fm lab manual

EXPERIMENT NO:1
Aim: To determine the co efficient of impact for vanes
Apparatus: Collecting tank, Nozzle of given diameter , Vanes of different shape (flat,
inclined or curved).
Theory: Momentum equation is based on Newton’s second law of motion which states th
at the algebraic
sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction is equal to the
rate of change of
momentum in that direction. The external forces include the component of the weight of t
he fluid & of the
forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the control volume. If a vertical
water jet moving
with velocity is made to strike a target, which is free to move in the vertical direction the
n a force will be exerted on the target by the impact of jet, according to momentum
equation this force (which is also equal to
the force required to bring back the target in its original position) must be equal to the
rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in that direction.
Formula Used:
F=ρ Q v(1-cosβ)
F=ρ Q2 (1-cosβ)/A as v=Q/A
Where
F =force (calculated)
ρ = density of water
β=angle of vane
V =velocity of jet
Q =discharge
A =area of nozzle( π/4d2)
(i) for flat vane β=90o
F’ = ρQ2/A
(ii) for hemispherical vane β=180o

for % error =F- F'/ F'x100
F’ = 2 ρQ2/A
F = Force (due to putting of weight)
(iii) for inclined vane

F'=ρ Q v(1-cosβ)
F'=ρ Q2 (1-cosβ)/A
Procedure:
1. Note down the relevant dimension or area of collecting tank, dia of nozzle, and density
of water.
2. Install any type of vane i.e. flat, inclined or curved.
3. Note down the position of upper disk, when jet is not running.
4. Note down the reading of height of water in the collecting tank.
5. As the jet strike the vane, position of upper disk is changed, note the reading in the scale
to which vane is raised.
6. Put the weight of various values one by one to bring the vane to its initial position.
7. At this position finds out the discharge also.
8. The procedure is repeated for each value of flow rate by reducing the water supply.
9. This procedure can be repeated for different type of vanes and nozzle.
Observations & Calculations:

Dia of nozzle =
Mass density of water ρ =
Area of collecting tank =
Area of nozzle =
Horizontal flat vane
When jet is not running, position of upper disk is at =

Discharge measurement Balancing Theoretical Error in %
SNO Initial Final Time Discharge Mass Force Force F'= = F-F'/F'
(cm) (cm) (sec) (cm3/sec) Q W (gm) F ρQ2/A
Inclined vane
ot running, position of upper disk is at =

nation β = 450
Discharge measurement Balancing Theoretical Error in

SNO Initial Final Time Discharge Mass Force Force F'= %
(cm) (cm) (sec) (cm3/sec) Q W (gm) F ρQ2(1-cosβ)/A = F-F'/F'
(dyne)
Curved hemispherical vane
When jet is not running, position of upper disk is at =
Discharge measurement Balancing Theoretical Error in

SNO Initial Final Time Discharge Mass Force Force F'= %
(cm) (cm) (sec) (cm3/sec) Q W (gm) F 2ρQ2/A = F-F'/F'
Conclusion: Hence the co efficient of impact for vanes is determined.

EXPERIMENT NO:3
Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge of Notch (V, Rectangular and Trapezoidal types).
Apparatus: Arrangement for finding the coefficient of discharge inclusive of supply tank, collecting
tank, pointer, scale & different type of notches
Theory: Notches are overflow structure where length of crest along the flow of water is accurately sha
ped to calculate discharge.
Procedure:
1. The notch under test is positioned at the end of tank with vertical sharp edge on the upstream side.
2. Open the inlet valve and fill water until the crest of notch.
3. Note down the height of crest level by pointer gauge.
4. Change the inlet supply and note the height of this level in the tank.
5. Note the volume of water collected in collecting tank for a particular time and find out the discharge.
6. Height and discharge readings for different flow rate are noted.
Breath of tank =
Length of tank =
Height of water to crest level for rectangular notch is =
Height of water to crest level for V notch =
Height of water to crest level for Trapezoidal notch =
Angle of V notch =
Width of Rectangular notch =
Discharge
Type Of notch Final height Head above
reading above crest level Cd
Initial height Final height Difference Volume
Of tank Of tank In height Q width
Conclusion:
Hence
The coefficient of discharge of V Notch is ______________.
The coefficient of discharge of Rectangular Notch is ______________.
The coefficient of discharge of Trapezoidal Notch is ______________.
EXPERIMENT NO:8
Aim: To find critical Reynolds number for a pipe flow.
Apparatus: Flow condition inlet supply, elliptical belt type arrangement for coloured fluid with regulating
valve, collecting tank.
Theory: It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid to the viscous force of the fluid.
Procedure:
1. Fill the supply tank some times before the experiment.
2. The calculated fluid is filled as container.
3. Now set the discharge by using the valve of that particular flow can be obtained.
4. The type of flow of rate is glass tube is made to be known by opening the valve of dye container.
5. Take the reading of discharge for particular flow.
6. Using the formula set the Reynolds no. for that particular flow, aspect the above procedure for all remaining flow.

Discharge
Type Time Initial Final Difference Volume Q Re

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EXPERIMENT NO:1

Aim: To determine the co efficient of impact for vanes

(ii) for hemispherical vane β=180o

(iii) for inclined vane

Observations & Calculations:

Horizontal flat vane

When jet is not running, position of upper disk is at =

ot running, position of upper disk is at =

Discharge measurement Balancing Theoretical Error in

Curved hemispherical vane

When jet is not running, position of upper disk is at =

Discharge measurement Balancing Theoretical Error in

Conclusion: Hence the co efficient of impact for vanes is determined.

Aim: To find critical Reynolds number for a pipe flow.

Observations & Calculations:

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