Problem 8.

18 For some types of glass, the index of refraction varies with

wavelength. A prism made of a material with
4
n = 1.71 − λ0 (λ0 in µ m),
30
where λ0 is the wavelength in vacuum, was used to disperse white light as shown in
Fig. P8.18. The white light is incident at an angle of 50◦ , the wavelength λ0 of red
light is 0.7 µ m, and that of violet light is 0.4 µ m. Determine the angular dispersion
in degrees.
Solution:

B
Angular dispersion
60°
A
50° Red
θ3 θ4 Gree
n
θ2 C
Vio
let

Figure P8.18: Prism of Problem 8.18.

For violet,
4 sin θ sin 50◦
nv = 1.71 − × 0.4 = 1.66, sin θ2 = = ,
30 nv 1.66
or
θ2 = 27.48◦ .
From the geometry of triangle ABC,

180◦ = 60◦ + (90◦ − θ2 ) + (90◦ − θ3 ),

or
θ3 = 60◦ − θ2 = 60 − 27.48◦ = 32.52◦ ,
and
sin θ4 = nv sin θ3 = 1.66 sin 32.52◦ = 0.89,
or
θ4 = 63.18◦ .
For red,
4
nr = 1.71 − × 0.7 = 1.62,
· 30 ◦ ¸
−1 sin 50
θ2 = sin = 28.22◦ ,
1.62
θ3 = 60◦ − 28.22◦ = 31.78◦ ,
θ4 = sin−1 [1.62 sin 31.78◦ ] = 58.56◦ .

Hence, angular dispersion = 63.18◦ − 58.56◦ = 4.62◦ .

Problem 8.27 A plane wave in air with
e i = ŷ 20e− j(3x+4z)
E (V/m)

is incident upon the planar surface of a dielectric material, with εr = 4, occupying the
half-space z ≥ 0. Determine:
(a) The polarization of the incident wave.
(b) The angle of incidence.
(c) The time-domain expressions for the reflected electric and magnetic fields.
(d) The time-domain expressions for the transmitted electric and magnetic fields.
(e) The average power density carried by the wave in the dielectric medium.
Solution:
e i = ŷ 20e− j(3x+4z) V/m.
(a) E
Since Ei is along ŷ, which is perpendicular to the plane of incidence, the wave is
perpendicularly polarized.
(b) From Eq. (8.48a), the argument of the exponential is

− jk1 (x sin θi + z cos θi ) = − j(3x + 4z).

Hence,
k1 sin θi = 3, k1 cos θi = 4,
from which we determine that
3
tan θi = or θi = 36.87◦ ,
4
and p
k1 = 32 + 42 = 5 (rad/m).
Also,
ω = up k = ck = 3 × 108 × 5 = 1.5 × 109 (rad/s).
(c)

η1 = η0 = 377 Ω,
η0 η0
η2 = √ = = 188.5 Ω,
εr2 2
· ¸ · ¸
−1 sin θi
◦
−1 sin 36.87
θt = sin √ = sin √ = 17.46◦ ,
εr2 4
η2 cos θi − η1 cos θt
Γ⊥ = = −0.41,
η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt
 τ⊥ = 1 + Γ⊥ = 0.59.

In accordance with Eq. (8.49a), and using the relation E0r = Γ⊥ E0i ,

e r = −ŷ 8.2 e− j(3x−4z) ,

E
e r = −(x̂ cos θi + ẑ sin θi ) 8.2 e− j(3x−4z) ,
H
η0
where we used the fact that θi = θr and the z-direction has been reversed.

e r e jω t ] = −ŷ 8.2 cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x + 4z) (V/m),

Er = Re[E
Hr = −(x̂ 17.4 + ẑ 13.06) cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x + 4z) (mA/m).

(d) In medium 2,
r
ε2 √
k2 = k1 = 5 4 = 20 (rad/m),
ε1
and ·r ¸ · ¸
ε1 −1 1
θt = sin −1
sin θi = sin ◦
sin 36.87 = 17.46◦
ε2 2
and the exponent of Et and Ht is

− jk2 (x sin θt + z cos θt ) = − j10(x sin 17.46◦ + z cos 17.46◦ ) = − j(3x + 9.54 z).

Hence,

e t = ŷ 20 × 0.59 e− j(3x+9.54 z) ,
E
e t = (−x̂ cos θt + ẑ sin θt ) 20 × 0.59 e− j(3x+9.54 z) .
H
η2
e t jω t
E = Re[E e ] = ŷ 11.8 cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x − 9.54 z) (V/m),
t

11.8
Ht = (−x̂ cos 17.46◦ + ẑ sin 17.46◦ ) cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x − 9.54 z)
188.5
= (−x̂ 59.72 + ẑ 18.78) cos(1.5 × 109t − 3x − 9.54 z) (mA/m).

(e)
t |E0t |2 (11.8)2
Sav = = = 0.36 (W/m2 ).
2η2 2 × 188.5
 9.3
Problem 9.2 A 1-m–long dipole is excited by a 1-MHz current with an amplitude
of 12 A. What is the average power density radiated by the dipole at a distance of
5 km in a direction that is 45◦ from the dipole axis?
Solution: At 1 MHz, λ = c/ f = 3 × 108 /106 = 300 m. Hence l/λ = 1/300, and
therefore the antenna is a Hertzian dipole. From Eq. (9.12),
µ ¶
η0 k2 I02 l 2
S(R, θ ) = sin2 θ
32π 2 R2
120π × (2π /300)2 × 122 × 12 2 ◦
= sin 45 = 1.51 × 10−9 (W/m2 ).
32π 2 × (5 × 103 )2
 9.14
Problem 9.12 Assuming the loss resistance of a half-wave dipole antenna to be
negligibly small and ignoring the reactance component of its antenna impedance,
calculate the standing-wave ratio on a 50-Ω transmission line connected to the dipole
antenna.
Solution: According to Eq. (9.48), a half wave dipole has a radiation resistance of
73 Ω. To the transmission line, this behaves as a load, so the reflection coefficient is
Rrad − Z0 73 Ω − 50 Ω
Γ= = = 0.187,
Rrad + Z0 73 Ω + 50 Ω
and the standing wave ratio is

1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.187
S= = = 1.46.
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.187
 9.23
Problem 9.20 A 3-GHz line-of-sight microwave communication link consists of
two lossless parabolic dish antennas, each 1 m in diameter. If the receive antenna
requires 10 nW of receive power for good reception and the distance between the
antennas is 40 km, how much power should be transmitted?
Solution: At f = 3 GHz, λ = c/ f = (3 × 108 m/s)/(3 × 109 Hz) = 0.10 m. Solving
the Friis transmission formula (Eq. (9.75)) for the transmitted power:

λ 2 R2
Pt = Prec
ξt ξr At Ar
2
(0.100 m)2 (40 × 103 m)
= 10−8 = 25.9 × 10−2 W = 259 mW.
1 × 1 × ( π4 (1 m)2 )( π4 (1 m)2 )
Problem 8.19 The two prisms in Fig. P8.19 are made of glass with n = 1.5. What
fraction of the power density carried by the ray incident upon the top prism emerges
from the bottom prism? Neglect multiple internal reflections.

45°
1 2
Si
90°
45°
3

4
45°
90°

5
St
6
45°

Figure P8.19: Periscope prisms of Problem 8.19.

Solution: Using η = η0 /n, at interfaces 1 and 4,

n1 − n2 1 − 1.5
Γa = = = −0.2.
n1 + n2 1 + 1.5
At interfaces 3 and 6,
Γb = −Γa = 0.2.
At interfaces 2 and 5,
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1
θc = sin −1
= sin−1
= 41.81◦ .
n 1.5

Hence, total internal reflection takes place at those interfaces. At interfaces 1, 3, 4

and 6, the ratio of power density transmitted to that incident is (1 − Γ2 ). Hence,

St
= (1 − Γ2 )4 = (1 − (0.2)2 )4 = 0.85.
Si
Problem 8.22 Figure P8.22 depicts a beaker containing a block of glass on the
bottom and water over it. The glass block contains a small air bubble at an unknown
depth below the water surface. When viewed from above at an angle of 60◦ , the air
bubble appears at a depth of 6.81 cm. What is the true depth of the air bubble?

60°
x

da

θ2

10 cm
dt
θ2

x1 x2
θ3 d2

Figure P8.22: Apparent position of the air bubble in

Problem 8.22.

Solution: Let
da = 6.81 cm = apparent depth,
dt = true depth.
· ¸ · ¸
n1 1
θ2 = sin−1
sin θi = sin−1
sin 60 = 40.6◦ ,
◦
n2 1.33
· ¸ · ¸
−1 n1 1
θ3 = sin sin θi = sin−1
sin 60 = 32.77◦ ,
◦
n3 1.6
x1 = (10 cm) × tan 40.6◦ = 8.58 cm,
x = da cot 30◦ = 6.81 cot 30◦ = 11.8 cm.
Hence,
x2 = x − x1 = 11.8 − 8.58 = 3.22 cm,
and
d2 = x2 cot 32.77◦ = (3.22 cm) × cot 32.77◦ = 5 cm.
Hence, dt = (10 + 5) = 15 cm.
Problem 8.28 Repeat Problem 8.27 for a wave in air with

e i = ŷ 2 × 10−2 e− j(8x+6z)
H (A/m)

incident upon the planar boundary of a dielectric medium (z ≥ 0) with εr = 9.

Solution:
(a) He i = ŷ 2 × 10−2 e− j(8x+6z) .
Since Hi is along ŷ, which is perpendicular to the plane of incidence, the wave is
TM polarized, or equivalently, its electric field vector is parallel polarized (parallel to
the plane of incidence).
(b) From Eq. (8.65b), the argument of the exponential is

− jk1 (x sin θi + z cos θi ) = − j(8x + 6z).

Hence,
k1 sin θi = 8, k1 cos θi = 6,
from which we determine
µ ¶
8
θi = tan−1 = 53.13◦ ,
6
p
k1 = 62 + 82 = 10 (rad/m).

Also,
ω = up k = ck = 3 × 108 × 10 = 3 × 109 (rad/s).
(c)

η1 = η0 = 377 Ω,
η0 η0
η2 = √ = = 125.67 Ω,
εr2 3
· ¸ · ¸
−1 sin θi
◦
−1 sin 53.13
θt = sin √ = sin √ = 15.47◦ ,
εr2 9
η2 cos θt − η1 cos θi
Γk = = −0.30,
η2 cos θt + η1 cos θi
cos θi
τk = (1 + Γk ) = 0.44.
cos θt

In accordance with Eqs. (8.65a) to (8.65d), E0i = 2 × 10−2 η1 and

e i = (x̂ cos θi − ẑ sin θi ) 2 × 10−2 η1 e− j(8x+6z) = (x̂ 4.52 − ẑ 6.03) e− j(8x+6z) .

E
e r is similar to E
E e i except for reversal of z-components and multiplication of amplitude
by Γk . Hence, with Γk = −0.30,

e r e jω t ] = −(x̂ 1.36 + ẑ 1.81) cos(3 × 109t − 8x + 6z) V/m,

Er = Re[E
Hr = ŷ 2 × 10−2 Γk cos(3 × 109t − 8x + 6z)
= −ŷ 0.6 × 10−2 cos(3 × 109t − 8x + 6z) A/m.

(d) In medium 2,
r
ε2 √
k2 = k1 = 10 9 = 30 rad/m,
ε1
·r ¸ · ¸
ε2 −1 1
θt = sin−1
sin θi = sin sin 53.13 = 15.47◦ ,
◦
ε1 3

and the exponent of Et and Ht is

− jk2 (x sin θt + z cos θt ) = − j30(x sin 15.47◦ + z cos 15.47◦ ) = − j(8x + 28.91 z).

Hence,

e t = (x̂ cos θt − ẑ sin θt )E0i τk e− j(8x+28.91 z)

E
= (x̂ 0.96 − ẑ 0.27) 2 × 10−2 × 377 × 0.44 e− j(8x+28.91 z)
= (x̂ 3.18 − ẑ 0.90) e− j(8x+28.91 z) ,
E0i τk − j(8x+28.91 z)
e t = ŷ
H e
η2
= ŷ 2.64 × 10−2 e− j(8x+28.91 z) ,
Et = Re{E e t e jω t }
= (x̂ 3.18 − ẑ 0.90) cos(3 × 109t − 8x − 28.91 z) V/m,
Ht = ŷ 2.64 × 10−2 cos(3 × 109t − 8x − 28.91 z) A/m.

(e)

|E0t |2 |H0t |2 (2.64 × 10−2 )2

t
Sav = = η2 = × 125.67 = 44 mW/m2 .
2η2 2 2
Problem 8.29 A plane wave in air with

e i = (x̂ 9 − ŷ 4 − ẑ 6)e− j(2x+3z)

E (V/m)

is incident upon the planar surface of a dielectric material, with εr = 2.25, occupying
the half-space z ≥ 0. Determine
(a) The incidence angle θi .
(b) The frequency of the wave.
e r of the reflected wave.
(c) The field E
e t of the wave transmitted into the dielectric medium.
(d) The field E
(e) The average power density carried by the wave into the dielectric medium.
Solution:

θ2
z
θi

(a) From the exponential of the given expression, it is clear that the wave direction
of travel is in the x–z plane. By comparison with the expressions in (8.48a) for
perpendicular polarization or (8.65a) for parallel polarization, both of which have
the same phase factor, we conclude that:

k1 sin θi = 2,
k1 cos θi = 3.
Hence,
p
k1 = 22 + 32 = 3.6 (rad/m)
θi = tan−1 (2/3) = 33.7◦ .

Also,
√ √
k2 = k1 εr2 = 3.6 2.25 = 5.4 (rad/m)
" r #
1
θ2 = sin−1 sin θi = 21.7◦ .
2.25

(b)
2π f
k1 =
c
k1 c 3.6 × 3 × 108
f= = = 172 MHz.
2π 2π
(c) In order to determine the electric field of the reflected wave, we first have to
determine the polarization of the wave. The vector argument in the given expression
e i indicates that the incident wave is a mixture of parallel and perpendicular
for E
polarization components. Perpendicular polarization has a ŷ-component only (see
8.46a), whereas parallel polarization has only x̂ and ẑ components (see 8.65a). Hence,
we shall decompose the incident wave accordingly:

ei = E
E e i⊥ + E
e ik

with
e i⊥ = −ŷ 4e− j(2x+3z)
E (V/m)
e ik
E = (x̂ 9 − ẑ 6)e− j(2x+3z) (V/m)

From the above expressions, we deduce:

i
E⊥0 = −4 V/m
p
i
Ek0 = 92 + 62 = 10.82 V/m.

Next, we calculate Γ and τ for each of the two polarizations:

q
cos θi − (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
Γ⊥ = q
cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
Using θi = 33.7◦ and ε2 /ε1 = 2.25/1 = 2.25 leads to:

Γ⊥ = −0.25
τ⊥ = 1 + Γ⊥ = 0.75.

Similarly,
q
−(ε2 /ε1 ) cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
Γ⊥ = q = −0.15,
(ε2 /ε1 ) cos θi + (ε2 /ε1 ) − sin2 θi
cos θi cos 33.7◦
τk = (1 + Γk ) = (1 − 0.15) = 0.76.
cos θt cos 21.7◦
The electric fields of the reflected and transmitted waves for the two polarizations are
given by (8.49a), (8.49c), (8.65c), and (8.65e):

e r⊥ = ŷ E⊥0
E r
e− jk1 (x sin θr −z cos θr )
e t⊥ = ŷ E t e− jk2 (x sin θt +z cos θt )
E ⊥0
e rk = (x̂ cos θr + ẑ sin θr )E r e− jk1 (x sin θr −z cos θr )
E k0
e tk = (x̂ cos θt − ẑ sin θt )E t e− jk2 (x sin θt +z cos θt )
E k0

Based on our earlier calculations:

θr = θi = 33.7◦
θt = 21.7◦
k1 = 3.6 rad/m, k2 = 5.4 rad/m,
r
E⊥0 = Γ⊥ E⊥0
i
= (−0.25) × (−4) = 1 V/m.
t
E⊥0 = τ⊥ E⊥0
i
= 0.75 × (−4) = −3 V/m.
r
Ek0 = Γk Ek0
i
= (−0.15) × 10.82 = −1.62 V/m.
t
Ek0 = τk Ek0
i
= 0.76 × 10.82 = 8.22 V/m.

Using the above values, we have:

er = E
E e rk
e r⊥ + E
r
= (x̂ Ek0 cos θr + ŷ E⊥0
r r
+ ẑ Ek0 sin θr )e− j(2x−3z)
= (−x̂ 1.35 + ŷ − ẑ 0.90)e− j(2x−3z) (V/m).
(d)

et = E
E e t⊥ + E
e tk
= (x̂ 7.65 − ŷ3 − ẑ 3.05)e− j(2x+5z) (V/m).

(e)

|E0t |2
St =
2η2
|E0 | = (7.65)2 + 32 + (3.05)2 = 76.83
t 2

η0 377
η2 = √ = = 251.3 Ω
εr2 1.5
76.83
St = = 152.86 (mW/m2 ).
2 × 251.3
Problem 9.1 A center-fed Hertzian dipole is excited by a current I0 = 20 A. If the
dipole is λ /50 in length, determine the maximum radiated power density at a distance
of 1 km.
Solution: From Eq. (9.14), the maximum power density radiated by a Hertzian dipole
is given by

η0 k2 I02 l 2 377 × (2π /λ )2 × 202 × (λ /50)2

S0 = =
32π 2 R2 32π 2 (103 )2
= 7.6 × 10−6 W/m2 = 7.6 (µ W/m2 ).
 9.16
Problem 9.14 For a short dipole with length l such that l ≪ λ , instead of treating
e as constant along the dipole, as was done in Section 9-1, a more
the current I(z)
realistic approximation that ensures the current goes to zero at the dipole ends is to
e by the triangular function
describe I(z)
½
e I0 (1 − 2z/l), for 0 ≤ z ≤ l/2
I(z) =
I0 (1 + 2z/l), for − l/2 ≤ z ≤ 0
as shown in Fig. P9.14. Use this current distribution to determine the following:
e θ , φ ).
(a) The far-field E(R,
(b) The power density S(R, θ , φ ).
(c) The directivity D.
(d) The radiation resistance Rrad .

~
I(z)

l I0

Figure P9.14: Triangular current distribution on a short

dipole (Problem 9.14).

Solution:
(a) When the current along the dipole was assumed to be constant and equal to I0 ,
the vector potential was given by Eq. (9.3) as:
µ ¶ Z l/2
e µ0 e− jkR
A(R) = ẑ I0 dz.
4π R −l/2

If the triangular current function is assumed instead, then I0 in the above expression
should be replaced with the given expression. Hence,
µ ¶ ·Z l/2 µ ¶ Z 0 µ ¶ ¸ µ ¶
e µ0 e− jkR 2z 2z µ0 I0 l e− jkR
A = ẑ I0 1− dz + 1+ dz = ẑ ,
4π R 0 l −l/2 l 8π R
which is half that obtained for the constant-current case given by Eq. (9.3). Hence,
the expression given by (9.9a) need only be modified by the factor of 1/2:
µ ¶
jI0 lkη0 e− jkR
θ θ
E = θ̂ Eθ = θ̂
e e sin θ .
8π R
 (b) The corresponding power density is
µ ¶
|Eeθ |2 η0 k2 I02 l 2
S(R, θ ) = = sin2 θ .
2η0 128π 2 R2

(c) The power density is 4 times smaller than that for the constant current case, but
the reduction is true for all directions. Hence, D remains unchanged at 1.5.
(d) Since S(R, θ ) is 4 times smaller, the total radiated power Prad is 4-times
smaller. Consequently, Rrad = 2Prad /I02 is 4 times smaller than the expression given
by Eq. (9.35); that is,
Rrad = 20π 2 (l/λ )2 (Ω).
 9.21
Problem 9.18 A car antenna is a vertical monopole over a conducting surface.
Repeat Problem 9.5 for a 1-m–long car antenna operating at 1 MHz. The antenna
wire is made of aluminum with µc = µ0 and σc = 3.5 × 107 S/m, and its diameter is
1 cm.
Solution:
(a) Following Example 9-3, λ = c/ f = (3 × 108 m/s)/(106 Hz) = 300 m. As
l/λ = 2 × (1 m)/(300 m) = 0.0067, this antenna is a short (Hertzian) monopole.
From Section 9-3.3, the radiation resistance of a monopole is half that for a
corresponding dipole. Thus,

l 2
Rrad = 21 80π 2 ( ) = 40π 2 (0.0067)2 = 17.7 (mΩ),
λ s
r
l π f µc 1m π (106 Hz)(4π × 10−7 H/m)
Rloss = = = 10.7 mΩ,
2π a σc π (10−2 m) 3.5 × 107 S/m
Rrad 17.7 mΩ
ξ= = = 62%.
Rrad + Rloss 17.7 mΩ + 10.7 mΩ
(b) From Example 9-2, a Hertzian dipole has a directivity of 1.5. The gain, from
Eq. (9.29), is G = ξ D = 0.62 × 1.5 = 0.93 = −0.3 dB.
(c) From Eq. (9.30a),
r r
2Prad 2(80 W)
I0 = = = 95 A,
Rrad 17.7 mΩ
and from Eq. (9.31),
Prad 80 W
Pt = = = 129.2 W.
ξ 0.62
 9.24
Problem 9.21 A half-wave dipole TV broadcast antenna transmits 1 kW at 50 MHz.
What is the power received by a home television antenna with 3-dB gain if located at
a distance of 30 km?
Solution: At f = 50 MHz, λ = c/ f = (3 × 108 m/s)/(50 × 106 Hz) = 6 m, for which
a half wave dipole, or larger antenna, is very reasonable to construct. Assuming the
TV transmitter to have a vertical half wave dipole, its gain in the direction of the
home would be Gt = 1.64. The home antenna has a gain of Gr = 3 dB = 2. From the
Friis transmission formula (Eq. (9.75)):

λ 2 Gr Gt (6 m)2 × 1.64 × 2
Prec = Pt = 103 = 8.3 × 10−7 W.
(4π )2 R2 (4π )2 (30 × 103 m)2
 9.25
Problem 9.22 A 150-MHz communication link consists of two vertical half-wave
dipole antennas separated by 2 km. The antennas are lossless, the signal occupies a
bandwidth of 3 MHz, the system noise temperature of the receiver is 600 K, and the
desired signal-to-noise ratio is 17 dB. What transmitter power is required?
Solution: From Eq. (9.77), the receiver noise power is

Pn = KTsys B = 1.38 × 10−23 × 600 × 3 × 106 = 2.48 × 10−14 W.

For a signal to noise ratio Sn = 17 dB = 50, the received power must be at least

Prec = Sn Pn = 50(2.48 × 10−14 W) = 1.24 × 10−12 W.

Since the two antennas are half-wave dipoles, Eq. (9.47) states Dt = Dr = 1.64, and
since the antennas are both lossless, Gt = Dt and Gr = Dr . Since the operating
frequency is f = 150 MHz, λ = c/ f = (3 × 108 m/s)/(150 × 106 Hz) = 2 m. Solving
the Friis transmission formula (Eq. (9.75)) for the transmitted power:
2
(4π )2 R2 (4π )2 (2 × 103 m)
Pt = Prec 2 = 1.24 × 10−12 = 75 (µ W).
λ Gr Gt (2 m)2 (1.64)(1.64)
 9.26
Problem 9.23 Consider the communication system shown in Fig. P9.23, with all
components properly matched. If Pt = 10 W and f = 6 GHz:
(a) What is the power density at the receiving antenna (assuming proper alignment
of antennas)?
(b) What is the received power?
(c) If Tsys = 1, 000 K and the receiver bandwidth is 20 MHz, what is the signal-to-
noise ratio in decibels?

Gt = 20 dB Gr = 23 dB

Pt 20 km Prec

Tx Rx

Figure P9.23: Communication system of Problem 9.23.

Solution:
(a) Gt = 20 dB = 100, Gr = 23 dB = 200, and λ = c/ f = 5 cm. From Eq. (9.72),

Pt 102 × 10
Sr = Gt = = 2 × 10−7 (W/m2 ).
4π R2 4π × (2 × 104 )2

(b)
µ ¶2 µ ¶2
λ 5 × 10−2
Prec = Pt Gt Gr = 10 × 100 × 200 × = 7.92 × 10−9 W.
4π R 4π × 2 × 104

(c)

Pn = KTsys B = 1.38 × 10−23 × 103 × 2 × 107 = 2.76 × 10−13 W,

Prec 7.92 × 10−9
Sn = = = 2.87 × 104 = 44.6 dB.
Pn 2.76 × 10−13