Fuel Trim and Misfire Analysis y

A No Excuse Approach pp

Seminar Objectives j
Define Loop Status Loop Status Definitions (Ford Motor Co.) Fuel Trim Interpretation Ignition Misfires Clogged Injector Misfire Engine Mechanical Misfire

Seminar Objectives j
EGR Misfires Case Studies

Important Terms to Know p

Open Loop-Normal Loop Normal Open Loop Fault Loop-Fault Open Loop-Drive Closed Loop-Normal Closed Loop-Fault

Open Loop-Normal p p
Open loop fuel system status status, oxygen sensor is not being used as f db k f f l d feedback for fuel control Ford Motor Company has defined the d fi d th various l i loop status t t that are listed here

Open Loop-Normal

Open Loop-Fault p p
Open loop fuel system status due to fault status with all the upstream oxygen sensors It appears that Closed loopfault will occur first then this first, status will appear second

Open Loop-Fault

2 Upstream sensors shorted to ground

Note: Closed Loop-fault appeared First

Open Loop-Drive p p
Open loop status due to high oxygen sensor voltages as a yg g result of heavy acceleration or extended idle conditions

Open Loop-Drive

Heavy Acceleration Noted

Decel Enleanment

Closed Loop-Normal p
Closed loop fuel status status, oxygen sensor is being used yg g as feedback for fuel control

Closed Loop Normal

Closed Loop-Fault p
Closed loop fuel status but a status, fault status has been established with one oxygen sensor on a dual bank design vehicle

Closed Loop-Fault

One Upstream Sensor shorted to Ground

Fuel Trim Interpretation

Fuel Trim Numbers

Fuel Trim download can be obtained at www.atechtraining.com www atechtraining com

Short Term Fuel Trim

This is an immediate correction to the fuel system An acceptable range is +/- 10%

Long Term Fuel Trim g

This is how the system has a tendency to run An acceptable range is +/- 10%

Positive Fuel Trims

The system is adding fuel for a perceived lean running condition The summation of STFT and LTFT denote a total correction to the system

Negative Fuel Trims g

The system is subtracting fuel for a perceived rich running condition The summation of STFT and LTFT denote a total correction to the system

Fuel Trim Example p

LTFT = +12% 12% STFT= +2% STFT What is the total fuel trim correction on this vehicle? Is this vehicle running rich or lean?

Fuel Trim Example p

W ld th t il i readings on Would the tailpipe di this vehicle be acceptable p based on todays standard? Wh t d you thi k th air f l What do think the i fuel ratio or Lambda might be on g the gas analyzer?

Fuel Trim Diagnostics

www.atsnm.com

2007 Chevrolet Impala

2002 Lincoln LS

Fuel Trim Exercise

MIL i O is On

Tire pressure is low

2004 Chevrolet Impala

It is always a good idea to look at Freeze Frame and Failure Records

Short Term Fuel Trim Long Term Fuel Trim

Total correction equals +3%

1-6-5-4-3-2
The firing order shows that cylinders 5 and 2 are sister cylinders

Is this misfire activity ignition or fuel related?

Lean Running Engine Interpretations

Fuel Trims will increase in a positive going direction

Lean Running Engine Interpretation Single Cylinder Ignition misfire Clogged Injector Misfire gg j Vacuum Leak Misfire Fuel Pump Low Volume Issue O2 signal shorted t ground i l h t d to d
Fuel trim values will increase if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is i running l i lean

Lean Running Engine g g Interpretation

EGR Misfire-MAF Engine
Significant misfire occuring

Shorted Injector
Pintle may not lift off its seat
Fuel trim values will increase if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is running lean

Single Cylinder Ignition Misfire

2007 Ford Tauras 3.0 Liter Vin Code U

The misfire occurs on cylinder # 6 Bank 2

Single Cylinder Ignition g y g Misfire Theory

When the initial misfire occurs the pre oxygen pre-oxygen sensor voltage will go low due to the additional oxygen in the li d i th cylinder STFT will increase slightly to compensate for this initial effect

Cylinder # 6 Bank 2- 3.0 Liter Vin U

Upstream goes down

Downstream goes up

Single Cylinder Ignition g y g Misfire Theory

The pre-oxygen sensor will eventually begin to switch again due to this compensation

Single Cylinder Ignition g y g Misfire Theory

LTFT will begin to increase in an effort to bring STFT as close to zero as possible Post oxygen sensor voltage will be high indicating that the vehicle is running rich

STFT is increasing to compensate

Single Cylinder Ignition Misfire Th Mi fi Theory

STFT may show a minimal impact as a result of the single cylinder ignition i fi i iti misfire. LTFT may show a noticeable impact as a result of the single cylinder ignition misfire ranging from single to dual digit positive values

Single Cylinder Ignition g y g Misfire Theory

A possible end result may show ibl d lt h p yg a pre oxygen sensor that is switching and in fuel control A post oxygen sensor that is slightly higher in sensor voltage This is what you may see in the y service bay

PCM Rich Running Engine Interpretation

Fuel Trims will increase in a negative going direction

PCM Rich Running Engine g g Interpretation O2 sensor shorted to voltage EGR Misfire-Speed Density Misfire Speed
Significant misfire occuring Significant

Leaking Injector misfire

Fuel trim values will decrease if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is running rich

PCM Rich Running Engine g g Interpretation Shorted Injector

Pintle maybe open longer

Fuel Pressure Regulator

Leaking Diaphragm No vacuum applied
Fuel trim values will decrease if the PCM thinks or knows the vehicle is running rich

O2 S Sensor Sh t d t Shorted to Voltage

2003 Ch Chevrolet I l t Impala l

MAF System

Case Study #1
1997 Buick Park Av

1997 Buick Park Av

This vehicle had multiple misfire activity S Scan tool d l data was reviewed to i d g get an idea of the cylinders y involved A relative compression test was then preformed on the vehicle

Cylinders # 3 and # 5 are Misfiring

A Flashing MIL was Noted

PICO Diagnostics
Relative Compression

Vacuum Waveforms

Cranking Vacuum Waveform

Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Compression

Running Vacuum Waveform

Cylinder 6

Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Exhaust

Exhaust Waveforms

Running Exhaust Waveform

Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Compression

ACE Misfire Software

Fuel Trim and Vacuum Readings ead gs

Cold Engine

Warm Engine

18 inches Mercury-Needle Flickers y

1997 Buick Park Av

This misfire activity appears to mechanical be __________ or an ignition ______ related ______ issue.

Secondary Ignition Waveforms

Cylinder# 1 Secondary Ignition Pattern

This pattern appears to be abnormal

Open Wire

Linder Tech Services

Cylinder# 1 Secondary Ignition Pattern after wire replacement

This pattern appears to be normal

Cylinder# 3 Secondary Ignition Pattern

This pattern appears to be normal

Cylinder# 5 Secondary Ignition Pattern

This pattern appears to be abnormal

1997 Buick Park Av

The ignition wire was checked and passes its test p A visual of the spark plug indicated it to be at a failure status

Cylinder# 5 has a Fouled Spark Plug

Cylinder# 5 Secondary Ignition Pattern after plug replacement

This pattern appears to be normal

1997 Buick Park Av

Misfire activity on cylinder #1 and #5 has been corrected C li d #3 alone now shows Cylinder l h y consistent misfire activity on the Tech 2 scantool Time to review fuel trim and vacuum readings again

Relative Compression Test

Relative Compression TestCranking

Engine Firing Order 1 6 5 4 3 2

Cylinder 3

Synch on Cylinder# 6- Compression

1997 Buick Park Av

If you get this activity you should activity, run a compression test on that cylinder right away The crankcase vacuum should also be checked as well as engine vacuum

Cylinder # 1 Good

Cylinder # 3 Bad

1997 Buick Park Av

It has been confirmed that there is a mechanical issue with cylinder#3

Vacuum Readings

20 inches of mercury

This was a steady reading

A Closer Look

Fuel Trim Readings

ACE Misfire Software

Secondary Ignition Waveforms

Cylinder #3

Pattern looks good

Fuel System Analysis

Downstream O2 D t

Upstream O2

Downstream O2

This vehicle is running rich

Vehicle was run for quite some time

1997 Buick Park Av

Fuel Pump Pressure/check valve Test Volume Volume Amperage Fuel Pressure Regulator Pull line off, note increase in off Pressure Apply vacuum to regulator

1997 Buick Park Av

Fuel Injectors
Voltage Waveforms Current Waveforms Pressure Waveforms

Fuel Trims
Significant impact will be noted on fuel related issues

Fuel Flow Meter

Fuel pressure was steady p y and holding

Fuel Pressure Reading: 54 PSI Fuel Pump passes pressure test

Total Flow: 30.36 Gal/Hr Use top of weight This equates to .5 Gal/Min

Each division equals 2.64 Gal/Hour

Injectors Pass Test

Engine Mechanical Analysis

Engine Mechanical is suspect

Cranking Vacuum

Cranking Exhaust

Running Vacuum

Running Exhaust

1997 Buick Park Av

This vehicle will need a pressure p waveform analysis performed The information recorded stills points to a mechanical condition on this engine There is also concern on the negative going f l t i i fuel trims

Transducer for Mechanical Testing

1997 Buick Park Av

There is about 5 PSI in the manifold with the engine running The amount of pressure in the cylinder is equal to 9 4 x 5 PSI = 47 PSI 9.4 This is the amount of pressure that This should be observed with the engine running i

47 PSI measured on cylinder# 1

20 inches of mercury

39 PSI measured on cylinder# 3 Cylinder #3

20 inches of mercury

This cylinder is 8 PSI lower than expected

1997 Buick Park Av

There are several possible suspects p p that may could cause this issue:
Valve issues Piston issues Piston

Conventional Test Procedure

Cylinder leakage Testing

76% Leakage was noted

Lets use the video stik

Lets go in and take a look

1997 Buick Park Av Summary

A visual inspection of the cylinder revealed that the top of the cylinder piston head was cracked, thereby leading to a slight loss in compression as witnessed by the pressure waveform.

Case Study #2
1998 Pontiac Grand Prix

1998 Pontiac Grand Prix

This vehicle has misfire activity once y the engine warms up The spark plugs and wires have been replaced The crank sensor has been replaced The

Audible misfire activity is noticable at the exhaust pipe

PICO Diagnostics
Relative Compression

Relative Compression R l ti C i
Labscope

Engine is being Cranked

Synch is Cylinder# 2-Compression

Vacuum Waveforms

Firing Order: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Engine is being Cranked

Synch is Cylinder# 2-Compression

Firing Order: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Engine is Running

Exhaust W E h t Waveforms f

Engine is being Cranked

Engine is Running

Synch on cylinder # 2

Vacuum L V Levels l

Engine Running Vacuum Reading: 7 Inches Mercury g g g y

Lets Smoke the System!

ACE Misfire Software Mi fi S ft

A Double Check

1998 Pontiac Bonneville

This misfire activity appears to mechanical be __________ or a vacuum _______ ____ issue. leak

Secondary Ignition Waveforms

Lean Condition Detected

This condition was noted on all cylinders

1998 Pontiac Grand Prix

A vacuum cup was placed in the intake t th i l i t k at the air cleaner housing h i The system was then smoked for The leaks A smoke machine should be used anytime vacuum readings are low

This pictorial was added for demonstration purposes only

Place cup in air intake at the air cleaner housing

Smokin IAT Sensor

S o Smokin PCV Hose C ose

The intake manifold gasket was leaking as well

1998 Pontiac Grand Prix

The IAT sensor and PCV valve hose assembly were replaced bl l d The intake manifold gasket was The replaced as well The vehicle is now operating as designed

Case Study #3
1996 Mercedes Benz

1996 Mercedes Benz

A single cylinder misfire is occurring. All trouble code information has been cleared by the repairing technician technician. The scantool shows that the 2 5 coil 2-5 pair has a spark duration of 2.5 ms. The technician states the miss occurs on cylinder# 6 #

1996 Mercedes Benz

Long Term Fuel Trim is at + 5%. g The fuel injector for cylinder # 6 has been replaced. One cylinder has been checked for compression and the results showed 150 PSI.

1996 Mercedes Benz

This misfire activity appears ignition related to be _______ ______

2 Engine Firing Order: 1 5 3 6 2 4

Synch on Cylinder# 1 Spark Plug Wire

Swap and Drop

Similar to a DIS system

Mounts directly on spark plug

2 Engine Firing Order: 1 5 3 6 2 4

Synch on Cylinder# 1 Spark Plug Wire

1996 Mercedes Benz

The fix was the replacement of a bad p ignition coil# 2. There were no visual signs of damage to the coil coil. A labscope pattern show no signs of A failure per a primary current waveform.

Bad Ignition Coil #2

Exhaust Activity After Ignition Coil #2 Replacement

Case St d #4 C Study
1999 Volkswagon Passat

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

Vacuum level is at 17 inches mercury. There appears to be no misfire activity as stated by the customer The vehicle is run for a long g period of time to see if we can confirm misfire activity

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

The pre oxygen sensor went low and the post went slightly high. There is now misfire activity that is present Our vehicle went into what is called open loop fault status as a result of the misfire activity

Auto E i it S ft A t Enginuity Software

Sensors are flatlined due to loop status

EScan S ft ES Software

ACE Misfire Software Mi fi S ft

Primary Ignition y g Waveforms

Quick Evaluation

Key On, Engine Running

This is being measured directly at the ignition coil wire

Key Off, Engine Off

Key On, Engine Off

Key On, Engine Running

What would you conclude?

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

This misfire activity appears to be ignition ______ _______ related

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

A swap and drop technique shows that the misfire does not follow the coil placement It appears that this may be a PCM PCM, power stage output or a wiring issue

TSB Search
P0300 Codes

The bulletin states to record the ECM part number and FF data ECT temperature

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

ECM part # 8D0907558M was noted on the current ECM The Freeze Frame shows code storage was indicated at 100 F TSB# 99-07; Dated: May 25,1999 y addresses P0300 codes

This bulletin states to check the Power Output Stage

If the above listed items are ok, the it k th ECM should then be replaced

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

The cost of the new ECM is $750 00 $750.00 It is important to make a through p g checkout of the ignition system before buying a new ECM

Description and Operation

Passat Ignition System

This does not provide much information on how the ignition system works

The ECM sends a trigger pulse to the Power Output Stage

ECM

 Show actual schematic of the system

Power Output Stage ECM

Ignition Coil Assemblies

The ECM provides also feed to the ignition coil

 Explain block diagram Spark Plugs diagnostics to the group

The Power Output Stage will then ground the primary circuit for the coils thus firing the spark plugs

ECM
Ignition Coil Fires

Power
Trigger Pulse is sent

Output Stage
Primary Circuit is Grounded

Ignition Coil I iti C il

Activation Checking
Signal from PCM

Disconnect the 5 wire connector from the PCM side of the Power Output Stage

Ignition coil side

PCM side

Check the unloaded circuit ignition signals integrity from the PCM using a labscope

All 4 cylinders should look the same

The 5 wire connector must then be plugged back into the Power Output Stage

PCM side

Check the loaded circuit ignition signals from the PCM by backprobing the 5 wire connector

All 4 cylinders should look the same

Power Output Stage p g Checking g

Primary Circuit Grounding

Ignition coil side

Check the primary voltage patterns at the Power Output Stage by backprobing the 4 wire connector

All 4 cylinders should look the same

The Power Output Stage Module grounds the ignition coils

1999 Volkswagon Passat

PCM Activation Checking

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

Cylinders 1,2,3 and 4 showed good 123 open circuit PCM ignition trigger patterns

Note: You must check unloaded as well as loaded conditions to get a good idea of the electrical integrity

All 4 cylinders showed good activity

1999 Volkswagon Passat

Power Stage Output Checking

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

Cylinders 1,3 and 4 showed good y , g loaded circuit PCM ignition trigger patterns y p Cylinder 2 pattern looked the same as the unloaded circuit pattern Th P The Power Output Stage i what O t t St is h t p provides the loading effect for this g circuit

Cylinders 1, 3 and 4

This appears to be the same as an unloaded circuit pattern

Cylinder 2

The PCM is working as designed, but the Power Stage Output needs to be replaced

1999 Volkswagon Passat g

The Power Stage Output was replaced and the vehicle is now operating as designed.

Thank You for Attending