Linear Momentum

Conservation Of Momentum
(Li
(Linear M
Momentum
t Equation)
E ti )
Newton's second law, often called the momentum equation,
states that
h the
h resultant
l f
force acting on a system equals
l the
h rate
of change of momentum of the system
D
 F  Dt sys  V d 
Using Reynolds Transport Equation, this is written for a control
volume as
 F  dt C .V  V d   C .S  V V . nˆ  d A
d
Where, the quantity in parentheses is simply a scalar for each

differential area dA.
1
Notes on Momentum Equation
• Body Force = Forces due to gravity


  gd
CV
• All velocities and time derivatives are measured relative to

control volume, [i.e. have your axes fixed to control volume.]
2
Notes on Momentum Equation
General form
 V V . nˆ  d A
d
F  dt 
C .V
V d   C .S
If the velocity is
uniform over the cross
sectional area, then:
Special case
[f uniform
[for if velocity
l it att cross sectional
ti l areas]]
Special case (more simplified form]

[ steadyy flow & uniform velocityy at cross sectional areas]]
[for
3
Example 1
A converging
i elbow
lb t
turns water
t through
th h an angle
l off in
i a vertical
ti l plane.
l Th flow
The fl
cross section diameter is 400 mm at the elbow inlet, section (1), and 200 mm at
the elbow outlet, section (2). The elbow flow passage volume is between sections
(1) and (2).
(2) The water volume flow rate is and the elbow inlet and outlet pressures
are 150 kPa and 90 kPa. The elbow mass is 12 kg. The volume of water inside the
elbow is 0.2 m3. Calculate the horizontal (x direction) and vertical (z direction)
anchoring forces required to hold the elbow in place.
4
Example 1 - Solution
5
6
Example 2
the figure.
7
Example 3
The water jet in the figure below, strikes normal to a

fixed plate.
plate Neglect gravity and friction,
friction and compute
the force F in Newton required to hold the plate fixed.
8
9
Example 4
A jet of liquid of density ρ and area A strikes a block and splits into two jets.
Assume the same velocity V for all three jets. The upper jet exits at an angle
ϴ and area α A. A The lower jet is turned 90ͦ downward.
downward Neglecting fluid
weight, derive a formula for the forces (Fx, Fy) required to support the block
against fluid momentum changes.
10
Example 5
Two jets of liquid, one with specific gravity 1.3, collide and form one
homogeneous jet as shown in the figure below. Determine the speed, V, and
the direction, ϴ, of the combined jet. Gravity is negligible.
3
1
11
Example 6
12
13
14
Example 7
15
16
17
Example 8
18
Example
p e 8 - So
Solution
u o
19
Example 9
A static
i thrust
h standd as sketched
k h d ini the
h figure
fi b l
below i to be
is b designed
d i d for f
testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a typical test:
Intake air velocity = 200 m/s, exhaust gas velocity= 500 m/s, intake cross-
sectional area = 1 m2, intake static p
pressure = 78.5 kPa ((abs);
); intake static
temperature = 268 K, exhaust static pressure = 101 kPa (abs). Estimate the
nominal anchoring force for which to design.
20
Example 10
A small boat is driven at a steady speed V0 by a jet of

compressed
p air issuingg from a 3-cm-diameter hole at Ve=343
m/s. Jet exit conditions are pe=1 atm and Te=30°C. Air drag is
negligible, and the hull drag is , where k=19 N/s 2/m2.
Estimate the boat speed V0 in m/s.
m/s
21
22
Example 11
For the pipe-flow-reducing section shown, D1=8 cm, D2=5

cm and p2=1 atm.
cm, atm All fluids are at 20°C.
20°C If V1=5 m/s and the
manometer reading is h=58 cm, estimate the total force
resisted by the flange bolts.
23
24
Example 12
25
26
Example 13
The figure
27
28
Example 13- Solution
29
Example 14
30
31
E
Extra slides
lid
32
Example E1
The 6-cm-diameter 20°C water jet in the figure below, strikes

a pplate containingg a hole of 4-cm diameter. Part of the jjet
passes through the hole, and part is deflected. Determine the
horizontal force required to hold the plate.
33
Example E1 - Solution
34
Example E2
Determine the magnitude

g and
direction of the anchoring force
needed to hold the horizontal
elbow and nozzle combination in
place. Atmospheric pressure is
100 kPa (abs). The gage pressure
at section (1) is 100 kPa. At
section (2), the water exits to the
atmosphere.
p
35
Example E2 - Solution
36
Example E3
37
Example E4
38
Example E5
39
Example
p e E6
6
Gi
Given:
Speed of incoming jet = v1

Speed of outgoing jet = v2
Diameter of jet = D
Required:
q
Water jet deflected by a vane
Forces acting on the vane.
40
Solution:
 Forces:
 Momentum:
M t
Net momentum change:
Then:
41
Example E7
A jet strikes a vane that moves to the right at constant velocity

Vc on a frictionless cart. Compute (a) The force Fx required to
restrain the cart and (b) the power P delivered to the cart. Also
find the cart velocity for which (c) the force Fx is a maximum
and (d) the power P is a maximum.
42

Linear Momentum

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Conservation Of Momentum

Where, the quantity in parentheses is simply a scalar for each

• Body Force = Forces due to gravity

• All velocities and time derivatives are measured relative to

Special case (more simplified form]

The water jet in the figure below, strikes normal to a

A small boat is driven at a steady speed V0 by a jet of

For the pipe-flow-reducing section shown, D1=8 cm, D2=5

The 6-cm-diameter 20°C water jet in the figure below, strikes

Determine the magnitude

Speed of incoming jet = v1

Net momentum change:

A jet strikes a vane that moves to the right at constant velocity

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