TUTORIAL-2

CHEMICAL BONDING
1. The BF molecule is isoelectronic with CO.
i) Construct and MO diagram for the BF molecule. What assumptions can be made in
BF which make the MO construction for this molecule much more straightforward
than for CO?
ii) Discuss the similarities and differences in the electronic structures of BF and CO in
terms of  and  boning and non-bonding orbitals. What possible lewis structures
can be drawn for BF and CO, and which of these is most reasonable for eahc
species based on your diagram? 10+10
2. Construct the MO diagram for the CO molecule. On the basis of the diagram,
state whether the bonding in metal carbonyls is of the type M – C or M – O.
Explain your reasoning. You may ignore the is electrons. 10
3. (a) Deduce the Born –Lande equation for lattice energy. What modifications are imposed on
this for better results? 10
b) Draw thre moleculear orbital diagrams for N2 and NO. based on the diagrams,
find the bond orders and comment on the magnetic properties of the two. 20
4. (a) Calculate the redius radius ratio (r c/ra) in an octahedral lattice. Explain why lithium salts
crystallize in octahedral lattice, although radius – ratio values are much below the expected
ratio. 10
b) Point out the main features of the valence bond and molecular orbital theroies. For
the H2 the H2 molecule , write down the wave function using
i) Valence bond theroy
ii) Molecular orbital theory
Suggest improvements to the wave functions. 10
5. (a) (i) Compare the molecules OF, OF- and OF+, discussing molecular orbitals, bond orders,
bond lengths, bond energies, and paramagnetism. 15
ii) Which of the following pairs is expected to have the larger bond angle and
why? 10
(1) H 2O and NH 3 (2) SF2 and BeF2

(3) BF3 and BF 4 (4) PH 3and NH 3
(5) NH 3 and NF3
6. If germanium shows photooconductivity at a wavelength of 1824 nm, calculate the energy
gap between the valence band and conduction band in germanium. 20
7. Set up Born-Haber cycle fo determining the enethalpy of solvation of Mg 2+ ions from MgCl2
by water. 12

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8. a) Draw and label an energy level diagram for molecular orbitals up to  * 2 p. use the
diagram to explain why.
i) The bond length of Li2 is much greater that that of B2.
ii) B2 is paramagnetic, but C2 is not.
iii) NO+ is more stable twoards dissociation into its atoms that NO, whereas CO+
is less stable than CO. 20
9. (a) Draw the MO energy level diagrams for N2 and O2 molecules. Predict their magnetic
behaviours and also calculate the bond orders. 20
b) (i) State the essential condittions for hybridisation. Show diagrammatically the
possible geometries from hybridisation of s, p, and d orbitals. Give examples.
10
10. Using VSEPR theory, predict the shapes of PCl2 F3 and SF4. Indicate the state of
hybridization in each case. 15
11. Define dipole moment.
Explain the following.
i) Why is dipole moment of BF3 zero?
iv) Why is dipole moment of NH3 greater than that of NF3 ?
v) Why does SO2 have dipole moment while CO2 does not? 20
12. Explain on the basis of MO theory, why:
i) Liquid oxygen sticks to the poles of a magnet while liquid nitrogen does not
do so.
vi) He2 and Be2 molecules do not exist.
vii) The bond order in oxygen is 2, while that of nitrogen is 3.
viii) Hydrongen molecule is more stable than H 2 ion.
13. What are semiconductors? Explain n – types and p – type’s semiconductors. Discuss the
effect of temperature on semiconductors. (20)
14. What is lattice eneryg? Deescube how lattice enegy of an ionic solid is evaluated by Born –
Haber cycle. (20)
15. What is the essential diffierence between ionic bond and covalent bond? explain why water
molecule is non – linergy while methane molecular is tetrahedral. 10
16. How does the principle of maximum overlap explain the stanility of a chemical bond?
Enumerate the essential condiation. (20)
17. Draw Electronic configuration, atomic and molecular orbital of F2.
18. What is Born-Haber cycle? Using a modified form of this cycle explain why Li is as strong a
reducing agent as Ca.
19. Compare the bond energy, bond length, and magnetic character of the following species: NO -
1
, NO+2, NO+1.
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20. Show, theoretically, that a sample of H2 molecule contains both covalent and ionic species.
21. Compare and contract V.B theory and M.O theory. Give MO energy level diagram for
(i) CO2
(ii) H2+
22. Describe use of Born-Haber cycle to determine the lattice energy of ionic solids.
23. Discuss energetics of formation of sodium chloride. Define bond length. What is covalent
radius.
24. Draw the molecular orbital diagram of CO and its valence bond picture explaining its bond
order and back bonding character.
25. Draw the structure of CO2 and SO2, and explain the difference.
26. Describe an Experimental method for the determination of lattice energy of an ionic
solid using Born-Haber cycle?
27. Draw the molecular orbital diagram of NO molecule, and show that NO +, CN-, and CO
are isoelectronic.
28. Explain the paramagnetic behavior of O2 molecule in terms of MO theory. Also explain why
VB theory fails to explain it.
29. Discuss the salient features of molecular orbital theory and discuss its use in explaining the
bonding in N2, O2 and HF molecule.
30. What is Born Haber Cycle? What is its use?
31. Give just qualitative molecular orbital diagrams of CO and NO.
32. Describe the Experimental determination of lattice energy of an ionic solid using Born-Haber
cycle.
33. Give the important postulates of Valence Bond theory. Explain the formation of water
molecule on the basis of the theory.
34. Suggest any two applications of dipole moment measurements in chemistry. Calculate the
percentage ionic character in HCl molecule if the observed and the calculated dipole moments
are 1.08 D and 5.98 D respectively.
35. Construct the molecular orbital diagram of CO and NO molecules. Calculate the bond order
of the molecules.
36. What are the criteria to be met for the formation of molecular orbitals? Describe the bonding
in N2 according to MO theory.
37. Draw the MO energy level diagram for CO and discuss the bonding features.
38. Apply molecular orbital theory to explain paramagnetism of B 2 molecule.
39. What is the bond order in CO molecule according to the molecular orbital theory? Also
describe how the theory explains:
(i) Coordination through carbon and
(ii) Negligible dipole moment of the molecule.
40. Derive Born Lande equn for lattice energy of an ionic compd.
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41. Draw the MO energy level diagram for O2 and discuss the bonding features.
42. Discuss the factors that decide the percent ionic character of polar compounds.
43. Compare the valence bond and Molecular orbital theory.
44. Which of the following are most stable? Explain:
(i) F2 or F2 

(ii) He 2 or He  2

(iii) N 2 or N 2 
(iv) H 2  or H 2 
45. What are the main features of valence-bond theory? Point out its short comings?
46. Write the electronic configuration of NO molecules
(i) What is its bond order?
(ii) How many unpaired electrons are present
(iii) What will be the bond-order of NO-
(iv) Will the bond-length be shorter or longer than NO +.
47. Briefly discuss M.O. theory. Explain the formation of H 2 molecule on the basis of this
theory?
48. Define bond order, bond strength and bond length, and differentiate between them. Explain
with suitable examples as to how these are interrelated with each other.
49. Explain how paramagnetism of O2 molecule can be accouted by the molecular orbital (MO)
theory where as Valence Bond (VB) theory predicts it to be diamagnetic.
50. What are the factors that decide the percent ionic character in polar compounds.
51. Explain why CO2 has a linear structure where as SO2 is a bent molecule.
52. Explain and bring out significance of Lattice energy, Madelung constant and Born-Haber
Cycle.
53. What is lattice energy? Describe how lattice energy of an ionic solid is evaluated by Born-
Haber cycle.
54. What is essential difference between ionic bond and covalent bond? Explain why water
molecule is non linear while methane molecule is tetrahedral.
55. How does the principle of “maximum overlap” explain the stability of a chemical bond?
Enumerate the essential condition.
56. What is the molecular orbital configuration of CO as suggested by Coulson?
57. Utilizing molecular orbital approach draw the electronic configurations of HF, N 2 and F2 and
find out the number of unpaired electrons as well as the bond order in these molecules.
58. Find the percentage covalent character in H-Cl molecule having H-Cl bond length to be 1.275
A0 and dipole moment 1.03 Debye.
59. The bond angles of H-N-H in NH3 and H-O-H in H2O are 1060 45’ and 104027’ respectively.
How will you explain the difference in these bond angles?
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60. Draw M.O (molecular orbital) diagrams of O2, CO and NO and give the number of unpaired
electrons and bond order in these molecules.
61. Give the resonance structure of CO, CO2, NO, NO 3 and CO 32  .
62. List the characteristics of ionic compounds. How can their lattice energies estimated?
63. The bond distances and dipole moments of HCl, HBr and HI are given below:
HCl 0.127 nm 3.44×10-30 cm
HBr 0.141 nm 2.64×10-30 cm
HI 0.161 nm 1.00×10-30 cm
What are the fractional changes on the halogen atoms? Compare these with their electro
negativities. What conclusions would you draw about bonding in these molecule?
64. Describe the concept of hybrid orbital with the help of two suitable example.
65. What is Madelung Constant? Calculate its values for NaCl and CsCl systems?
66. Give the appropriate MO description of bonding in O2 molecule using hybrid orbitals.
67. Draw picture for the lowest-energy bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbitals as
well as their electronic densities for the H2+ molecule. From these, explain the origin of
the bond in H2+. Using these orbitals, draw in a single diagram the potential energy
curves for H 2  , H 2 , He 2 and He2 species.
68. Using 1s, 2s and 2p atomic orbitals, draw a molecule orbital (MO) energy-level diagram for
F2 molecule. Calculate its bond order. What is the order of stability among F2  , F2 and F2  ?
69. The equilibrium intermolecular distance for NaCl(g) molecule is 0.286 nm. What is the
maximum value of the dipole moment possible? How do you explain the difference between
this and the actual value?
70. Give the population of , ,  * orbitals for CO and NO. Predict the effect on bond energy of
each for the removal of an electron and for the addition of an electron.
71. Draw the molecule orbital diagram for carbon monoxide and use the aufbau principle to put
in the appropriate number of electrons. Is CO+ likely to be more stable than Co.
72. If the equilibrium bond length in HCl is 1.2476×10-10 m, calculate the dipole moment in
debye (D) units. Also, if the calculated dipole moment is 1.08 D, comment on the ionic
character of the bond.
73. Using MO approach write the electronic configurations of N2+, NO+, CO, O+2 and F2. Also
calculate the bond order in each case.
74. How does Born-Haber cycle enable evaluation of lattice energy of a crystal.
75. Using MO energy diagrams, determine the bond order and comment on the magnetic
property (paramagnetic or diamagnetic) of H2+, He+2, N2 and O2.
76. Explain how dipole moment data can be used for eliciting information about molecular
structure and partial ionic character of a bond. Give suitable examples for your answer.

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77. Use valence bond method to discuss the electronic structure of hydrogen molecule. Use this
example to discuss the relative merits and demerits of valence bond and molecular orbital
(MO) methods.
78. Use molecular orbital to write down the electronic configuration of NO molecule and discuss
the bonding. Will NO- be paramagnetic or diamagnetic?
79. Arrange the following molecules in order of increasing bond length; O 2, O+2, O-2. Which
molecule will have greater bond dissociation energy, N 2 or N2+ ? Give reasons for your
answers.
80. Give the essential features of valence bond and molecular orbital theories.
81. Describe a method of determining the dipole moment of the molecule of a compound in
solution state.
82. Why is it not possible to visualize a stable He2 molecule?
83. Explain, giving examples, bonding, anti-bonding and non-bonding orbitals.
84. Define the dipole moment of a molecule. Discuss the application of dipole moment data for
eliciting information about molecular structure and partial ionic character of a bond.
85. Give an account of the valence bond treatment of hydrogen molecule and explain its essential
differences with the M.O. method.
86. Explain and illustrate the meaning of the terms: bonding, anti bonding and non-bonding
orbitals.
87. Using molecular orbital diagrams, deduce the bond orders in O 2, O-2 and O2 -2. Arrange the
three in the order of increasing bond energy.
88. Write the electronic configurations of O22- and ICl2+ and the molecular orbital representations
of He2+ and 1, 3-butadiene.
89. Draw the energy level diagrams for the molecular orbitals in F2 and CO molecules and obtain
the bond order in each case.
90. Illustrate, with examples, non-bonding and anti-bonding orbitals.
91. Draw the molecular orbital diagram of the oxygen and the nitrogen molecules and calculate
the bond order in each case.
92. Give an account of the molecular orbital theory and point out the difference between this and
valence bond theory.

93. What are the bond orders in the following molecules and ions?
He2 , O 2 , O 2  and O  2

c) What is dipole moment? How can it be used for as ascertaining.

(i) The symmetry of the molecule
(ii) Bond angles
(iii) Ionic character

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94. HCl has dipole moment 1.03 debye. If the bond length is 1.275 A0, calculate the percentage
tonic character of H-Cl bond.
95. (e  4.80 1010 e.s.u) 1 debye  1018 e.s.u  cm)
96. Discuss the nature of the chemical Bond.

97. Write short notes on Born-Haber cycle.

98. What is resonance energy? What are the conditions which permit structures to have
resonance? Discuss resonance taking the example of CO 32  ion.
99. Explain the paramagnetism of NO with its molecular orbital diagram.
100. Using valence bond theory justifies the presence of two lone electron pairs in XeF4.
101. Compare the molecules OF, OF- and OF+ , discussing molecular orbitals, bond orders,
bond lengths, bond energies, and paramagnetism. 15
102. Which of the following pairs is expected to have the larger bond angle and why 10
(1) H2O and NH3 (2) SF2 and BeF2
(3) BF3 and BF4 - (4) PH3 and NH3
(5) NH3 and NF3
103. (i) Construct a trial LCAO-MO wave function for the H2 molecule.
(ii) The trial VB wave function used by Heitler and London to describe the H 2 molecule in
terms of hydrogen-like wave function is ϕ=c1Ψa (1) Ψb (2) + c2Ψa (2) Ψb (1)
Compare with the wave function on the differences, if any. 15
104. Draw and explain curves showing the variation of first and second ionization energies for
the elements from H to Ne. 20
105. The bond angles in CH4,NH3 and H2O molecules are 109.5o , 107o and 104.5 respectively.
Explain. 5
106. Comment on the dipole moments of BF3 and PF3 molecules. 5
107. Draw the molecular orbital diagram of NO molecule. Show that NO +,CN- and CO are
isoelectronic, and the bond order of NO is lower than that of NO +. 15
108. What are semiconductors? explain n-type and p-type semiconductors. Discuss the effect of
temperature on semiconductors. 10
109. What is resonance energy? What are the conditions which permit structure to have
resonance taking the example of CO32- ion. 10
110. Find the change in surface area and energy when two identical mercury droplets of
diameter 2 mm merged isothermally to one drop. Given that surface tension of mercury is
490 dyne cm-1 at experimental temperature. 10
111. Explain the paramagnetism of NO with its molecular orbital program. 10
112. Using valence bond theory justify the presence of two lone electron pairs in XCF4. 15
113. Explain the following on the basis of VBT and hybridization :
(i) BeF2 is linear whereas SF2 is angular.
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 (ii) P forms two chlorides PCI5 and PCI3 whereas N forms only one NCI3. 5
114. Calculate the bond order for the following molecules/ions. Arrange them as per the
increasing order of their stability. Give reasons.
(i) H2+ (ii) Ne2 (iii) CN- (iv) NO (v) HF 15
115. In which of the following compounds do the bonds have greater covalent character:
(a) NaBr or (b) MgBr2 ? 5
116. Order the following compounds according to their expected lattice:
LiCl, KCl, KBr, MgBr2. 5
117. Of the two compounds NOF and NO2F, one has a resultant dipole moment of μ=1.81 D,
and the other,μ=0.47 D. Which dipole moment do you predict for each compound ?
Explain. Also write resonance structures of NO2F and identify the dominant structure. 20
118. Of the two compounds NOF and NO2F, one has a resultant dipole moment of μ=1.81 D,
and the other, μ=0.47 D. which dipole moment do you predict for each compound ?
Explain. 20
119.When an electron is removed from an N2 molecule, forming N2+ ion, the bond between the
N atoms is weakened. When an O2 molecule is similarly ionized to O2+, the bond between
O atoms is strengthened. Explain this difference. 10

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