The document summarizes the structure and components of eukaryotic cells. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and describes its main parts, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The summary describes the key structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
The document summarizes the structure and components of eukaryotic cells. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and describes its main parts, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The summary describes the key structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
The document summarizes the structure and components of eukaryotic cells. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and describes its main parts, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The summary describes the key structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
The document summarizes the structure and components of eukaryotic cells. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and describes its main parts, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The summary describes the key structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, and ribosomes.
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1.1 Cell Biology
STRUCTURE OF A CELL INTRODUCTION TO CELLS Cell Robert Hooke smallest unit of life responsible for all created the primitive microscope life’s processes all his findings from the instrument has three main components: the cell were published with the title membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA “Micrographia” in 1665 lowest level of organization in any coined the scientific term “cell” from life form the little holes he observed in corks (dead cells with remaining Unicellular membrane) that resembled the cells organism made up of a singular cell or tiny rooms the monks lived in Multicellular Antonie von Leeuwenhoek made up of multiple cells Dutch lens crafter inspired by Hooke’s observations Mycoplasmas was able to observe living and smallest cells known unicellular organisms (sperm) in the 1670s TYPES OF CELLS also observed protists (unicellular, eukaryotic, possessing cell walls) and called them “animacules” Eukaryotic Cells contains the organelles (nucleus and Modern Cell Theory other special parts) developed in the 1830s by Matthias derived from the Greek word “eu” Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (good) and “karyon” (kernel), who created the first two statements translating to true or good nuclei the last statement was proposed by sometimes have cell walls with Robert Remak but was plagiarized simple chemical composition by Rudolph Virchow has a nucleus, larger ribosomes, states that: mitochondria, linear DNA arrangement, endoplasmic 1. All living things are composed of one reticulum, cell organelles, or more cells. lysosomes, centrosomes, and larger 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. flagella 3. All cells are created by other cells. * goes through mitosis for cell division (not entirely factual since the first reproduces through asexual and cell may be produced from sexual processes phospholipids that were able to form includes plant and animal cells bi-layers that act as membranes)
1 cet reviewers 20 24 science: biology 20 25 Animal Cells differ from Plant cells since they contain lysosomes and centrosomes. Moreover, only plant cells possess chloroplasts, other special plastids, and a large central vacuole.
Prokaryotic Cells do not have a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nor membrane-enclosed organelles have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus (nucleoid region) always unicellular examples include bacteria derived from the Greek word “pro” Plasma Membrane (before) and “karyon” (kernel) which also known as the cell membrane translates to before nuclei always present in living cells found one of the most ancient groups of in multicellular organisms living organisms on Earth semi-permeable membrane that comparatively smaller and simpler separates the inner contents of the compared to eukaryotes cell from its exterior environment usually have cell walls, circular DNA described as a phospholipid layer arrangement, smaller and spherical with embedded proteins that control ribosomes, plasmids, and smaller the passage of organic molecules, flagella ions, water, and oxygen into and out performs cell division through binary of the cell fission or conjugation wastes pass through this part to reproduces asexually escape the cell
Cell Wall a rigid structure present outside of a STRUCTURE OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL plant cell absent in animal cells provides shape to cell and helps in cell-to-cell interactions protective layer that keeps the cell safe from any injury or pathogen attacks composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, proteins, etc. divided into three layers: the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall
2 cet reviewers 20 24 science: biology 20 25 gel-like substance part of the Cytoskeleton nucleus that stores chromatin a filamentous network present in the cytoplasm of a cell Chromatin provides mechanical support long strands of nucleic acids (DNA maintains the shape of the cell and RNA) and other proteins helps in motility (histones) describes the material that makes up Endoplasmic Reticulum chromosomes network of small tubular structures protein-chromosome complexes divides the space of eukaryotic cells (bead-like structure) into two parts: luminal (inside the ER) and extra-luminal (cytoplasm) Chromosomes divided into two types: structures within the nucleus made o Smooth ER – main site of up of DNA, the hereditary material lipid synthesis and linear structure in eukaryotes characterized to be smooth 46 in human bodies due to lack of ribosomes Only visible and distinguishable o Rough ER – site of protein when the cell is ready to divide synthesis and rough due to the presence of ribosomes; helps in folding proteins and transporting it to the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Golgi apparatus in vesicles the instruction manual or blueprint of the cell stores the generic information of the Nucleus cell the command-and-control center of the cell Histones house the cell’s DNA, and direct material where DNA is wrapped synthesis of ribosomes and proteins around to form a structure stores genetic information necessary resembling beads glued on a string for development and reproduction Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope condensed region of chromatins double-membrane structure that where ribosome synthesis occurs surrounds the nucleus the outer membrane is continuous Ribosomes with the nucleus while the inner large complexes of protein and membrane has small “nuclear pores” ribonucleic acids (RNA) that allow substances to enter or exit cellular organelles responsible for the nucleus protein synthesis
Nucleoplasm
3 cet reviewers 20 24 science: biology 20 25 receive orders from the nucleus where the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) mRNA travels to the ribosomes which translates the code provided by the sequence of nitrogenous bases in the mRNA into a specific order of amino acids in a protein made up of a large and small subunit
