i

INTRODUCTION

Praise be to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala, because with His grace and

mercy, the writer and the team were given the opportunity to complete the
Labwork Module for the implementation of the manufacturing process
practicum in the 2023/2024 educational year.
In this module the author and team redesigned our practical product
masterpiece Espresso Machine which consists of 28 main and supporting parts.
This product is made for the needs of integrated practicum activities in the
Faculty of Industry and System Engineering.

September 2023,

Manufacturing Process Laboratory Team

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 MANUFACTURING PROCESS LABORATORY ASSISTANTS 2022/2023

Abdullah Ramadhan Haifa Putri Rahmania

Arsyana Oktavia Prameswari Hesa Aji Pinayung
Ashifa Kayla Nurisa Mohammad Eifal Alberiq
Azizah Rahmawati Muhammad Adib Arfan
Dhafin Rizki Darmadinata Nafeesa Mayra Abudantia
Evan Devara Saffanah Nurul Izzati
Fatih Ammar Haidar Salma Shasihsaumi Taftazani
Gisella Firlianda Taufiq Arif Ardyansyah
Haekal Arkan Muhammad Vincentius Andre

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 MANUFACTURING Document
PROCESS LABORATORY Number

Form
MODULE 1.1
Number
Valid 2023

Module Machining Process

Labwork NC Code Milling

SO2. Able to apply mathematics, sciences, and

engineering principles to solve complex engineering
Student Outcome
problems in integrated systems (including human,
material, equipment, energy, and information)

LO14. Students are able to make a NC Code for CNC

Learning Outcome
Milling machines.

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A. Tools and Requirements
Tools & Software Requirements
1. HAAS Control Simulator 1. Labwork of Module 1.1
2. Guideline of Module 1.1
3. Stationary

B. Reference
Autodesk. (2014). Autodesk. From https://www.autodesk.com/
Groover, M. (2020). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes,
and Systems (7th Edition). Danvers: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
H. Wang, G. C. (n.d.). A Novel Combination of Electrical Discharge Machining and
Electodeposition for Superamphiphobic Metallic Surface Fabrication.
Haas Automation. (2022). Haas F1 Team Official Machine Tool. From Haas
Automation,
Inc – CNC Machine Tools: https://www.haascnc.com/index.html
Harling, V. N. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Speed and Cutting Results of St-37 Soft
Steel.
Thing, J. (2017). Mill Operator's Manual. Oxnard: Haas Autmation, Inc. U.S.A.

v
C. Labwork
Flow Process Chart Process Description
1. Read the study case well. Because it
contained information for finishing
the labwork.
2. Pay attention to detail specification
for each operation.
3. Create NC Code for facing
subprogram on worksheet.
4. Create NC Code for profiling
subprogram on worksheet.
5. Create NC Code for circle mill
subprogram on worksheet.
6. Based on the NC Code subprogram
before, create the NC Code main
program. Create the NC Code for
main program on worksheet.

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 MODULE-1.1
MACHINING PROCESS: NC CODE MILLING

1.1 Students are able to understand about Milling Machining Process.

1.2 Students are able to understand about NC (Numerically Controlled) Code Milling.
1.3 Students are able to create NC Code Milling.

2.1 Overview CNC Milling

2.2 Main Classification of Milling Processes
2.3 Types of Milling Machines
2.4 Types of Milling Cutters
2.5 Milling Coordinates System
2.6 Setup
2.7 Program Structure of Milling Process
2.8 Milling Operation

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3.1 Overview CNC Milling
3.1.1 CNC Milling
Computer numerical control milling machines are milling machines in
which the cutter path is controlled by alphanumerical data rather than a
physical template. They are especially suited to profile milling, pocket
milling, surface contouring, and die sinking operations, in which two or
three axes of the worktable must be simultaneously controlled to achieve
the required cutter path. An operator is normally required to change cutters
as well as load and unload work parts.
3.1.2 Milling Process
The milling machining process is the process of cutting the workpiece
using a cutting tool with multiple rotating cutting blades. A cutting process
with many cutting teeth surrounding the cool can result in a faster
machining process. The cut surface can be flat, angled, or curved. The
workpiece surface is also a combination of several shapes. (Harling, 2020)
The milling process is a type of machine tool that has its distinctive
features because it can carry out various metal removal processes by
feeding the workpiece with a rotating cutter. Below is the figure for the
milling process.

Figure 1.1. 1 Milling Process (Autodesk, 2014)

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3.2 Main Classification of Milling Processes
There are two types of milling operation, peripheral milling and face milling.
Here are some explanations about peripheral milling and face milling operation:
3.2.1 Peripheral Milling
Peripheral milling is also called ordinary milling, the tool axis is parallel to
the surface being machined, and the operation is carried out by cutting the
edge on the outer edge of the cutter. (Groover, 2020)

Figure 1.1. 2 Peripheral Milling (Groover, 2020)

Here are the characteristics of peripheral milling:

a. The surface is parallel with the axis of the rotation of the cutter.
b. Cutting is accomplished by the peripheral teeth of milling cutter.
c. This process is usually performed on horizontal milling machines.
3.2.2 Face Milling
In face milling, the axis of the cutter is perpendicular to the top flat
surface of the workpiece. Machining is done by cutting edges on both ends
and the outer edgesof the cutter to give a smooth finish. (Groover, 2020)

Figure 1.1. 3 Face Milling (Groover, 2020)

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 Here are the characteristics of face milling:
a. The surface cutting is placed perpendicular to the workpiece.
b. Essentially positioned face down towards the top of the workpiece.
c. Only the tip of the cutter is exposed to the workpiece.

3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of NC Milling

Below are the advantages of NC Milling over conventional milling one as follows:
1. Flexibility with accuracy, repeatability, and excellent quality.
2. Reduce tooling costs.
3. Easy machine adjustments.
4. More operations per setup, less lead time.
5. Accommodates difficult design.
6. Rapid programming and program recall, less paperwork.
7. Faster prototype production.
8. Standard-skilled operator and multi-work possible.

Below are the disadvantages of NC Milling over conventional milling one as follows:
1. NC machines are expensive.
2. Very dependent on electricity.

3. Higher maintenance cost.

4. Programming training required.

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3.4 Types of Milling Machines
3.4.1 Based on Machine
The milling machine shall provide a rotating spindle for the cutter and a
table for fastening, positioning, and feeding the work part. Various machine
tool designs can meet these requirements. To begin with, milling machines
can be classified as either horizontal milling machines or vertical milling
machines. The horizontal milling machine has a horizontal spindle, and this
design is especially suitable for performing peripheral milling of cuboidal
work parts. The vertical milling machine has a vertical spindle, and this
orientation is suitable for face milling, finishing milling, surface shaping, and
die sinking on flat work parts (Groover, 2020). Below are two types of
milling machines:

Figure 1.1. 4 (a) Vertical Milling, (b) Horizontal Milling (Haas Automation, 2022)

3.4.2 Based on Direction of Cutter Rotation

In peripheral milling, the direction of cutter rotation categorized two
forms of milling:

Figure 1.1. 5 (a) Up Milling (b) Down Milling (Groover, 2020)

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 3.4.2.1 Up Milling (Conventional)
The motion of the tool rotation is in the opposite direction to the
feeding motion of the milling machine table. For example, in the
milling process it increases if the tool rotates clockwise, the
workpiece is sliced to the right. The cross section of the chips shape
for the upward milling process is like a comma starting with a
minimum thickness then thickens.
3.4.2.2 Down Milling (Climb)
The direction of the tool rotation is the same as the feeding
direction of the milling machine table. For example, if the tool
rotates counterclockwise, the workpiece is sliced to the right. The
cross section of the chips shaped for the upward milling process is like
a comma starting with the maximum thickness then thinning.

3.5 Types of Milling Cutters

A milling cutter is a cutting tool usually used in milling machines or machining
centers to perform edge operations (and sometimes in different machine tools).
They pickup the material by their movement within the machine (e.g., a ball nose
mill) or directly from the cutter’s form (e.g., a form tool such as a hobbling
cutter).
Milling produces 3-dimensional shapes with rotating multi-edge cutting tools.
The cutting tool can be programmed to move against a fixed workpiece in almost
any direction. The milling tool removes material by its movement in the machine
and from itsshape. Below are the types of milling cutters.
Table 1.1. 1 Types of Milling Cutters (Haas Automation, 2022)
No Milling Cutter Picture Description
A face mill is a large
diameter tool used to cut
wide shallow paths for
Face Mill
1 surface operations. Facing
Cutter
is used for machining large
flat areas, usually the top of
a part in preparation for

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 other milling operations.

Table 1.1. 1 Types of Milling Cutters (Haas Automation, 2022) (cont.)

This type of milling cutter
has cutting teeth on both
sides. A square end mill is
used for most general
2 End Mill Cutter
milling applications. It
produces a sharp edge at
the bottom of the pockets
and slots.
Ball cutters are used to
decrease stress
concentration. Whenever
there is need of cutting
3 Ball Mill Cutter three dimensional shapes,
then there is a use of ball
cutters to perfectly cut
those three-dimensional
shapes.
The goal is using the center
drill to make a little dimple
in the workpiece that
4 Center Drill
keeps the twist drill from
walking so that the hole
winds up in the right place.

Drill is an end cutting tool

5 Drill
formaking holes.

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 Table 1.1. 1 Types of Milling Cutters (Haas Automation, 2022) (cont.)
Reamers are used to
enlarge an existing hole to
a precise tolerance and to
add a high- quality surface

6 Reamer finish. Reamers require a

hole be drilled first that is
close to the final size so
that the reamer removes
little material.
Taps are used to cut
internal threads of a
specific size and pitch. Like
7 Tap
reamers, a tap requires a
hole be drilled first to the
size of the minor diameter.

3.6 Milling Coordinates System

The milling machine uses 3 axes on milling process which is X, Y, and Z axes.
Feeding movement on left and right direction is moving along the X-axis, for front
and back is moving along the Y-axis, while up and down is moving along the Z-axis.

Figure 1.1. 6 Milling Coordinates System

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3.7 Setup
To set up the milling operation, the parts are placed and clamped on the work
holding. There are three types of work holding milling, namely fixture, vice, and
clamp. For those that are placed, the part is placed in the work holding namely
fixture, while for the clamped part, the part can be clamped by two other work
holdings, namely vice and clamp.

Figure 1.1. 7 (a) Fixture, (b) Vice, (c) Clamp

3.8 Program Structure of Milling Process
3.8.1 Tool Radius Compensations
Tool radius compensation determines the machining precision, and it
allows programming of the workpiece contour independently of tool
geometry. Below are tool compensations that are usually used in CNC
(Computer Numerical Control) Machine:
a. G41: Tool radius compensation left.
b. G42: Tool radius compensation right.
c. G40: Tool radius compensation off, bring back the tool
to the center of thetoolpath (for cancellation G41 & G42).

Figure 1.1. 8 Start Point from Left

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 Figure 1.1. 9 Start Point Starting from Right
3.8.2 Program Structure
Some structures must be followed in making code for the milling process.
Startwith the title for the program, the body of the program, and the end of
the program. The milling process on a CNC Machine uses codes that are
integrated into one another. To make it easier for the operator, the milling
process has a sub-calling program which will be called by the main program.
A sub-calling program will help shorten the code used when the machining
process is used more than one. This is due to the written code does not
need the whole program, but only by calling it. The Program structure
consists of several structures of codes to familiarize such as:
Table 1.1. 3 Table of Structure of Program
No. Structure of Program Definition
This is the title of the program. It contains
the number of programs that have been
made by the operator. The title of the

1. Title of Program program starts with the letter “O”

followed by 5 random numbers.
OXXXXX
Example: O12345
Homing tool is the starting point for the
machining process.
2. Homing Tool
G28 Z0. G28 X0. Y0.
G28: Code for return to home position.

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 Table 1.1. 3 Table of Structure of Program
Used to start placing a tool on the
spindle or to change a tool on the spindle
to another.
3. Select Tool TX M06
TX: Number of the tool used (X means tool
number)
M06: Code for tool change.
Used to move the spindle to the X-axis and
Y-axis of the datum.
G00 G90 G54/G55/G56/G57/G58/G59 X…
Y…
Rapid Move toDatum G00: Code for rapid positioning.
4.
Point G90: Absolute positioning command.
G54-G59: Zero offset/Datum for the
program.
*’…’ The blank space based on the
parameter/study case.
Used to activate the spindle. The spindle
will startrotating on an axis in a
clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
5. Spindle On S... M03
S: Spindle speed (‘…’ based on parameter).
M03: Spindle clockwise.
M04: Spindle counterclockwise.
There are several programs used in the
code to define the movement of the
machine such as code for calling the
6. Program subprogram, code for tool height offset
compensation, code for tool compensation
on the right or left side used, and a rapid
move to the starting point to the safety

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 movement.

Table 1.1. 3 Table of Structure of Program (cont.)

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 M98 PXXXXX LX
M98: Subprogram call.
PXXXXX: “P” is used to replace “O” from
the title
program, for change the subprogram into a
program (in the main program).
LX: Looping (X means number of looping)
G43 H0X Z60.
G43: Tool height offset compensation.
H0X: Height tool number (X means tool
number)
Z60: Default safety movement used.
G90 G01 X… Y… F…
G90: Absolute positioning command.
*’…’ The blank space based on
parameter/study
case.
G41/G42 DX
G41: Tool compensation (from right).
G42: Tool compensation (from left).
DX: Compensation for tool diameter (X
means tool number).
G98 G81/G83 Z… R… F…
G98: Canned cycle initial point return.
G81: Drill canned cycle.
G83: Peck drill canned cycle.
R: Retract from surface.
Q: Peck depth (only in G83).
*’…’ The blank space based on
parameter/study case.

Table 1.1. 3 Table of Structure of Program (cont.)

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 Used to move the tool out from the
workpiece to
the safety zone.
G00 G28 Z60.
G28: Code for return to home position
Z60: Default safety movement used in
Process
7. Safety Movement Manufacturing Laboratory.
G28 G40 Z0.
G40: Tool radius compensation off (cancel
G41 & G42). Bring back the tool to the
center of the toolpath.
G00 G90 G80 Z60.
G80: Cancelation canned cycle (cancel G81,
G83 & G84).

G28 Z0.
8. Homing Tool
G28 X0. Y0.

Used to turn off the spindle

Spindle Off
9.
M05
Spindle off

This the end of the program. The code used

can fully stop the program or can be used to
10. End Program
pause the program and continue to the
other program manually by the operator.

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 Table 1.1. 3 Table of Structure of Program (cont.)
M30
Program end. This also stops the spindle
and turns off the coolant. The program
pointer will be reset to the first block.
M02
The program ends, but it does not reset to
the next block. This code will hold the
program automatically for the operator,
then it will start to move again if the
operator manually activates the program.

3.9 Milling Operation

3.9.1 Study Case
PT. PROSMAN will do some milling process on a CNC Machine. PT
PROSMAN demanded you as the operator to make a program of Facing
operation, Profiling operation, Circle Mill operation, Center Drill operation,
Peck Drill operation, and Tapping operation. PT PROSMAN provides a
workpiece (size 200 x 120 x 20) to be made into Guide Part with the
specification below. You must do facing operation to reduce the surface of
the material to the size required to make the product, next is to form the
part with profiling operation, then create a hole using circle mill operation
and lastly make the tapped hole using center drill operation, and peck drill
operation, and tapping operation.

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Figure 1.1. 10 Guide Part

17
3.9.2 Create NC Code Milling Program
In this case, you are asked to create NC Code with sub calling program
on the part with known data as follows. Then, make the main program call
all the sub calling program.

3.9.2.1 Facing Operation

Facing operation is used to reduce the surface or face of the
material. Facing also helps to make a smoother surface for the
product.

Figure 1.1. 11 Drawing Study Case Face Milling Sub Program

Facing Operation Specification

Zero Point : G54

Depth of Cut : 2 mm

Material’s Thickness : 20 mm

Spindle Speed : 2000 rpm

Feed Rate : 150 mm/minute

Tool Number :1

Tool Diameter : 40 mm

Stepover : 50%

Allowance : 1 mm

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FACING SUB PROGRAM

O10011; Title of Program

G01 G90 Z-2. F150; Feed movement to Z-2 with feed rate =
150

G01 G91 X242.; Feed movement to right stock with

distance X

X = (length + 2(0.5 tool diameter +

allowance))

G00 Y-20.; Fast transverse to Y-20 without feed

movement

Y = (Tool diameter x Stepover)

G01 X-242.; Feed movement to right stock with

distance X

X = (length + 2(0.5 tool diameter +

allowance))

G00 Y-20.; Fast transverse to Y-20 without feed

movement

M99; Sub program looping

Notes:

[1] Black font is used as the standard form of code structure.

[2] Blue font is used as the movement of tool that follows

the geometry shape.
[3] Red font is used as the tool movement in G-Code.

[4] Green font is used as the speed settings.

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3.9.2.2 Profiling Operation
Profiling operation is used to define the shape of the part in
milling process and used to rough or finish vertical or slanted
surfaces.

Figure 1.1. 12 Drawing Study Case Profiling Sub Program

Profiling Operation Specification

Zero Point : G54

Depth of Cut : 2 mm

Material’s Thickness : 18 mm

Spindle Speed : 1200 rpm

Feed Rate : 150 mm/minute

Tool Number :2

Tool Diameter : 10 mm

Direction of Feeding : Start Point – A – B – C – D – E – F –

G – H – Start Point

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PROFILING SUB PROGRAM

O10012; Title of Program

G01 G91 Z-2. F150; Feed movement to Z-2 with feed rate =
150

X200.; Feed movement from Start Point to A

Y-45.; Feed movement from A to B

X-80.; Feed movement from B to C

G03 X-20. Y-20. R20.; Circular feed movement from C to D

G03 = Circular interpolation in

counterclockwise direction with radius R

G01 Y-10.; Linear feed movement from D to E

G01 = Linear interpolation, also cancel

G03

G02 X-15. Y-15. R15.; Circular feed movement from E to F

G02 = Circular interpolation in clockwise
direction with radius R

G01 X-55.; Linear feed movement from F to G

G01 = Linear interpolation, also cancel

G02

X-30. Y45.; Feed movement from G to H

Y45.; Feed movement from G to Start Point

M99; Sub program looping

Notes:

[1] Black font is used as the standard form of code structure.

[2] Blue font is used as the movement of tool that follows

the geometry shape.
[3] Red font is used as the tool movement in G-Code.

[4] Green font is used as the speed settings.

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3.9.2.3 Circle Mill Operation
Circle mill operation is used to make a big hole in a part.

Figure 1.1. 13 Drawing Study Case Circle Mill Sub Program

Circle Mill Specification

Zero Point : G54

Depth of Cut : 2 mm

Material’s Thickness : 18 mm

Spindle Speed : 1200 rpm

Feed Rate : 140 mm/minute

Tool Number :2

Tool Diameter : 10 mm

Start Point :J

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CIRCLE MILL SUB PROGRAM
O10013; Title of Program

G00 G90 X30. Y-45. Tool movement without feeding to J

F140; with feed rate 140, X= 30, Y= -45 is
coordinate for J

G01 G91 X242.; Feed movement with depth of cut Z = 2

G02 I20.; Circular feed movement

I# used for full circular movement, ‘#’

is the distance radius of the circle

M99; Sub program looping

Notes:

[1] Black font is used as the standard form of code structure.

[2] Blue font is used as the movement of tool that

follows the geometry shape.
[3] Red font is used as the tool movement in G-Code.

[4] Green font is used as the speed settings.

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3.9.2.4 Center Drill Operation
Center drill is used to make a center hole at the edge of the
surface of the part, it is usually used to give a mark for the next
drill process. This mark will also help so that the tool for the drill
operation will stay on the demanded hole.

Figure 1.1. 14 Drawing Study Case Center Drill Sub Program

Center Drill Specfication

Zero Point : G54

Hole Depth : 3.5 mm

Retract : 5 mm

Material’s Thickness : 18 mm

Spindle Speed : 600 rpm

Feed Rate : 60 mm/minute

Tool Number :3

Tool Diameter : 2.5 mm

Start Point :K–L

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CENTER DRILL SUB PROGRAM

O10014; Title of Program

G00 G90 X140. Y-31.; Tool movement without feeding to K

X= 140, Y= -31 is coordinate for K

G98 G81 Z-3.5 R5. F60; Center drilling to Z- 3.5 with retract
from surface for 5 and feed rate 60

X180.; Tool movement from starting point to

L

G00 G90 G80 Z60.; Cancel canned cycle and safety

movement to default safety height

M99;

Notes:

[1] Black font is used as the standard form of code structure.

[2] Blue font is used as the movement of tool that follows

the geometry shape.
[3] Red font is used as the tool movement in G-Code.

[4] Green font is used as the speed settings.

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3.9.2.5 Peck Drill Operation
Peck drill operation is a process of drilling which is carried out
several times untilit reaches the drill depth point.

Figure 1.1. 15 Drawing Study Case Peck Drill Sub Program

Peck Drill Specification

Zero Point : G54

Hole Depth : 23.25 mm

(Material’s Thickness + ½ Tool Diameter)

Retract : 5 mm

Material’s Thickness : 18 mm

Spindle Speed : 600 rpm

Feed Rate : 60 mm/minute

Tool Number :4

Tool Diameter : 10.5 mm

Start Point :K–L

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PECK DRILL SUB PROGRAM

O10015; Title of Program

G00 G90 X140. Y-31.; Tool movement without feeding to

K

X= 140, Y= -31 is coordinate for K

G98 G83 Z-23.25 Q5. R5. F60; Peck drilling to Z-23.25, retract from
surface for 5 with pecking 5 times
and feed rate 60

X180.; Tool movement from starting point

to L

G00 G90 G80 Z60.; Cancel canned cycle and safety

movement to default safety height

M99;

Notes:

[1] Black font is used as the standard form of code structure.

[2] Blue font is used as the movement of tool that follows

the geometry shape.
[3] Red font is used as the tool movement in G-Code.

[4] Green font is used as the speed settings.

27
Main Program

After all the subprogram has been created, we then create the main program
for the Guide Part to call all the subprogram we have made above. Main
program can be seen as below:

O10001; Title of Program

G28 X0. Y0.; Homing tool

T1 M06; Select tool no.1 (T1)

G00 G90 G54 X0. Y0.; Rapid move to datum point

S2000 M03; Spindle on, clockwise

G43 H01 Z60.; Tool height offset

G01 G90 Z0. F150; Rapid move to the starting point

M98 P10011 L3; Calling sub program facing and looping for 3
times

L = (Length : 2(stepover x tool diameter))

G28 Z0.; Homing tool

T2 M06; Selection tool no.2 (T2)

G00 G90 G54 X0. Y0.; Rapid move to datum point

G41 D2; Tool compensation from tool diameter number 2

S1200 M03; Spindle on, clockwise

G43 H02 Z60.; Tool height offset

G01 G90 Z0. F150; Rapid move to the starting point

M98 P10012 L9; Calling sub program profiling and looping

for 9 times

L = (Width : depth of cut)

G28 G40 Z0.; Homing tool and cancellation compensation

G00 G90 G54 X0. Y0.; Rapid move to datum point

G42 D2; Tool compensation from tool diameter number 2

S1200 M03; Spindle on, clockwise

G43 H02 Z60.; Tool height offset

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G01 G90 Z0. F140; Rapid move to the starting point

M98 P10013 L9; Calling sub program profiling and looping

for 9 times

L = (Thickness : depth of cut)

G28 G40 Z0.; Homing tool and cancellation compensation

T3 M06; Selection tool no. 3

(T3) G00 G90 G54 X0. Y0.; Rapid move to
datum pointS600 M03; Spindle on,
clockwise

G43 H03 Z60.; Tool height offset

G01 G90 Z0. F60; Rapid move to the starting point

M98 P10014 L1; Calling sub program center

drill andlooping for 1 time

L = 1 (Drilling does not need looping)

G28 Z0.; Homing tool

T4 M06; Selection tool no. 4

(T4) G00 G90 G54 X0. Y0.; Rapid move to
datum pointS600 M03; Spindle on,
clockwise

G43 H04 Z60.; Tool height offset

G01 G90 Z0. F60; Rapid move to the starting point

M98 P10015 L1; Calling sub program peck drill and

loopingfor 1 time

L = 1 (Drilling does not need looping)

G28 Z0.; Homing tool

G28 X0. Y0.; Homing tool

M05; Spindle off

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M30; End of program

Notes:

[1] Black font is used as the standard form of code structure.

[2] Blue font is used as the movement of tool that follows the geometry
shape.

[3] Red font is used as the tool movement in G-Code.

[4] Green font is used as the speed settings.

30
Autodesk. (2014). Autodesk. From https://www.autodesk.com/
Groover, M. (2020). Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and
Systems(7th Edition). Danvers: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
H. Wang, G. C. (n.d.). A Novel Combination of Electrical Discharge Machining and
Electodeposition for Superamphiphobic Metallic Surface Fabrication.
Haas Automation. (2022). Haas F1 Team Official Machine Tool. From Haas Automation, Inc –
CNC Machine Tools: https://www.haascnc.com/index.html
Harling, V. N. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Speed and Cutting Results of St-37 Soft Steel.
Thing, J. (2017). Mill Operator's Manual. Oxnard: Haas Automation, Inc. U.S.A.

31
32