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Chemistry 9 Notes

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Chapter No: 5 Physical States of Matter

SHORT Q/A
Q1. Define allotropy with example?
A: ALLOTROPY: The existence of an element in more than one forms in same
physical state is called allotropy.
Examples of allotropes are carbon and diamond
.
Q2: what is effusion explain with examples?
A: EFFUSION
It is escaping of gas molecules through a tiny hole into a space with lesser
pressure. For example, when a tire gets punctured, air effuses out. Effusion
depends
upon molecular masses, lighter gases effuse faster than heavier gases.

Q3: Define the following Melting point, boiling point, freezing point?

MELTING POINT:
The temperature at which the solid starts melting and coexists in dynamic
equilibrium with liquid state is called melting point
BOILING POINT:
is defined as the temperature at
which the vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure
or any external pressure.
BOILING POINT:
when vapour pressure of a liquid state becomes equal to the vapour pressure of
the solid state. At this temperature, liquid and solid coexist in dynamic equilibrium
and
this is called the freezing point
Q4: What is density how the density of liquid affected by temperature and
pressure?

A: DENSITY:
The density of liquid is defined as mass per unit volume liquid are denser than
gases than solid due to closeness of molecules.
FACTORS AFFECTING DENSITY:
Temperature and pressure are affecting the rate of density as temperature
increasing liquid increase their volume which decrease density and increase in
pressure on liquid increase the density but liquid are not readily compressed due
to this density change is negligible.
Q5: Explain plasma with daily life example?

A: PLASMA: plasma are super-hot and super excited atoms.


EXAMPLES IN DAILY LIFE:
1.The lightning makes plasma naturally.
2.The artificial uses of plasma are nein signs.
3.Used in children lamp and toys.
Q6Justify that atoms of Bose Einstein condensate are super excited and super
cooled?
A: BOSE EINSTEIN:
Bose anew albert Einstein discovered another state of matter they discovered that
plasma are super-hot and super excited atoms the atoms in Bose Einstein
condensate are totally opposite. They are super unexcited and super cooled atoms.

Q7: How kinetic molecular theory differentiates states of matter?


A: The kinetic molecular theory of matter states that: Matter is made up of
particles that are constantly moving. All particles have energy, but the energy
varies depending on the temperature the sample of matter is in. This in turn
determines whether the substance exists in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state
.
LONG QUESTION ANSWERS
Q1:Discuss the property of evaporation in liquids? Which factors are affecting the
evaporation process?
A: This process is driven by the movement of molecules within the liquid, with
faster-moving molecules escaping the surface of the liquid and becoming a gas.
The properties of a liquid that affect its rate of evaporation include its surface area,
temperature, and vapor pressure.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION:
Factors affecting evaporation:
1. Temperature:
On increasing the temperature, the rate of evaporation also increases.
At higher temperatures, the molecules are moving faster; therefore, it is more
likely for a molecule to have enough energy to break away from the liquid to
become a gas.
2. Wind speed:
Wind speed and rate of evaporation are directly proportional to each other.
As the wind speed increases, the rate of evaporation also increases.
3. Surface area:
As the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation also increases.
The more area is exposed to air, allowing water molecules to acquire more heat
energy from the surroundings.
4. Humidity:
Humidity and rate of evaporation are in inverse relation to each other.
As the humidity decreases, the rate of evaporation increases.
Q2: Describe boyl’s law with examples?
A: BOYL’S LAW:
In 1662 Robert Boyle proposed gaseous law about the relationship between
volume and pressure of gas at constant temperature, Boyles law states that “The
volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, at
constant temperature “
MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF BOYL’S LAW
According to Boyle's law the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas decreases with
the increase of pressure (P) at constant temperature. V α 1/P Or V= K/P where
K= is the constant PV =K
The product of volume and pressure of fixed mass of gas is constant at constant
temperature.
P1 V1 = K Then P2 V2= K
Where P1 = Initial pressure’ P2 = Final pressure V1 =Initial volume V2 = final
volume
As both equations are equal so P1V1 =P2V2
Q3: Define and explain Charles’s law?

A: CHARLE’S LAW OF GASES: in 1787 French chemist J. Charles proposed a


law he stated that “the volume of given mass of gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature if pressure is constant.
MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF CHARLES LAW:
According to Charles law if temperature of a gas is increased, its volume will also
increase. Mathematically it is represented as
Vα T
Or V= KT
V/T =K
Q4: Describe the process of diffusion in liquid? State the factors affecting the
process of diffusion?

A: The diffusion is spreading out of the liquid molecules throughout the vessel.
The liquids diffuse less rapidly then gases.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DIFFUSION:
INTRA MOLECULAR FORCES: liquids have weaker intramolecular forces than
solid they diffuse faster than solids.
SIZE OF MOLECULES: It depend upon the size of molecule smaller size diffuse
rapidly than bigger one.
SHAPE OF MOLECULES: irregular shaped molecules diffuse slowly while
regular shape diffuse faster because they can easily slip over.
TEMPERATURE: It increased by increasing in temperature because at high
temperature intramolecular forces becomes weak due to high kinetic energy in
molecules.

Q5:How is boiling point affected by different factors?


A:FACTORS:
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: boiling point can be increased by increasing
atmospheric pressure for example pressure cooker.
NATURE OF LIQUID:it depend upon the nature of liquid as polar liquids have
high melting points and non polar liquids have low melting points because polar
liquids have intramolecular forces are stronger.
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES:it play very important role in the boiling points
of liquid substances having stronger intramolecular force have high boiling point.

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