CHEMISTRY REVISION AND QUESTION BANK

I- Complete with suitable words:

(1) The Plasma and gas phases are similar in 1- don’t have definite shape or 2-
volume and different in: 1- plasma are electrically conductive 2- and produce
magnetic fields and electric current.

(2) The main differences between real and ideal gases are:
1- with ideal gas we neglect the volume of molecules but in real gas the volume of
molecules is taken into consideration even if it was very small.
2- with ideal gas we neglect the force of attraction but with real gases it is
considered even if it was very weak.

(3) The main differences between boiling and vaporization are:

1- vapourisation takes place only on the surface, while boiling takes place in all
the bulk.
2- vapourisation takes place at any temperature and pressure, while boiling
occurs at certain couple of pressure and temperature.

(4) For a mixture of three gases in a container, the volume and the temperature will
be the same for all gases while partial pressure and individual number of moles
are not the same.

(5) Graham’s law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight and its
mathematical formula is
𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝑴𝟐
𝑫∝√ 𝒐𝒓 =√
𝑴 𝑫𝟐 𝑴𝟏

(6) The main principles of the kinetic molecular theory of gases are:
1- A gas is made up of very small particles known as molecules, that are in
constant random, straight-line motion.
2- These particles have the same mass
3- The number of molecules is so large, that statistical treatment may be applied
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 4- Molecules of a gas are far apart, which means that a gas is mostly empty space.
5- There are no forces between molecules except during the instant of collision.
Each molecule acts independently of all the others.

(7) When the pressure is high, and the temperature is low the real gas equation
should be applied.

(8) The main factors affect rate of vaporization are:

1- Surface area of the liquid.
2- The fraction of molecules having K.E. more than the critical value.
3- Temperature.
4- The force of attraction between molecules.

(9) The following conditions must be satisfied for a molecule to evaporate:

1- It must occupy a position at the surface.
2- It must have K.E. more than the critical value.

(10) Dynamic equilibrium is reached when the rate of evaporation = the rate of
condensation.

(11) Joule-Thomson effect is explained as when a gas under high pressure is allowed
to pass through a valve to expand into a region of lower pressure, the quick
expansion produces a cooling effect. This is because the source of energy needed
for the expansion and increase of molecules’ velocity is obtained from the
thermal energy, hence the temperature decreases.

(12) When temperature of gases increases the following occurs:

1- average kinetic energy of the molecules increases
2- average velocity increases
3- degree of disorder increases
4- heat content increases
5- attraction between molecules decreases and the distance between them increases
6- the pressure and volume increases.
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(13) The main difference between expansion valve and expansion engine is:
- Expansion valve cools down the gas through Joule-Thomson effect
- Expansion engine cools down the gas through forcing it to spend its thermal
energy to move a piston

(14) At constant pressure, the volume of certain amount of hydrogen gas at 27oC is
doubled, the temperature will be 327°C (600 K).

(15) The rate of diffusion of Hydrogen gas is 10 L/s. The rate of diffusion of Oxygen gas
at the same condition is 2.5 L/sec

(16) The latent heat of vaporization is defined as the amount of heat energy given to
the liquid phase and required for the vapourisation of unit mass.

(17) The critical temperature of a gas is defined as the temperature of a gas above
which the liquification of the gas is impossible irrespective of what pressure is
applied.

(18) The function of expansion valve in Linde process is expanding air from 200 atm to
about 1 atm where it is markedly cooled due to Joule Thomson effect while in
refrigerator is atomizing NH3 into fine spray to facilitate its evaporation.

(19) What are the main differences between solid and gases:
1- solids have definite shape, gases do not.
2- solids have a definite volume, gases take the volume of its container.
3- gases can be compressed into smaller containers, solids are difficult to
compress.

(20) At the normal boiling point of water in the phase diagram number of
components is one and number of phases is two while degree of freedom
equals one.

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II- Answer the following:
(1) Draw and label diagram illustrates the Linde process of air liquefaction. List the function
of each component. P.20

1- Air passes over caustic soda to remove CO2 from the air.
2- Air is fed to a compressor to be compressed to 200 atm.
3- Then, the hot compressed air is passed through cooling coils to remove the
heat of compression by using cold water outside the cooling coils.
4- Air is passed through a heat exchanger to cool it more by the compressor cold
returning gas.
5- Air is passed through an expansion valve, where it expands from 200 atm to
about 1 atm where it is markedly cooled due to Joule Thomson effect.
6- The gas is then returned to the compressor via the heat exchanger to cool the
incoming compressed gas.
7- The repetition of this cycle decreases the air temperature gradually to cause
partial liquefaction.

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(2) Draw and label diagram for an industrial refrigeration unit. List the function of each
component. P.30

1- Ammonia (NH3) is compressed to high pressure.

2- The hot compressed NH3 is then passed through condenser coils to be cooled
by a water spray. Also, latent heat of condensation is removed by water so the
NH3 gas is liquified.
3- Liquid NH3 is forced to pass through an expansion valve [atomizer or sprayer]
where it emerges as fine spray.
4- Complete evaporation then occurs in the evaporator coils, resulting in cooling
the brine which is calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution.
5- The NH3 vapor is then returned to the compressor and the cycle is repeated.
6- The cold brine may now be circulated to parts of an industrial plant.

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(3) Using the below water phase diagram

a- Define the lines TA, TC, TB as well as the points T, C, N, and D.

TA melting point curve T triple point
TC vapour pressure curve C critical point
TB Sublimation curve N normal freezing point
D normal boiling point

b- Write the name of phases at the points M, N, L, D, O and T.

M solid phase N solid and liquid phase at equilibrium
L liquid phase D liquid and vapour phases at equilibrium
O vapour phase T solid, liquid, and vapour phases at equilibrium

c- State Gibbs phase rule, define each term and apply it at the points L, D and T.
The phase rule is a relation between the number of phases P, number of components C and
number of variables F. The term F of the system is the number of variables that can be
changed independently without disturbing the number of phases in equilibrium.
Phase rule: F = C-P+2 For point D: F = 1-2+2 = 1
For point L: F = 1-1+2 = 2 For point T: F = 1-3+2 = 0

d- What is the pressure needed to boil water at 25°C? 0.03 atm

e- What is the pressure and temperature after which no sublimation occurs?

The temperature and pressure of the triple point: 273.16 K and 0.006 atm

f- What about the density of liquid water and vapor at point C? They have the same density.

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III- Problems
Atomic Mass: O=16, N=14, H=1, C=12, He = 4
R = 0.082 L atm/mol K R= 8.314 j/mol K
Avogadro’s Number = 6 x 1023 Lvap. of water = 2.34 KJ/g.
ln (P2/P1) = ( Lvap/R) [(T2-T1) /T2T1]
[P +a n2/V2] [V- n b] = n R T
Real Gas Constants for O2: a = 0.3 L2atm/mol2 ; b = 0.02 L/mol

(1) Calculate the (i) kinetic energy and the (ii) mass and (iii) velocity of an Oxygen molecule at 27℃.
{k, Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38x10-23 J/K}
3 3
𝑖) 𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑘𝑇 = × 1.38 × 10−23 × (27 + 273) = 6.21 × 10−21 𝐽
2 2
𝑀 32
𝑖𝑖) 𝑚 = = = 5.33 × 10−23 𝑔 = 5.33 × 10−26 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝐴 6 × 1023

1
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1
6.21 × 10−21 𝐽 = × (5.33 × 10−26 ) × 𝑣 2
2

𝑣 = √233020.6 = 482.722 𝑚/𝑠

(2) Find the density of Nitrogen gas at STP and at -173C and 12 atm.
𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑀 (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(28)
𝑖) 𝑃 = 𝑑 →𝑑= = = 1.25 𝑔/𝐿
𝑀 𝑅𝑇 (0.082)(273)

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 28
𝑶𝑹 𝑑 = = = 1.25 𝑔/𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑇𝑃) 22.4

𝑃𝑀 (12 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(28)
𝑖𝑖) 𝑑 = = = 40.97 𝑔/𝐿
𝑅𝑇 (0.082)(100)

(3) If the pressure at top of a mountain is 0.97 atm, what is the boiling temperature of water at this top.

𝑃2 𝐿 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 0.97 2.34 × 1000 × 18 𝑇2 − 373

𝑙𝑛 ( ) = ( ) → 𝑙𝑛 ( )= ( ) → 𝑇2 = 372.16 𝐾
𝑃1 𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2 1 8.314 373𝑇2

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(4) What is the temperature inside a boiler if the pressure is 10 atm.

𝑃2 𝐿 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 10 2.34 × 1000 × 18 𝑇2 − 373

𝑙𝑛 ( ) = ( ) → 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = ( ) → 𝑇2 = 449.143 𝐾
𝑃1 𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2 1 8.314 373𝑇2

(5) A container with capacity of 200 cm3 is filled with 64 gm of oxygen gas at -173 ºC. Calculate the
pressure inside the container if oxygen is considered as: A) An ideal gas, and B) a real gas.
Which of the results obtained is more accurate A or B? & Why?

𝑛𝑅𝑇 (64/32)(0.082)(100 𝐾)
𝐴) 𝑃 = = = 82 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉 (0.2 𝐿)

𝑎𝑛2
𝐵) (𝑃 + ) (𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉2

(0.3)(2)2
(𝑃 + ) (0.2 − 2(0.02)) = 2 × 0.082 × 100 → 72.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(0.2)2

Of course, the real gas equation (B) is more accurate. Because the oxygen gas is at very low
temperature, thus, the forces of attraction between the gas molecules should be taken into
consideration.

(6) A gas has rate of diffusion is 0.7977 that of Nitrogen. Is this gas H2, O2, CO, or CO2?

𝐷1 2 𝑀2 𝐷1 2
𝑀2 𝑔
( ) = → ( ) = → 𝑀2 = 44 → 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝐶𝑂2
𝐷2 𝑀1 0.7977 𝐷1 28 𝑚𝑜𝑙

(7) A mixture of 96 g Oxygen, 10 g Hydrogen and 8 g Helium [Monoatomic] at 127°C occupy 600 ml.
What is the total pressure, partial pressure of Hydrogen and mole fraction of Oxygen.

96 10 8
𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑛𝑂2 + 𝑛𝐻2 + 𝑛𝐻𝑒 = + + = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙
32 2 4

𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑇 (10)(0.082)(127 + 273 𝐾)

𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 546.667 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉 (0.6 𝐿)

𝑛𝐻2 5
𝑃𝐻2 = × 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = × 546.66 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 273.333 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 10

𝑛𝑂2 3
𝑥𝑂2 = = = 0.333
𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 10