PRACTICAL 1 :

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM AND ITS TYPES

An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. It also provides basis
for application programs and act as intermediary between the computer user and computer
hardware. And it can also be defined as the software that controls the operation of a computer
and directs the processing of programs by assigning storage space in memory and controlling
input and output functions. And it controls the hardware and coordinates its use among the
various application programs.

An Operating system is a control program. A control program manages the execution of user
programs to prevent errors and improper use for computer. It controls the operation of a
computer, directs the input and output of data, keeps track of files, and controls the
processing of computer programs.

Some common Operating Systems.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS :

 1. Batch Operating System

A Batch Operating System (BOS) is a computer system that allows multiple users to use
it, without direct communication between them. It achieves this by keeping all users in
separate ‘batches’, meaning they can’t interact with each other directly. This makes it ideal
for applications where users need to work on separate parts of a project, without getting in
the way of each other

Benefits of batch operating system :--

1. One of the key benefits of a Batch Operating System is that it can handle multiple
users simultaneously. This makes it perfect for big projects with lots of separate
tasks to be completed. By keeping all users in their own batches, the BOS prevents
any direct communication between them – meaning no accidental interruptions or
delays

2. It can handle large files more efficiently than a standard operating system. This is
because the BOS breaks down all tasks into smaller, more manageable chunks
which can be processed one at a time. As a result, the overall speed of the
computer is improved and users do not have to wait as long for their files to be
processed.

Images of Batch operating system :--

 3. Multiprocessing operating system :--
A Multiprocessing operating system uses multiple central processing units within a
single system. It enables a system to support more than one processor and divide the
tasks among them. Every process requires a CPU for its execution. So this allows
multiple processes to execute parallelly on different processing unit.

To employ a multiprocessing operating system effectively, the computer system must have the
following things:

❖ A motherboard is capable of handling multiple processors in a

multiprocessing operating system.
❖ Processors are also capable of being used in a multiprocessing system.

It also has two types, namely Symmetrical MOS in which the CPUs work
independently and Asymmetrical MOS in which CPUs follow a master slave
order.

Images of multiprocessing system :--

 2. Multiprogram Operating System

A Multiprogramming operating system is an operating system that supports the

running of numerous programs simultaneously on a single processor machine. If one
program waits for an input/ output transfer, the other programs are ready to utilize the
CPU.

Imagine that the currently executing process is involved in I/O. (which, by definition, does
not need the CPU to be accomplished). The OS may then halt that process and transfer
control to another in-memory program that is prepared to run (i.e., context switching).
This prevents the system from wasting CPU time waiting for the I/O work to be finished. A
running process continues to operate until either it releases the CPU voluntarily or until it
blocks for an I/O operation. Therefore, multiprogramming's main objective is to keep the
CPU busy for as long as there are running processes. In a multiprogramming operating
system, the CPU will not be kept idle, which means the CPU will always be busy.

There are mainly two types of multiprogramming operating systems. These are as
follows:

1. Multitasking Operating System : enables the execution of two or more

programs at the same time.
2. Multiuser Operating System : A multiuser operating system allows many
users to share processing time on a powerful central computer from
different terminals.
 Working of Multiprogramming Operating System

3. Handheld Operating System

Handheld operating systems are available in all handheld devices like

Smartphones and tablets. It is sometimes also known as a Personal Digital
Assistant. The popular handheld devices in today’s world are Android and iOS. These
operating systems need a high-processing processor and are also embedded with various
types of sensors. Since Handheld Operating Systems are designed to run on machines
that have lower speed processors and low memory, they were designed to use less
memory and consume less resources.

Some of the Handheld Operating Systems are as follows:

1. Palm OS 2. Symbian OS 3. Linux OS 4. Windows 5. Android

Examples of Handheld Operating System

 4. Cluster Operating System
Cluster systems are similar to parallel systems because both systems use multiple CPUs.
The primary difference is that clustered systems are made up of two or more independent
systems linked together. They have independent computer systems and a shared storage
media, and all systems work together to complete all tasks. All cluster nodes use two
different approaches to interact with one another, like message passing interface
(MPI) and parallel virtual machine (PVM).
Cluster components are generally linked via fast area networks, and each node executes its
instance of an operating system. In most cases, all nodes share the same hardware and operating
system, while different hardware or different operating systems could be used in other cases.
The primary purpose of using a cluster system is to assist with weather forecasting, scientific
computing, and supercomputing systems.

There are two clusters available to make a more efficient cluster. These are as follows:

1. Software Cluster : allows all the systems to work together.

2. Hardware Cluster : allow high-performance disk sharing among systems.

Working of Cluster Operating System

 PRACTICAL 2 :
BASIC COMMANDS USED IN COMMAND PROMPT

CMD stands for Command (.CMD). A command is an instruction given to a computer program that
tells the program what has to be done. It is an application that is found in most computers with
Windows as the Operating System, and it helps in the execution of the commands entered. It is also
called Command Prompt or Windows Command Processor.
Command Prompt is officially called Windows Command Processor, but it's also sometimes
referred to as the command shell or cmd prompt, or even by its filename, cmd.exe.

To open Command Prompt, open the Run box (Win+R) and type cmd and hit enter. Or
alternatively, Go on the start menu, and search cmd and select the command prompt and hit
enter.

Once you open the command prompt, the terminal will look like this :
 Some of the most basic commands used in command prompt are :

1. Start
Opens a new command prompt window in which you can run a specific program or
command.
Syntax : C:\Users\Admin>Start

2. Date & Time

Displays the current time and date and allows it to be changed. If the parameter /T is
entered, the command prompt only shows the time and offers no option to directly change
it.

Syntax for date command : C:\Users\Admin>date

Syntax for time command : C:\Users\Admin>time

 3. Dir

The dir command is used to display a list of files and folders contained
inside the folder that you are currently working in. The dir command also displays other
important information like the hard drive's serial number, the total number of files listed, their
combined size, the total amount of free space left on the drive, and more.

Syntax : C:\Users\Admin\OS lab>dir

4. Tree

Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path. With the /F parameter, all
files in the folders are also listed out. /A also ensures that only ASCII characters are used
for the graphical representation. The command takes into account all subdirectories
starting from the given path. If you don’t enter a path, the current folder is used as the
output.
Syntax : C:\Users\Admin\OS lab>tree
 5. Mkdir(Md)
Creates a new directory on the specified path. If directories don’t already exist on the
, mkdir creates them automatically (you can also use the md command)

Syntax : C:\Users\Admin\OS lab>mkdir trial

6. Rmdir(Rd)
Deletes a directory. This must not contain any files, even hidden ones. You can delete an
entire directory tree with the /S parameter (you can also use the rd command )

Syntax : C:\Users\Admin\OS lab>rmdir trial

 7. Ping

The ping command sends an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request
message to a specified remote computer to verify IP-level connectivity.

Syntax : C:\Users\Admin>ping 172.16.20.138

8. Ipconfig

The ipconfig command is used to display detailed IP information for each network adapter
utilizing TCP/IP. The ipconfig command can also be used to release and renew IP addresses on
systems configured to receive them via a DHCP server.

Syntax : C:\Users\Admin>ipconfig
 9. Chdir(Cd)

The chdir command is used to display the drive letter and folder that you are currently in.
Chdir can also be used to change the drive and/or directory that you want to work in.The cd
command is the shorthand version of the chdir command.

Syntax : C:\Users\Admin>cd OS lab

10. Cd..
The Cd.. command is used to go back a folder in the current directory. Syntax : C:\Users\

Admin\OS lab>cd..

11. Cd/

Displays the current directory and lets you switch to other directories. With the parameter /D plus
drive and path specification, you can also switch drives. Use cd.. to switch to a higher directory
(has the same function as the chdir command).
Syntax : C:\Users\Admin\OS lab>cd/
 12. Chkdsk
The chkdsk command, often referred to as check disk, is used to identify and correct certain
hard drive errors.

Syntax : C:\>chkdsk

13. Help
The help command provides more detailed information on any of the other Command Prompt or
MS-DOS commands.

Syntax : C:\>help
 14. Copy

The copy command copies one or more files from one location to another. Syntax : C:\Users\

Admin\OS lab>copy trial.txt copy.txt

15. Color

The color command is used to change the colors of the text and background within
the Command Prompt window.

Syntax : C:\Users\Admin\OS lab>color 7

16. Echo

The Echo command is used to print text on the command prompt. Syntax : C:\Users\

Admin\OS lab>Echo hello world