3, passing through (4, 5).
3
b. Determine the y-intercept of the function found in part (a) and sketch its graph.
c. State the equation of the cubic function that is a reflection in the x-axis of the function described in part (a).
d. Determine algebraically the equation of the cubic function that is a reflection in the y-axis of the function described in
part (a).
10. The function f(x) = x(x + 1)(x − 2) is reflected in the x-axis, stretched horizontally from the y-axis by a factor of 2, and translated
3 units to the right. State the equation of the new function in simplest form and determine its zeros.
11. If s, t, and u are the zeros of y = 2x 3 + 5x 2 − 8, find

a. (s + t + u) 2 − √stu
1 1 1
b. + +
s t u
Finite Differences of Polynomial Functions
1. For the following tables of values,

i. Determine if the function is linear, quadratic, cubic, or quartic.
ii. Determine the leading coefficient for each polynomial function in part (i).
x y
a.
−2 0
−1 7
0 8
1 3
2 −8
3 − 25
x y
b.
1 − 70
2 − 26
3 − 10
4 −4
5 10
6 50
x y
c.
−3 139
−2 24
−1 3
0 4
1 3
2 24
2. Given the function y = − 4x 5 + 6x 2 + 1:

a. Which finite difference is constant?
b. What is the value of the constant difference when Δx = 1?
3. Sketch a possible graph for a polynomial whose 4 th finite difference is a constant value of − 36 when Δx = 1 and the function
has exactly 3 distinct zeros at − 4, − 1, and 3.
4. A polynomial function has a constant 3 rd difference of − 20 when Δx = 1, zeros at x = 0 and − 5, and a turning point at x = 0.
Find the equation of the function.
1
5. A polynomial function has a constant 4 th difference of 12 when Δx = 1, a zero at x = 2 , and a point of inflection at ( − 3, 0). Find
the equation of the function.
6. Show that the data in the given tables can be modeled by a cubic polynomial function. Determine the equation of the function
in standard form, f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d.
x y
a.
−2 − 56
−1 − 21
0 −4
1 7
2 24
3 59
x y
b.
−3 4
−2 − 29
−1 − 26
0 −5
1 16
2 19
x y
c.
−4 114
−2 22
0 2
2 6
4 − 14
6 − 106
7. a. The population of a small town from 1992 to 1997 is given in the table. The data can be modeled by a polynomial
function. Determine an equation that models the population, P, in terms of time, t, where t = 0 in 1992.
Year Population
1992 8538
1993 8515
1994 8444
1995 8331
1996 8182
1997 8003
b. According to the model, what was the population in 1988?
c. Assuming the function will continue to describe the population accurately, what will the population be in the year 2030?
d. Is it realistic to expect that this function will always accurately describe the population? Explain.
8. The first three square pyramidal numbers are 1, 5, and 14, as shown in the diagram. find the next three pyramidal numbers
and determine the equation of a polynomial function that gives the x th square pyramidal number.
9. Determine an equation of a polynomial function y = f(n), where f(n) is the maximum number of regions that n lines divide the
plane into.
Even and Odd Polynomial Functions
1. For each of the following functions, determine whether it is
i. an even or odd degree polynomial function.
ii. an even function, odd function, or neither.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. f(x) = 3x 2 + 4
f. f(x) = − 2x + 5
g. f(x) = 2x 2 + 3x
h. f(x) = − 3x 3 + x
i. f(x) = − x 4 + 6x 2 − 1
j. f(x) = x 3 + x 2 − x
2. Determine algebraically if the function is an even function, odd function, or neither.
a. f(x) = 3 − x 2 + 5x 4
b. f(x) = 3x 5 + x 3 − 1
c. g(x) = 4x − 3x 3 + x 5
3. Are the following statements true or false?
a. An even polynomial function must be an even degree polynomial function.
b. An odd degree polynomial function must be an odd function.
c. An even polynomial function must have an even number of x-intercepts.
d. An odd polynomial function must have an odd number of x-intercepts.
e. An odd polynomial function must have an odd number of turning points.
f. An odd polynomial function must pass through the origin.
1
4. a. Sketch the graph of y = − 2 x(x − 4) 2(x + 4) 2.
b. From your sketch, is it possible to determine if the function is even, odd, or neither? Explain.
c. Determine, algebraically, if y = − 2x(x − 4) 2(x + 4) 2 is even, odd, or neither.
5. a. Sketch the graph of a polynomial function with the following characteristics:
i. the function is an even function
ii. as x → ∞, y → − ∞
iii. the function has exactly 3 x-intercepts
b. Sketch the graph of two polynomial functions of different degree with the following characteristics:
i. the function is an odd function
ii. as x → ∞, y → ∞
iii. the function has exactly 3 x-intercepts
6. a. Determine an equation, in factored form, for an even polynomial function with a turning point at (2, 0). Show
algebraically that the function is even.
b. Determine an equation, in factored form, for an odd polynomial function with one of its zeros at x = 2. Show
algebraically that the function is odd.
7. a. If y = f(x) is an odd polynomial function, which of the following are odd polynomial functions?
i. y = f(x + 2)
ii. y = − f(x)
iii. y = f(2x)
iv. y = 2f(x)
v. y = f(x) + 2
vi. y = f( − x)
b. If y = f(x) is an even polynomial function, which of the functions in part a) would be even polynomial functions?
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10/9/2020 CEMC's Open Courseware - All Exercises, Answers, and Solutions

Transformations of Simple Polynomial Functions

2. Match each graph with its corresponding function.

3. For each function, y = f(x),

iv. f(x) = − (2x) 4 + 7

5. Express each equation in the simplified form y = a(x − h) n + k.

function using mapping notation.

base graph of the form y = x n, n ∈ N, that maps to P.

10. How many x-intercepts will the function

under the transformations applied.

Characteristics of Polynomial Functions

1. Consider the following polynomial functions.

For each one, perform the following tasks.

i. Describe the end behaviour of the function.

ii. Determine the maximum and minimum number of turning points.

iii. Determine the maximum and minimum number of x-intercepts.

b. An odd degree polynomial must have at least one x-intercept.

d. A polynomial function with three x-intercepts must be of degree three or greater.

e. A polynomial function with n turning points must be of degree n, n ∈ N.

6. Sketch a graph of a polynomial function that satisfies each set of conditions.

Graphs of Polynomial Functions in Factored Form

1. Match each equation to the most appropriate graph.

e. g(x) = − 2(x + 1) 2(x − 2) 3

3. Given f(x) = − 2x(3x − 2)(x + 5) and g(x) = 3x 2(x − 2) 3:

b. State x-intercepts and y-intercept of each function.

c. Describe the end behaviour of each function.

d. Graph each function.

4. Sketch a possible graph for each of the following functions.

b. f(x) = 2(x − 2) 2(x + 3) 2

c. g(x) = − 0.5(x − 3)(x + 1) 3

e. f(x) = − x(2x + 3)(x − 2) 2

6. Sketch a possible graph for each function.

b. f(x) = − 2(x + 3)(x − 4) 2

c. f(x) = − 2(x − 1) 2(x + 4) 2

a. f(x) = (x − 2)(x + 1)(x + 4)

b. f(x) = − 2x(x − 4)(x + 3) 2

ii. two zeros.

iii. one zero.

Equations of Polynomial Functions in Factored Form

1. Match each graph with the corresponding equation.

d. Cubic function, x-intercept at x = − 4, a turning point at (1, 0), and f(x) → − ∞ as x → ∞.

e. A quartic function with zeros at x = ± √5 and x = − 1 ± √2.

6. Find the general equation of the family of

b. cubic functions with zeros 0, 1 − 2√3, and 1 + 2√3.

c. quartic functions with zeros − 2, 1, and ± 3i.

d. quartic functions with zeros 3 ± √2 and − 4 ± i√3.

b. The intervals where f(x) is increasing and decreasing.

11. If s, t, and u are the zeros of y = 2x 3 + 5x 2 − 8, find

Finite Differences of Polynomial Functions

1. For the following tables of values,

2. Given the function y = − 4x 5 + 6x 2 + 1:

b. What is the value of the constant difference when Δx = 1?

b. According to the model, what was the population in 1988?

Even and Odd Polynomial Functions

1. For each of the following functions, determine whether it is

i. an even or odd degree polynomial function.

ii. an even function, odd function, or neither.

2. Determine algebraically if the function is an even function, odd function, or neither.

3. Are the following statements true or false?

a. An even polynomial function must be an even degree polynomial function.